Economic growth and electricity consumption in Cote d'Ivoire: Evidence from time series analysis

This paper examines the causal relationship between the electric power industry and the economic growth of Cote d'Ivoire. Using the data from 1971 to 2008, a test was conducted for the cointegration and Granger causality within an error correction model. Results from these tests reveal a bidirectional causality between per capita electricity consumption and per capita GDP. A unidirectional causality running from electricity consumption to industry value added appears in the short run. Economic growth is found to have great effects on electricity consumption and a reverse causality from electricity to economic growth may also appear. In the long run, there is a unidirectional causality between electricity and both GDP and industry value added. From these findings, we conclude that the country will be energy dependent in the long run and must therefore secure the production network from shortfalls to ensure a sustainable development path. Accordingly, government should adopt policies aimed at increasing the investment in the sector by stepping up electricity production from existing and new energy sources.     

The impact of ICT investment and energy price on industrial electricity demand: Dynamic growth model approach

The authors investigate the effects of information and communications technology (ICT) investment, electricity price, and oil price on the consumption of electricity in South Korea's industries using a logistic growth model. The concept electricity intensity is used to explain electricity consumption patterns. An empirical analysis implies that ICT investment in manufacturing industries that normally consume relatively large amounts of electricity promotes input factor substitution away from the labor intensive to the electricity intensive. Moreover, results also suggest that ICT investment in some specific manufacturing sectors is conducive to the reduction of electricity consumption, whereas ICT investment in the service sector and most manufacturing sectors increases electricity consumption. It is concluded that electricity prices critically affect electricity consumption in half of South Korea's industrial sectors, but not in the other half, a finding that differs somewhat from previous research results. Reasons are suggested to explain why the South Korean case is so different. Policymakers may find this study useful, as it answers the question of whether ICT investment can ultimately reduce energy consumption and may aid in planning the capacity of South Korea's national electric power.     

我国新能源产业国际分工中的地位及提升对策

近年来,我国新能源产业发展速度位居世界前列,国际市场份额不断扩大,但依然是利用成本比较优势,以加工贸易为主,集中进入产业链中游的加工制造环节.在全球新能源产业分工中,发达国家始终享受着行业核心技术和终端产品应用所带来的创新收益和环境收益.而我国在新能源产业国际分工体系中的接入点仍然落在了能耗高、环境影响大、劳动力相对密集的制造环节,未能从根本上改变参与国际分工的方式,现阶段我国新能源产业的国际竞争力仍主要表现在价格和规模优势上.这除了产业发展路径依赖的原因外,也与政府和企业发展战略性新兴产业“急功近利”的思路不无关系.阻碍我国新能源产业国际分工地位改善和提升的主因在于产业创新机制不健全、国内市场容量小等产业发展的深层问题.同时,产业过度依赖外需,贸易摩擦和国际市场需求下降也导致我国企业经营困难.为提升我国新能源产业的国际分工地位,建议我国要调整新能源对外贸易与投资政策的思路,强化对新能源技术研发环节的政策支持,提高新能源企业的自主创新能力；充分利用全球资源,加大先进技术和创新人才引进力度；加快转变对外贸易发展方式,摈弃粗放型的增长方式,积极开拓新兴市场；促进资本的双向流动；培育新能源国际化龙头企业；完善新能源贸易与投资的服务保障体系;积极参与多边贸易谈判,改善贸易环境.     

Industrial energy substitution during the 1980s in the Greek economy

Factor substitution in Greek manufacturing during the 1980s is examined, using pooled data in static and dynamic translog expenditure share models. Inputs are capital, labor, electricity and non-electrical energy (liquid, solid, gas). Own-price elasticities for capital and labor are inelastic, but for electricity more elastic (−0.90). Results indicate substitutability among factors in the short run. In the long run, electricity and capital are complements, as are labor and non-electrical energy. Greek manufacturing is predicted to continue decreased consumption of liquid fuels to the year 2000, continuing the electrification begun in the 1970s.     

The non-energy intensive manufacturing sector.: An energy analysis relating to the Netherlands

This paper focuses on an area that has been neglected in energy analysis: the non-energy intensive industries. Using data at the 3-digit level for the Dutch manufacturing industry, we analyzed the performance of the sector with respect to its energy intensity, value added, value of production and energy costs. We found that energy consumption has increased by 30% between 1988 and 1999 while there has not been a decrease on energy intensity. A decomposition analysis was performed in order to separate structural, production and intensity effects. We found that structural changes played a minor role and that in fact, intensity effects added further energy requirements to those induced by output growth. The results of our study highlight the need for policy-makers and scientists to increase their attention to the non-energy intensive sector and encourage industries in these sectors to adopt energy-efficient technologies and management practices.     

