Optimal energy efficiency capacity under joint design of sensing and transmission duration for cognitive radio system

Due to its opportunistic spectrum sharing capability, cognitive radio （CR） has been proposed as a fundamental solution to alleviate the contradiction between spectrum scarcity and inefficient utilization of licensed spectrum. In CR system （CRS）, to efficiently utilize the spectrum resource, one important issue is to allocate the sensing and transmission duration reasonably. In this paper, the evaluation metric of energy efficiency, which represented the total number of bits that were delivered with per joule of energy consumed, is adopted to evaluate the proposed scheme. We study a joint design of energy efficient sensing and transmission durations to maximize energy efficiency capacity （EEC） of CRS. The tradeoff between EEC and sensing and transmission durations are formulized as an optimization problem under constraints on target detection probability of secondary users （SUs） and toleration interference threshold of primary users （PUs）. To obtain the optimal solution, optimizing sensing duration and transmission duration will be first performed separately. Then, a joint optimization iterative algorithm is proposed to search the optimal pair of sensing and transmission durations. Analytical and simulation results show that there exists a unique duration pair where the EEC is maximized, and that the EEC of the proposed joint optimization algorithm outperforms that of existed algorithms. Furthermore, the simulation results also reveal that the performance of the proposed low complexity iterative algorithm is comparable with that of the exhaustive search scheme.     

Optimal and Suboptimal Access and Transmission Polices for Dynamic Spectrum Access over Fading Channels in Cognitive Radio Networks

We propose a cross-layer optimal access and transmission framework for dynamic spectrum access to maximize expected long-term average throughput under power and collision constraints by a dynamic programming method namely Constrained Markov decision process （CMDP）. The optimal policy for CMDP is capable of guiding transmitter to choose an available channel and transmission rate at the beginning of each frame for its long-term goals according to current channel sensing results and prior channel fading information. The complexity of finding the optimal policy by Linear programming （LP） approach increases exponentially with the number of channels and fading levels, which incurs so-called curse of dimensionality. Therefore we propose two complexity- reduced suboptimal policies, namely, policy separation and heuristic algorithms. Finally, we compare the performances of policies by numerical results.     

TD-SCDMA： Spectrum Modeling, Experimental Verification of Power Amplifier Nonlinearity

RF Power amplifiers （PA） are critical components in Time division-Synchronous code division multiple access （TD-SCDMA） systems, and PA nonlinearity is one of the main concerns in RF power amplifier designs. This paper presents experimental verification of the spectrum modeling of a RF power amplifier in TD-SCDMA system based on our previous work. The results verify the theoretical spectrum model we derived closely fits the experimental measurements.     

Optimal Spectrum Sensing in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Systems

In this paper,we consider a cognitive radio system with energy harvesting,in which the secondary user operates in a saving-sensing-transmitting（SST） fashion.We investigate the tradeoff between energy harvesting,channel sensing and data transmission and focus on the optimal SST structure to maximize the SU＇s expected achievable throughput.We consider imperfect knowledge of energy harvesting rate,which cannot be exactly known and only its statistical information is available.By formulating the problem of expected achievable throughput optimization as a mixed-integer non-linear programming one,we derive the optimal saveratio and number of sensed channels with indepth analysis.Simulation results show that the optimal SST structure outperforms random one and performance gain can be enhanced by increasing the SU＇s energy harvesting rate.     

Best Effort Spectrum Allocation Scheme for Femtocell Networks in Dense Deployment

In orthogonal frequency division multiple access（OFDMA） based femtocell networks,the co-tier interference among femto base stations（FBS） becomes important in multiuser and densely deployed environment.In order to mitigate the co-tier interference and enhance the system total throughput,this paper proposed a best effort spectrum allocation scheme based on the extension of graph theory.In the scheme,a controller was proposed to collect the channel state information（CSI）of all femtocell user equipments（FUEs） in a certain range.Then,the controller evaluated the signal-to-interference Ratio（SIR） of each FUE and determined the set of its interference neighbors.By calculating the received power matrix（RPM） among FUEs and building interference graph matrix（IGM）,different spectrum resource blocks（RBs） were assigned to the users with interference relation,while users without interference relation shared the same RBs,which could increase the spectrum efficiency.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the RB usage efficiency compared with the basic graph coloring theory,and more than 80% improvement can be acquired in dense deployment scenario.Besides,the throughput of both cell edge macro user equipments（MUEs） and cell edge FUEs is guaranteed on the premise of low interference.     

Performance Analysis of Spoken Arabic Digits Recognition Techniques

A performance evaluation of sound recognition techniques in recognizing some spoken Arabic words, namely digits from zero to nine, is proposed. One of the main characteristics of aU Arabic digits is polysyllabic words except for zero. The performance analysis is based on different features of phonetic isolated Arabic digits. The main aim of this paper is to compare, analyze, and discuss the outcomes of spoken Arabic digits recognition systems based on three recognition features： the Yule-Walker spectrum features, the Walsh spectrum features, and the Mel frequency Cepstral coefficients （MFCC） features. The MFCC based recognition system achieves the best average correct recognition. On the other hand, the Yule-Walker based recognition system achieves the worst average correct recognition.     

