Water Droplet Erosion Behavior of High-Power Diode Laser Treated 17Cr4Ni PH Stainless Steel

This article deals with water droplet erosion (WDE) behavior of high-power diode laser (HPDL) treated 17Cr4Ni PH stainless steel. After HPDL treatment, the water droplet erosion resistance (WDER) of 17Cr4Ni PH stainless steel has not improved. The main reason is the surface hardness, which has not improved after HPDL treatment though the microstructure has become much finer. On the other hand, precipitation hardening of the alloy at 490°C for 3 h has resulted in improved WDER more than twice. This is because of its increased microhardness and improved modified ultimate resilience (MUR), and formation of fine grained microstructure. The WDER has been correlated with MUR, a single mechanical property, based upon microhardness, ultimate tensile strength, and Young’s modulus. WDERs of HPDL treated, untreated, and precipitation hardened 17Cr4Ni PH stainless steel samples were determined using a WDE test facility as per ASTM G73-1978. The WDE damage mechanism, compared on the basis of MUR and scanning electron micrographs, is discussed and reported in this article.     

High Power Diode Laser Surface Treatment to Minimize Droplet Erosion of Low Pressure Steam Turbine Moving Blades

This article deals with the high power diode laser (HPDL) surface treatment to overcome water droplet erosion of Low Pressure Steam Turbine (LPST) moving blades used in high rating conventional, critical and super critical thermal power plants. The materials generally used in these steam turbines are titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), precipitate hardened stainless steel (17Cr-4Ni PH), X20Cr13 and X10CrNiMoV1222 steels. During incubation period as well as under prolonged testing, the HPDL surface treatment of these materials except for 17Cr-4Ni PH steel has enhanced the droplet erosion resistance significantly. This is due to increased hardness and formation of fine-grained martensitic phase due to rapid heating and cooling rates associated with laser treatment. The droplet erosion results of HPDL laser surface treatment of all these materials and their analysis form the main part of the article.     

Water Droplet and Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Laser-Treated Stainless Steel and Titanium Alloy: Their Similarities

This article deals with water droplet and cavitation erosion behavior of diode laser-treated X10CrNiMoV1222 stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. After laser surface treatment, the water droplet and cavitation erosion resistance (WDER and CER) of these materials improved significantly. The main reason for the improvement is the increased surface hardness and formation of fine-grained microstructures after laser surface treatment. It is observed that there is a similarity in both the phenomena. The WDER and CER can be correlated with a single mechanical property based on modified ultimate resilience (MUR) provided the laser-treated layers are free from microcracks and interface defects. The CER and WDER behavior of HPDL-treated X10CrNiMoV1222 stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy samples using different test equipment as per ASTM G32-2003 and ASTM G73-1978, their correlation with MUR, and their damage mechanism compared on the basis of XRD analyses, optical and scanning electron micrographs are discussed and reported in this article.     

Enhanced Droplet Erosion Resistance of Laser Treated Nano Structured TWAS and Plasma Ion Nitro-Carburized Coatings for High Rating Steam Turbine Components

This article deals with surface modification of twin wire arc sprayed (TWAS) and plasma ion nitro-carburized X10CrNiMoV1222 steel using high power diode laser (HPDL) to overcome water droplet erosion occurring in low pressure steam turbine (LPST) bypass valves and LPST moving blades used in high rating conventional, critical, and super critical thermal power plants. The materials commonly used for high rating steam turbines blading are X10CrNiMoV1222 steel and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The HPDL surface treatment on TWAS coated X10CrNiMoV1222 steel as well as on plasma ion nitro-carburized steel has improved water droplet resistance manifolds. This may be due to combination of increased hardness and toughness as well as the formation of fine grained structure due to rapid heating and cooling rates associated with the laser surface treatment. The water droplet erosion test results along with their damage mechanism are reported in this article.     