能耗指标与数据中心的关系研究

  目的  目前我国数据中心行业所面临的首要问题是节能评估,即“能评”问题。近年来,数据中心行业由于“能评”问题,造成大量的投资浪费,同时严重制约了我国数据中心行业的发展,进而影响我国“新基建”中的大数据中心、人工智能、工业互联网等领域的发展。  方法  结合数据中心行业的特点,通过对节能评估制度,即“能评”制度（固定资产投资项目节能评估制度）系统地、全面地分析,提炼出该制度在数据中心行业中落地的关键因素。  结果  系统地阐述了这些关键因素,即能耗指标的由来、标准煤的定义、电网电力折算标准煤系数、电力当量值与等价值的含义与区别、数据中心行业分类的变迁、数据中心工业增加值的计算方法以及电网电力碳排放的计算方法。从宏观的角度,系统地诠释能耗指标与数据中心之间的关系。  结论  对于数据中心行业参与方,通过了解这些关键因素以及因素之间的关系,有助于理解我国现有及未来制定的“数据中心”相关政策,对于推动数据中心行业的发展、进而推动“新基建”的发展,具有重要的战略指导意义。     

Research on energy-saving effect of technological progress based on Cobb–Douglas production function

Energy issues receive more and more attention these days. And it is considered that technological progress is an essential approach to save energy. This essay is to analyze the relation between energy intensity and technological progress by Cobb–Douglas production function in which energy, labor, capital and technological progress are taken as independent variables. It proves that the growth of output per capital and output per labor will increase energy intensity while technological progress will decrease energy intensity. Empirical research on Chinese industry is used here to indicate technological progress greatly decreases energy intensity. Because of the interferences of Asian financial crisis, there is something abnormal in the data. So in the empirical research, average weaken buffer operator (ABWO) is applied to weaken the interference of Asian financial crisis to the fixed assets, energy and value added. The results of the empirical research show that technological progress decreases energy intensity of Chinese industry an average of 6.3% every year in China.     

New energy strategies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry—The role of national and EU climate and energy policies

The Swedish pulp and paper industry has gone through a strategic change in its approach to electricity production and consumption over the past decade. This paper documents this reorientation, which includes increased on-site electricity production, investments and investment plans for wind power, and new partnerships concerning investments in electricity production assets. We also assess the extent to which these changes can be attributed to key energy and climate policies. Our analysis shows that this strategic reorientation has been driven by changes in the underlying economic conditions for the pulp and paper industry, in particular increases in the price of electricity following the Swedish energy market reform in 1996, and the introduction of the EU ETS. The scheme for tradable renewable electricity certificates, on the other hand, has provided a new source of income. While these market-based signals and responses are the most dominant drivers of strategic change, cognitive changes in the pulp and paper industry have also played a role in the strategic reorientation. The cognitive changes concerning the functioning of the electricity market, i.e. the pricing of electricity and influence of the EU ETS, have been particularly important in this regard.     

Energy consumption and economic activities in Iran

The causal relationship between overall GDP, industrial and agricultural value added and consumption of different kinds of energy are investigated using vector error correction model for the case of Iran within 1967–2003. A long-run unidirectional relationship from GDP to total energy and bidirectional relationship between GDP and gas as well as GDP and petroleum products consumption for the whole economy was discovered. Causality is running from value added to total energy, electricity, gas and petroleum products consumption and from gas consumption to value added in industrial sector. The long-run bidirectional relations hold between value added and total energy, electricity and petroleum products consumption in the agricultural sector. The short-run causality runs from GDP to total energy and petroleum products consumption, and also industrial value added to total energy and petroleum products consumption in this sector.     

Energy efficiency developments in the Dutch energy-intensive manufacturing industry, 1980–2003

We studied energy efficiency trends in the Dutch manufacturing industry between 1995 and 2003 using indicators based on publicly available physical production and specific energy consumption data. We estimated annual primary energy efficiency improvements in this period at 1.3% on average, with the individual sub-sectors ranging between −0.1% and 1.5%. Energy efficiency developments with respect to electricity, fuels/heat and non-energy use have been monitored separately and are shown to differ significantly (for the sum of the sectors studied: 1.9% for electricity, 2.6% for fuels/heat and −0.1% for non-energy use). We combined our results with those from a previous, similar study for 1980–1995 and show that over the full time period, efficiency improvements of 1% per year have been achieved on average. Based on comparison with other sources and a detailed uncertainty analysis, we conclude that we developed a reliable top-down monitoring framework for studying energy efficiency trends of the manufacturing industry that can also be applied in other countries where similar data are available. We also showed that substantial differences exist between energy consumption data available from energy statistics and according to the Long Term Agreement monitoring reports, stressing the need for ongoing independent checks of available energy consumption data to avoid problems in future evaluations of energy efficiency policies.     