PFQ-OS： A Packet Fair Queueing Based Opportunistic Scheduler in Wireless Networks

In this paper, we investigate the issues of extending the Packet fair queueing （PFQ） algorithms into continuous channel model. We present a PFQ-based Opportunistic scheduler （PFQ-OS）, which can improve user throughput while satisfying strict short-term fairness. We decouple the conflicting design objectives of fairness and user throughput improvement by introducing a Search radius （SR） into the framework of PFQ. We develop an analytical model and derive the fairness properties of PFQ-OS, which are related to the SR. Thereby system operators can focus on opportunistic scheduling for the users within the SR without violating the fairness guarantee. We further investigate the designing of scheduling policy under the strict fairness constraints, and propose that in order to utilize the opportunistic scheduling all the time, the selection rule should provide all the users with equal chance in being scheduled at each selection. Accordingly, we present Maximum relative SNR （Max-rSNR） selection rule for PFQ-OS. We derive the bounds in terms of user throughput under Rayleigh fading channel. An extensive set of simulations testifies our derived theoretical properties that PFQ-OS can significantly improve user throughput while providing excellent short-term fairness guarantee.     

Joint Design and Separation Principle for Opportunistic Spectrum Access in the Presence of Sensing Errors

Opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) that allows secondary users to independently search for and exploit instantaneous spectrum availability is considered. The design objective is to maximize the throughput of a secondary user while limiting the probability of colliding with primary users. Integrated in the joint design are three basic components: a spectrum sensor that identifies spectrum opportunities, a sensing strategy that determines which channels in the spectrum to sense, and an access strategy that decides whether to access based on potentially erroneous sensing outcomes. This joint design is formulated as a constrained partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and a separation principle is established. The separation principle reveals the optimality of myopic policies for the design of the spectrum sensor and the access strategy, leading to closed-form optimal solutions. Furthermore, it decouples the design of the sensing strategy from that of the spectrum sensor and the access strategy, and reduces the constrained POMDP to an unconstrained one. Numerical examples are provided to study the tradeoff between sensing time and transmission time, the interaction between the physical layer spectrum sensor and the MAC layer sensing and access strategies, and the robustness of the ensuing design to model mismatch.     

基于分布式检测和协作的自适应频谱感知机制

对当前备受关注的认知无线电多点协作频谱感知技术进行了系统归纳与总结.对频谱感知基本问题进行研究,指出了低信噪比情况下单节点检测存在的局限性;接着着重对基于能量检测的多点协作检测技术和多种数据合并算法等最新的研究情况进行了介绍和评价;最后提出了一种具有自适应优化功能的协作频谱感知机制,对控制信道和检测判决信道采用两种控制方式,采用较为稳健的拓扑控制方式,提高了检测网络的稳定性和运作效率.     

动态频谱接入MAC协议研究

机会频谱接入（OSA,opportunistic spectrum access）允许未授权用户在空间域和时域上共享授权频谱,但仅当授权用户没有占用这些频谱时认知用户才能接入。另外频谱环境的动态性使MAC协议设计面临着几个重要的问题,即认知用户需要确定何时以什么方式接入哪一个信道发送/接收数据而不影响主用户的通信。从OSA-MAC设计面临的技术挑战出发,对近年来国内外在该方向的研究成果做了总结和分析,并阐述了OSA-MAC设计亟待解决的问题和今后的研究方向。     

感知时间等比缩减的机会频谱接入算法研究

以认知无线电(Cognitive Radio,CR)技术为基础,以电视频谱资源研究为实例提出了一种基于感知时间等比缩减的机会频谱接入算法(SGPR)。该算法与其他固定感知时间长度算法比较,相对缩减了频谱感知时间,增加了系统传输时间,从而提高了认知网络系统的吞吐量,仿真验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于业务请求数据包长度的机会频谱接入算法

针对非时隙主用户网络,研究了单个次用户在周期性感知框架下的机会频谱接入问题。通过建立次用户信道感知和接入模型,提出了一种基于次用户请求业务数据包长度的机会频谱接入算法。该算法根据每个时隙分配给次用户业务数据包长度,自适应调整机会频谱接入策略。仿真结果表明,所提算法能够在干扰水平要求较高情况下,提高次用户平均有效传输吞吐量的同时,实现有效吞吐量与碰撞概率的折中;同时当外部环境发生变化时算法具有较强的鲁棒性。     

lntra-Cavity Absorption Sensors for Gas Detection Using Wavelength Sweep Technique

Wavelength sweep technique （WST） is introduced into intra-cavity fiber laser （ICFL） for low concentration gas detection. The limitation induced by noise can be eliminated using this method, and the performance of the system is improved. The sensitivity of the system is reduced to less than 300 ppm. With WST, sweeping characteristic of the ICFL can be described according to known gas absorption spectra.     