High Power Diode Laser-Treated HP-HVOF and Twin Wire Arc-Sprayed Coatings for Fossil Fuel Power Plants

This article deals with high power diode laser (HPDL) surface modification of twin wire arc-sprayed (TWAS) and high pressure high velocity oxy-fuel (HP-HVOF) coatings to combat solid particle erosion occurring in fossil fuel power plants. To overcome solid particle impact wear above 673 K, Cr₃C₂-NiCr-, Cr₃C₂-CoNiCrAlY-, and WC-CrC-Ni-based HVOF coatings are used. WC-CoCr-based HVOF coatings are generally used below 673 K. Twin wire arc (TWA) spraying of Tafa 140 MXC and SHS 7170 cored wires is used for a wide range of applications for a temperature up to 1073 K. Laser surface modification of high chromium stainless steels for steam valve components and LPST blades is carried out regularly. TWA spraying using SHS 7170 cored wire, HP-HVOF coating using WC-CoCr powder, Ti6Al4V alloy, and high chromium stainless steels (X20Cr13, AISI 410, X10CrNiMoV1222, 13Cr4Ni, 17Cr4Ni) were selected in the present study. Using robotically controlled parameters, HPDL surface treatments of TWAS-coated high strength X10CrNiMoV1222 stainless steel and HP-HVOF-coated AISI 410 stainless steel samples were carried out and these were compared with HPDL-treated high chromium stainless steels and titanium alloy for high energy particle impact wear (HEPIW) resistance. The HPDL surface treatment of the coatings has improved the HEPIW resistance manifold. The improvement in HPDL-treated stainless steels and titanium alloys is marginal and it is not comparable with that of HPDL-treated coatings. These coatings were also compared with “as-sprayed” coatings for fracture toughness, microhardness, microstructure, and phase analyses. The HEPIW resistance has a strong relationship with the product of fracture toughness and microhardness of the HPDL-treated HP-HVOF and TWAS SHS 7170 coatings. This development opens up a possibility of using HPDL surface treatments in specialized areas where the problem of HEPIW is very severe. The HEPIW resistance of HPDL-treated high chromium stainless steels and titanium alloys, HPDL-treated TWAS SHS 7170 and HP-HVOF coatings, and their micrographs and X-ray diffraction analysis is reported in this article.     

High-Power Diode Laser-Treated 13Cr4Ni Stainless Steel for Hydro Turbines

The cast martensitic chromium nickel stainless steels such as 13Cr4Ni, 16Cr5Ni, and 17Cr4Ni PH have found wide application in hydro turbines. These steels have adequate corrosion resistance with good mechanical properties because of chromium content of more than 12%. The 13Cr4Ni stainless steel is most widely used among these steels; however, lacks silt, cavitation, and water impingement erosion resistances (SER, CER, and WIER). This article deals with characterizing 13Cr4Ni stainless steel for silt, cavitation, and water impingement erosion; and studying its improved SER, CER, and WIER behavior after high-power diode laser (HPDL) surface treatment. The WIER and CER have improved significantly after laser treatment, whereas there is a marginal improvement in SER. The main reason for improved WIER and CER is due to its increased surface hardness and formation of fine-grained microstructure after HPDL surface treatment. CER and WIER of HPDL-treated 13Cr4Ni stainless steel samples have been evaluated as per ASTM G32-2003 and ASTM G73-1978, respectively; and these were correlated with microstructure and mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, modified ultimate resilience, and microhardness. The erosion damage mechanism, compared on the basis of scanning electron micrographs and mechanical properties, is discussed and reported in this article.     

过丝辊激光表面淬火

用连续波CO2激光束对4Cr13不锈钢过丝辊进行激光表面淬火。研究了淬火层的显微组织及硬度分布，探讨了用激光表面淬火技术替代传统的热喷涂处理的可能性。结果表明，激光表面淬火硬化层的硬度和硬度深度均可达到甚至超过热喷涂涂层的硬度和硬度深化，用激光表面淬火技术替代传统的热喷涂对过丝辊进行表面强化处理是可行的。     

搭接量对激光淬火9Cr2钢硬度的影响

用3 kW连续CO2激光器对矫直圈用9Cr2钢,在功率2.2 kW和扫描速度800 mm/m in条件下进行搭接量分别为1、2、3、4 mm的激光表面淬火。用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜以及显微硬度计,分析9Cr2钢激光表面淬火后的硬化层分布和剖面硬度均匀性。结果表明,9Cr2钢激光淬火后硬化层分布形状为部分搭接的两月牙形,搭接处硬化层深度随着搭接量的增大而增加,在第二道激光扫描带对第一道激光扫描带热影响区出现硬度下降区域,且随着搭接量的增大硬度下降趋势减弱。     

