组分梯度（Ba,Sr）TiO3薄膜的制备工艺研究

采用改进的溶胶．凝胶（sol-gel）法在si衬底上制备了组分梯度Ba1-xSrxTiO3（x=0，0．1，0．2，0．3，0．4）（简称BST）薄膜。探讨了不同退火温度对组分梯度BST薄膜晶化的影响，应用X射线衍射（XRD）及原子力显微镜（AFM）分析了薄膜的微观结构。结果表明组分梯度薄膜的最佳制备工艺为600℃预烧5min，700℃退火1．5h，此时薄膜具有完整的钙钛矿相，薄膜表面平整、无裂纹、无孔洞。比较了单组分和组分梯度BST薄膜的微观结构。XRD测试结果显示，组分梯度BST薄膜的衍射峰峰位介于底层和硕层单组分BST薄膜之间，且衍射峰明显宽化；AFM测试结果表明，组分梯度BST薄膜的晶粒明显大于单组分BST薄膜，表面均方根粗糙度（RMS）也大于单组分BST薄膜，这可能是由于组分梯度薄膜较高的预烧温度促进晶粒生长造成的。     

Fe3O4缓冲层对CoFe2O4薄膜磁性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射在基片Si（100）和Fe3O4（20nm）/Si（100）上制备了钴铁氧体（CoFe2O4）薄膜，制备的薄膜在空气气氛中进行300～1000℃的退火处理，采用XRD、VSM分析了薄膜的微结构以及磁性能。结果表明，制备的钴铁氧体薄膜均具有尖晶石结构，Fe3O4缓冲层薄膜促进了钴铁氧体薄膜的结晶，但降低了钴铁氧体薄膜的垂直各向异性和垂直于膜面方向的矫顽力，而钴铁氧体薄膜的磁化强度和矩形度得到了一定的提高。     

微波辐射溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜及其降解铬黑T的活性

通过微波辐射溶胶一凝胶法（sol-gel）法在导电玻璃（ITO）基体上制备TiO2纳米薄膜光催化剂，考察不同加热方式、微波时间、酸处理、薄膜层数等对TiO2纳米粒子及薄膜的影响。以可见光谱（UV-VIS）、X射线衍射（XRD）对TiO2薄膜进行了表征，并通过薄膜光催化降解铬黑T溶液的性能进行了研究。实验表明，ITO玻璃表面的TiO2纳米薄膜经HNO3和微波处理后，因协同效应使薄膜的光催化活性大大增强。     

电弧离子镀制备（TiCr）N薄膜的微观结构及性能

利用电弧离子镀（Arc Ion Plating）方法，通过对独立的Ti靶和Cr靶的弧电流进行控制，成功地在高速钢（HSS）基体上制备了不同成分配比的（TiCr）N薄膜。采用X射线衍射（XRD）分析显示：薄膜为单一的fcc的结构、没有TiN或CrN相存在；薄膜呈（220）结构，薄膜的晶格常数随着Cr含量的增加而减小。透射电子显微镜（TEM）结果表明：（TiCr）N薄膜的晶粒尺度为20nm左右。显微硬度测试表明：薄膜具有很高的硬度，而且随弧流比的变化，硬度值有一极大值。同时，本探讨了(TiCr)N薄膜的宏观残余力、显微硬度和Cr含量之间的关系及其微观机制。     

反应溅射法制备铝掺杂氧化锆薄膜及其热稳定性的研究

采用反应射频磁控溅射在Si（100）基片上制备了不同微结构的铝掺杂氧化锆薄膜．利用高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和原子力显微镜研究了退火温度对铝掺杂氧化锆薄膜热学稳定性、界面稳定性和表面粗糙度的影响，探讨了铝掺杂氧化锆薄膜的，I-V特性与薄膜的微观状态之间的关系．研究结果显示：在铝掺杂氧化锆薄膜中掺入不同量的Al对薄膜的微结构有较大影响，随着薄膜中Al／Zr原子含量比的增大，薄膜微结构经历从α—ZrO2（未掺杂）到t-（Zr，Al）O2相和c-（Zr，Al）O2相（Al／Zr=1／4）再到a-（Zr，Al）O2（Al／Zr=4／5）的变化；与纯ZrO2薄膜相比，Al掺杂氧化锆（Al／Zr=4／5）薄膜的结晶化温度明显提高，薄膜热学稳定性得到改善．     