The effect of CO2 emissions and economic performance on hydrogen-based renewable production in 35 European Countries

This study applies the OLS and panel data approach to estimate the influence of variables such as greenhouse gas emissions, per capita income, the scale of labor force input, the portion of added value in manufacturing industry and government mechanism on hydrogen-based renewable production in 35 European countries. The empirical results show that the nation's economic input and its income level have a positive effect on hydrogen-based renewable energy, which indicated that the economic growth has promoted living standards, inspired environmental awareness, and influenced the use of alternative energy and renewable energy. Moreover, the empirical results also show that deepening democracy (government mechanism) has a positive impact on hydrogen-based renewable energy in OECD countries, but the impact on non-OECD countries is not clear.     

Electricity prices and industry switching: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms

Energy is an essential input into a firm's production process. In this paper we investigate how electricity price changes across Chinese provinces affect the decision of firms to switch production from one industry to another. To address potential endogeneity between electricity prices and unobservable province level policies we construct an instrument from the interaction of regional coal production and thermal power generation capacity. Our instrumental variable results show that manufacturing firms are more likely to switch the industry of their main product to a less energy intensive industry as a result of rising electricity costs. More specifically, a 10% increase in the price of electricity leads to an increase in the probability of switching to a less energy intensive industry of around 2.3%. Our findings suggest that a well designed electricity price scheme can encourage firm behaviour than is consistent with reductions in energy use.     

不同碳达峰时点选择下的投资结构变化和经济社会影响——以广东省为例

中国提出2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和的目标将对全社会经济发展、能源消费带来深刻的变革。通过构建广东省气候-经济-环境-健康综合评估模型(ICEEH-GD),设计了如期达峰(2030年达峰)和率先达峰(2025年达峰)两个情景,研究不同碳达峰时点下的投资结构变化和经济社会影响。结果表明,率先达峰情景促进全社会投资从电力、水泥、油品开采、焦炭、钢铁等低增加值高碳排放部门转向服务业、电子信息、机械制造、建筑业、化工业等高增加值低碳排放部门,投资量总计转移了819亿元,带动相关部门的增加值增长135亿元。率先达峰情景强化对电力、水泥、钢铁、陶瓷等高碳排放行业的限制,在2030年全社会就业岗位比如期达峰情景增加82000人,但全省国内生产总值(GDP)比如期达峰情景减少424亿元,占届时全省GDP总量的0.242%。到2030年,率先达峰情景比如期达峰情景降低CO₂排放7 610万t和节约能源消费2 535万t标准煤,其中碳减排和节能贡献部门主要来自电力、水泥、钢铁、石油开采、陶瓷行业,分别占全社会碳减排量和节能量的65.0%和74.3%。从投资与增加值、就业、碳...     

国内投资驱动型能源消费研究——基于投入产出模型

目前,能源消费问题越来越成为人们关注的重点,而由能源消费所引起的相关问题也越来越严重.本文基于投入产出模型,分别从全国及行业层面对2002-2010年投资驱动型能源消费进行定量分析.结果表明,近些年来,投资驱动型能源消费总量逐年增加且其在我国能源消费总量中所占的比重越来越大.从行业层面来看,建筑业和制造业由于国内投资引起的能源消费量居高不下,其在投资驱动型能源消费方面起着重要的作用.     

Made in Mexico: Energy reform and manufacturing growth

We assess the real effects of a recent opening of the energy sector in Mexico to private investment. We look at one particular channel, which operates through the change in the structure of electricity generation in favor of cheaper sources of energy, such as natural gas. We look at the potential impact of this structural change on electricity prices and ultimately on manufacturing output using subsector and state-level manufacturing output data. We first document that electricity prices—relative to oil and gas—are more important to the manufacturing sector, with a one-standard deviation reduction in those prices leading to a 2.8% increase in manufacturing output. This elasticity, together with estimated decreases in electricity prices on the back of the reform, could increase manufacturing output by up to 3.6%, and overall real GDP by 0.6%. Larger effects are possible in the long run if increased efficiency in the electricity sector leads to further decreases in electricity prices. There can also be larger effects stemming from output in the services sector which we find to also respond statistically significantly to electricity prices; and from the endogenous response of unit labor costs, which decrease with lower electricity prices.     