不锈钢表面激光合金化Mn-Al2O3强化层的组织及性能

基于高速混合机桨叶所用奥氏体不锈钢的失效情况,利用激光合金化技术在奥氏体不锈钢上制备合金化强化耐磨层。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和光学分析仪研究合金化层的显微组织、成分、物相、横截面的硬度分布,同时利用正交试验得到激光合金化技术的优化参数。结果表明:当硬质相Al2O3的含量为70%,激光功率为2 kW,扫描速度为15 mm/s时,合金化层的显微硬度最大,达到440.8 HV0.1;所制备的合金化层无裂纹和气孔等缺陷,与基体形成冶金结合;合金化层由枝晶和枝晶间共晶组成,其相组成为奥氏体、Al2O3、Cr7C3、Mn7C3和Mn2O3;合金化层的耐磨损性能较基体的显著提高。     

激光冲击处理对焊接接头力学性能的影响(Ⅰ)

当短脉冲、高峰值功率密度 (>10 13 W /m2 )的激光辐射金属靶材时 ,就产生高温、高压等离子体 ,该等离子体受到约束层的约束时产生高强度应力波冲击金属表面并向内部传播 ,在材料表面产生应变硬化 ,称这种表面强化技术为激光冲击处理或激光喷丸。激光冲击处理可以提高材料表层硬度、强度 ,并获得比传统的喷丸技术更深的硬化层或残余压应力层 ,从而更有利于材料疲劳性能的提高 ,为研究激光冲击处理在焊后强化方面的应用 ,本文对 1.6 6mm厚的镍基高温合金GH30、1.2mm厚的奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti板材焊缝进行了激光冲击处理 ,对比了激光冲击处理试件和未经激光冲击处理试件焊逢的表层显微硬度、残余应力、抗拉强度和疲劳寿命 ,发现激光冲击处理能提高GH30氩弧焊焊接接头抗拉强度 12 % ,提高 1Cr18Ni9Ti等离子焊接接头疲劳寿命30 0 %以上。     

Schwingungsrißkorrosionsuntersuchungen an ferritischen rostfreien Stählen

Investigation into corrosion fatigue of ferritic stainless steels The corrosion fatigue behaviour has been studied under cyclic flexural load in air and in concentrated NaCl solutions. The materials of construction used in the rest were the steels X 20 Cr 13 and X 20 CrMo 13, and the recently developed steels Inconel X 744 and PV 520 B which are used for turbine blades. The results show that the two last mentioned steels containing, in addition to 26 and 13% Cr respectively, 6 to 7% Ni are characterized by much higher corrosion fatigue resistance (10⁷ cycles). In view of the differences found in the results with respect to the ratio between unnotched and notched specimens, on the one hand in the group X 20 Cr 13 and X 20 CrMo 13, on the other hand in the group Inconel X 744 and PV 520 B the necessity becomes evident of using for corrosion fatigue tests notched specimens too. Nitrided surface layers may exert a considerable influence in the case of short test durations, particularly in the case of the steel X 20 CrMo 13. At test durations exceeding some 100 hours, however, the protective effect of the nitrided layers disappears.     

热处理对激光熔覆Ni合金层的组织及冲蚀磨损性能的影响

借助于扫描电镜、Ｘ射线衍射仪、能谱仪和显微硬度计研究了２Ｃｒ１３不锈钢激光熔覆Ｎｉ基合金及后续热处理前后的组织结构、显微硬度和耐冲蚀磨损性能。结果表明,Ｎｉ基合金激光熔覆层的显微硬度高达５００～７００ＨＶ,而后继热处理又进一步使熔覆层硬度提高到８５０～１１２０ＨＶ。在含有Ｈ２ＳＯ４和ＮａＣｌ的砂浆水溶液中冲击速度７ｍ·ｓ－１、冲击角４５°的条件下激光熔覆Ｎｉ基合金并经处理后可使冲蚀磨损率下降约９０％。热处理使熔覆层的硬度和韧度增加。组织细化以及γＮｉ基体中沉淀析出Ｆｅ４．５Ｎｉ１８．５Ｂ６化合物被认为是覆层强化和冲蚀磨损性能改善的主要原因     

45^#钢表面激光熔敷层腐蚀磨损性能的研究

研究了４５＾＃钢表面镍基自熔性合金激光熔敷层的腐蚀磨损性能，并通过组织分析和硬度测试，探讨了其腐蚀磨损过程，试验表明：激光熔敷层具有良好的耐腐蚀磨损性能，比２Ｃｒ１３不锈钢提高３－１０倍。     