钽基体上铜薄膜微观结构的分子动力学模拟

运用分子动力方法模拟了铜薄膜在钽（100）及（111）基体上沉积过程。结果表明沉积过程中铜薄膜的晶格位向取决于钽基体的晶格位向．在钽（100）面上，铜薄膜在不同的温度下分别沿（111）或（110）面生长，所形成的晶界与住错沿着薄膜的生长方向发展，薄膜表面的粗糙度与沉积温度有关，低温时表面粗糙度较大。而在钽（100）面上，铜薄膜的外延生长面为（100）面，位错沿（111）面分布，并只存在于界面附近，在铜薄膜的内部仅有少量的点缺陷，薄膜表面粗糙度较小并与沉积温度无关。     

纳米晶粒受控生长抑制PZNT铁电薄膜中异相形成

在LaAlO3（001）、MgO（001）、SrTiO3（001）衬底以及SrTiO3（001）／PZT（001）种膜上用液相外延方法生长了PZNT薄膜。生长结果表明：在LaAlO3（001）基片PZNT晶粒以三维岛状自发生长。薄膜中有大量的焦绿石异相；在MgO（001）和SrlriO3（001）衬底上，为三维岛状异质外延生长。薄膜中焦绿石异相几乎消失；引入[001]取向的PZT种膜后，岛状三维生长变为二维生长，显著改善了外延膜的质量，获得了完整的PZNT膜。分析了衬底取向对紧邻层纳米尺寸范围的晶粒形成、薄膜晶粒的发育、克服薄膜中异相形成等的影响，总结了获得完整PZNT薄膜的生长条件。     

电沉积技术制备钼酸钡薄膜及其特性表征

采用恒电流电沉积技术，在不同衬底（金属钼片、镀金的硅片、ITO导电玻璃）上，不同溶液酸碱性的条件下制备出了具有白钨矿结构的钼酸钡薄膜，利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）对制备的薄膜进行了分析表征。分析了利用电沉积方法制备的钼酸钡薄膜的成膜机制．实验结果表明：在室温环境下，利用电沉积技术，在不同材质的衬底（金属钼片、镀金的硅片和ITO导电玻璃）上，可以制备出具有白钨矿结构钼酸钡薄膜，不同材质的衬底会影响到薄膜晶粒的形状进而影响薄膜的表面形貌和致密性，用镀金的硅片（Au-Si片）作衬底时，制备的钼酸钡薄膜晶粒更加饱满，晶体生长呈四方锥形，晶界清晰。     

硅基氧化铱薄膜的脉冲激光沉积及其微观结构研究

采用脉冲激光沉积技术，在Si（100）基片上制备了高致密的氧化铱（IrO2）薄膜，研究了不同沉积温度对薄膜结构的影响。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜（SEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）对制备的IrO2薄膜进行了表征。结果表明：在20Pa氧分压，250℃～500℃范围内，得到的薄膜为多晶的IrO2物相，其晶粒尺寸和粗糙度随着沉积温度的升高而增加；所得到的IrO2薄膜表面粗糙度低，厚度均匀，与基片结合良好。     

硒源温度对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响

采用中频交流磁控溅射方法，在Mo层上沉积了CuInGa（CIG）预制膜，采用固态硒化法制备获得了Cu（In1-xGax）Se2（CIGS）吸收层薄膜，考察了硒源温度对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响。采用SEM和EDS观察和分析了薄膜的表面形貌和成分，采用XRD表征了薄膜的组织结构。结果表明，在不同的硒源温度下制备的CIGS薄膜，均为黄铜矿相结构，薄膜具有（112）面的择优取向。当硒源温度为575℃、580℃和585℃时，CIGS薄膜表面结构疏松，多孔隙；当硒源温度为590℃、595℃和600℃时，CIGS薄膜结构致密，表面平整。当硒源温度为600℃时，Cu、In和Ga原子含量处于制备弱P型CIGS吸收层薄膜的理想范围。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to