What goes down must come up? Trends of industrial electricity use in the North-West of Russia

This article uses decomposition method to analyse industrial electricity consumption in North-Western Russia, namely in Archangelsk oblast, the Republic of Karelia and Murmansk oblast. The case sectors, forestry and electricity, have in most cases developed similarly in the chosen regions during 1990–2001. The decomposition analysis shows that the reduction of economic activity has reduced electricity consumption in all three regions but that it is not always the main factor reducing consumption. The changes in energy efficiency increased consumption in the forestry sector in all regions while in the electricity sector it led to a reduction. The changes in the structures of the regional economies increased electricity consumption in electricity industry which gained importance due to developments in the manufacturing industry. In Murmansk, forestry sector has almost disappeared during the observation period. This was the main observed electricity consumption reduction caused by structural changes. Many of the developments can be better understood against the general knowledge of transition factors.     

Manufacturing productivity and energy efficiency: a stochastic efficiency frontier analysis

This paper presents a mathematical model to estimate both production frontier and energy demand frontier, and evaluate the energy efficiency in the automotive manufacturing sector using plant‐level production and utility consumption data. By using the stochastic frontier analysis, two models—an output efficiency model (production frontier) and an input efficiency model (energy demand frontier)—are developed to analyze the plant's energy efficiency performance relative to the ‘best practice’ among peers. Both the structure and parameters of two stochastic frontier functions are identified to understand the relationship between production inputs (e.g., utilities and plant‐specific variables) and the overall productivity. A case study of a set of automotive engine manufacturing plants is conducted and shows that electricity has higher efficiency than other forms of utility in those production‐related activities, and the regional and climate factors have significant impacts on energy efficiency. The models provide a way to measure how far from the production frontier as well as how far from the energy demand frontier the plant is. The results also provide useful information about the inefficient energy components in manufacturing facilities. The opportunities of improving plant‐level efficiency in automotive manufacturing plants can be revealed by the results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring energy efficiency trends in European industry: Which top-down method should be used?

Several index decomposition methods are commonly employed to provide a top-down view of energy consumption trends in manufacturing industry. These approaches typically use value added data for an industrial sector to decompose energy trends into structural, intensity and activity effects. Additionally in Europe a commonly employed top-down indicator called ODEX uses units of physical output, rather than value added, to analyse energy efficiency developments only. Therefore it has been difficult to compare ODEX directly to decomposition approaches. This paper presents a new decomposition method called VALDEX, based on the existing ODEX methodology, but using value added data. Extending ODEX to a full decomposition method allows tests commonly used in index decomposition theory to be applied and enables direct comparison with other methods. This helps evaluate the robustness of the existing ODEX methodology. Using industry data from three European countries, the results yielded by five decomposition methods are compared. In the cases examined, both the Laspeyres and VALDEX methods have significant residuals. Laspeyres consistently overestimates total energy consumption while VALDEX underestimates it. Methods that produce small or no unexplained residuals give converging results for each effect for the countries analysed, and provide a more reliable view of energy trends.     

Changes in industrial electricity consumption in china from 1998 to 2007

Electricity consumption in the industrial sector experienced a dramatic increase between 1998 and 2007, accounting for approximately 75% of China’s total electricity consumption. This study analyzes the potential factors influencing the growth of electricity consumption in China’s industrial sector over the past decade using a logarithmic mean Divisia index I decomposition method. Results show that activity effect and shift effect (caused by the change in the electricity’s share of industrial energy use) are the major factors responsible for the rise in electricity consumption between 1998 and 2007. It is found that structural change also contributed to the increase in electricity consumption, it had only a small effect. In contrast, the technological effect is responsible for a decrease in electricity consumption during this period. The influences of technological effects and shift effects followed approximately an inverse-U-shaped and U-shaped curve, respectively. Furthermore, the results show that the main contributors to incremental electricity consumption among industrial subsectors were manufacturing of raw chemical material and products, manufacturing of non-metal mineral products, smelting and pressing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and production and supply of electric power and heat power. These sectors should take priority for industrial restructuring in order to implement policies for energy and electricity savings.     

Economic evaluation with uncertainty analysis using a Monte-Carlo simulation method for hydrogen production from high pressure PEM water electrolysis in Korea

Economic analysis with uncertainty analysis based on a Monte-Carlo simulation method was performed for hydrogen production from high pressure PEM water electrolysis targeting a hydrogen production capacity of 30 Nm³ h^?1 in Korea. With key economic parameters obtained from sensitivity analysis (SA), a cumulative probability curve was constructed for a unit H₂ production cost fully reflecting unpredictable price fluctuations in H₂ production equipment, construction, electricity, and labor from ±10% to ±50%. In addition, economic analysis for a net present value (NPV) with uncertainty analysis for revenue (REV), fixed capital investment (FCI), and cost of manufacturing (COM) provided cumulative probability curves with different discount rates and more reliable NPVs (-$ 69,000 ～$1,308,000) for high pressure PEM water electrolysis under development in Korea. This economic analysis based on uncertainty can serve as important economic indicators suitable for premature technology like high pressure PEM water electrolysis currently being in progress in Korea.