汽轮机叶片用X20Cr13钢的热处理工艺研究

采用正交试验对汽轮机叶片用X20Cr13钢进行了热处理工艺研究，以获得该钢的最佳热处理工艺，并在回火后以不同的速度冷却，以揭示冷却速度对钢的回火脆性的影响。结果，X20Cr13钢的最佳热处理工艺为900℃油淬或风冷，670℃回火，风冷。     

离子渗氮对2Cr13不锈钢磨损及冲蚀行为的影响

对2Crl3不锈钢在530℃进行了5h离子渗氮;采用自行设计的旋转冲蚀磨损装置研究了经离子渗氮的2Crl3不锈钢在液-固两相介质中的冲蚀行为;通过球-盘磨损试验研究了离子渗氮对2Crl3钢耐磨性能的影响;测定了试样表面的显微硬度和冲蚀失重,并用扫描电镜观察分析了冲蚀和磨损后试样表面的形貌。结果表明,离子渗氮可显著提高2Crl3不锈钢的表面硬度和耐磨性,但由于氮化铬在渗氮层中的析出,损耗了铬,从而显著降低钢的耐冲蚀性能。     

Constitutive modeling of hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with strain effect

Hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests on Gleeble–1500D thermo-mechanical simulator at the temperature ranging from 1173 to 1423 K and the strain rate ranging from 0.001 to 10 s^?1. The material constants of α and n, activation energy Q and A were calculated as a function of strain by a fifth-order polynomial fit. Constitutive models incorporating deformation temperature, strain rate and strain were developed to model the hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel based on the Arrhenius equation. The predictable efficiency of the developed constitutive models of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was analyzed by correlation coefficient and average absolute relative error which are 0.996 and 3.22%, respectively.     

Die Lochkorrosionsanfälligkeit des Vergütungsstahles X20Cr13 in Natriumchloridlösungen

Pitting corrosion susceptibility of the heat treatable steel X20Cr13 in sodium chloride solutions For blades in steam trubines it is common to use the heat-treatable steels with 13% Cr (X20Cr13). Cracking of blades in the region of the turbine, where the steam starts to get wet, have often been referred to be caused by corrosion fatigue. The fatigue cracks sometimes start at inclusions in the material, but more often at pits caused by pitting corrosion. Pitting is brought about by chloride containing blade deposits. To examine the pitting behaviour of the steel in NaCl-solutions we measured the mixed-potential, the potentiostatic piting potential, the mass-loss and the pits per area as depending on temperature (20–80°C), pH (5–7–9), oxygen content (20 μg/kg up to saturation with oxygen) and chloride content (8×10^?5 mole/l up to saturation with NaCl 5,4 mole/l). The results show that steel X20Cr13 suffers pitting corrosion because of it's low Cr content in all technical possible NaCl solutions down to a Cl content of 10^?5 mole/l at the mixed potential.     

激光相变硬化在Cr12汽车模具材料表面强化中的应用研究

利用不同的激光工艺参数对汽车模具Cr12材料表面进行激光相变硬化试验,探讨了激光工艺参数对激光相变硬化层深度的影响,研究了横向和沿深度方向显微硬度的分布情况以及硬化层的组织结构的变化。研究结果表明,采取适当的工艺措施,表面硬度在不同程度上都得到了提高,同时可以消除表面裂纹,从而成倍地提高了汽车模具的使用寿命。     

离子渗氮对304L不锈钢组织及高温耐磨性能的影响

以焚烧炉用热电偶304L不锈钢套管为研究对象,开展了不同温度的离子渗氮试验研究。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计等分析了304L不锈钢离子渗氮前后的微观结构与力学性能,并研究了其在400 ℃的耐磨损性能。结果表明,304L不锈钢离子渗氮后,可形成硬度1300 HV以上的表面硬化层。随着渗氮温度的提高,表面硬度有所提升,同时硬化层厚度显著增加。离子渗氮可提高304L不锈钢的磨损性能及耐高温氧化性能。     

叶片用X20Cr13钢的热处理工艺研究

试验研究了影响X20Cr13叶片铜力学性能的相关热处理工艺参数。试验结果表明,若淬火温度偏高,晶粒易粗化,导致冲击性能降低较多。该钢有明显的回火脆性,因此回火冷却速度应稍快,回火时间应充分。该钢风冷淬火也能获得良好的综合力学性能。