基于竞争双深度Q网络的频谱感知和接入

认知用户通过频谱感知和接入过程识别频谱状态并占用空闲频谱,可有效利用频谱资源。针对频谱感知中存在感知错误和频谱接入中存在用户碰撞的问题,首先建立多用户多信道模型,设计频谱感知和频谱接入过程;然后通过结合双深度Q网络和竞争Q网络,设计竞争双深度Q网络,解决过估计问题的同时优化网络结构;最后通过智能体与所设计模型中状态、观测、回报和策略的交互,完成使用竞争双深度Q网络解决频谱感知和接入问题的一体化研究。仿真结果表明,相比于已有深度强化学习方法,使用竞争双深度Q网络得到的数值结果更稳定且感知正确率和信道利用率都提高了4%。     

基于主动频谱感知接入的认知无线电台研究

讨论了所研制的工作于30-512 MHz的基于主动频谱感知接入的认知无线电台。该电台实现了认知无线电动态频谱接入最为关键的几大功能：频谱感知、频谱会合、频谱监视,以及频谱切换。试验结果表明,该电台具备在不依赖于公共控制信道的情况下自动寻找空闲信道建立链路的能力,也具备在当前通信信道上出现主用户信号或其他干扰信号时自动切换到其他空闲信道上继续通信的能力,为认知无线电技术的实用化提供了很好的借鉴。     

合作频谱感知安全技术研究

频谱感知是认知无线电实现动态频谱接入的前提和关键技术。由于阴影效应和多径衰落等因素,单个认知用户的频谱感知的结果可能不可靠,因此通过多个认知用户检测结果的融合来提高频谱感知的性能,即合作频谱感知。目前,合作频谱感知存在两类安全威胁：主用户假冒攻击（IE,Incumbent Emulation）和频谱感知数据篡改攻击（SSDF,Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification）。由于这两种攻击的存在,将会大大降低频谱感知的性能,减少认知用户接入空闲授权频段的机会。因此,有必要对这两类攻击开展相关的防御技术研究。     

多信道频谱感知与频谱接入的优化与折衷

基于贝叶斯推理的多信道频谱感知方法和思想,文章通过多个认知用户随机地选择部分信道进行协作感知并利用特殊设计的贝叶斯推理法则来快速有效地获取所有信道的活动状态。贝叶斯推理的多信道频谱感知方法也是多分辨率频谱感知的基础,具有重要的应用价值。文章还通过分析多用户多信道条件下频谱感知和频谱接入之间复杂而微妙的内在联系,对其进行适当地优化与折衷,以提高认知系统的性能和效率。     

Numerical Simulation of Near Field Characteristics for Lens Antenna by Hybrid FDTD-PWS Method

An efficient hybrid Finite-difference time- domain （FDTD） method and Plane wave spectrum （PWS） method is presented to analyze the near field characteristics of lens antenna. Firstly, the aperture plane field distribution is obtained by the FDTD method. Secondly, the PWS method is employed to calculate the near field distribution from the knowledge of the aperture plane field distribution. In order to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, a lens antenna at Ka band is designed and fabricated as an example. For comparison, a horn an- tenna and a lens antenna without outer lens are simulated to evaluate differences among the lenses on focusing prop- erties. And the focal plane field is measured by the Planar- near-fields （PNF） method. It is found that the results obtained by the FDTD-PWS method are in good agreement with the experimental data after the probe compensation.     

主用户活跃性对新的认知无线电系统容量的影响

在机会频谱接入认知无线电系统中,认知用户只有在通过感知确定信道空闲时才可以接入授权信道,因此频谱感知对于系统性能影响非常重要。本文提出了基于新帧结构的四元频谱感知模型,考虑主用户活跃性对认知网络吞吐量的影响,采用可同时最大化感知和数据传输时间的新帧结构模型,不需要考虑感知和吞吐量的均衡。理论分析新模型下感知时间,主用户活跃性,目标检测概率,主用户接收信噪比对系统吞吐量的影响,并与传统模型进行对比。     

基于空间谱的多天线盲频谱感知算法

现有的频谱感知算法主要在时间、频率以及地理空间维度进行检测,对角度维的利用尚不成熟。将多天线技术中的到达角（AOA, angle of arrival）估计算法应用到频谱感知领域,提出了2种基于空间谱的盲频谱感知算法,分别为最大—最小延迟相加谱值比检测和平均—最小延迟相加谱值比检测。利用空域匹配滤波的优势,新算法在低信噪比下得到了较高的检测概率,同时为角度维的频谱接入提供了AOA信息,从而提高了频谱利用率。此外,运用随机矩阵理论,推导了检测阈值和检测概率的理论值。仿真结果表明,在Nakagami-m信道下,提出的算法具有比现有盲感知算法更优的检测性能。