Generation of a Highly Reactive Chicken-Derived Single-Chain Variable Fragment against Fusarium verticillioides by Phage Display

Fusarium verticillioides is the primary causal agent of Fusarium ear and kernel rot in maize, producing fumonisin mycotoxins that are toxic to humans and domestic animals. Rapid detection and monitoring of fumonisin-producing fungi are pivotally important for the prevention of mycotoxins from entering into food/feed products. Chicken-derived single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against cell wall-bound proteins from F. verticillioides were isolated from an immunocompetent phage display library. Comparative phage enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs) and sequencing analyses identified four different scFv antibodies with high sensitivity. Soluble antibody ELISAs identified two highly sensitive scFv antibodies, FvCA3 and FvCA4, with the latter being slightly more sensitive. Three-dimensional modeling revealed that the FvCA4 may hold a better overall structure with CDRH3, CDRL1 and CDRL3 centered in the core region of antibody surface compared with that of other scFvs. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed that the binding of FvCA4 antibody was localized to the cell walls of conidiospores and hyphae of F. verticillioides, confirming the specificity of this antibody for a surface target. This scFv antibody was able to detect the fungal mycelium as low as 10(-2) μg/mL and contaminating mycelium at a quantity of 10(-2) mg/g maize. This is the first report that scFv antibodies derived from phage display have a wide application for rapid and accurate detection and monitoring of fumonisin-producing pathogens in agricultural samples.     

新型重组人促红细胞生成素抗体中和活性检测方法的建立及其在毒理研究中的应用

目的建立新型重组人促红细胞生成素(Novel recombinant human erythropoietin,HuEPO)抗体中和活性的检测方法,并应用于毒理研究中样品的分析。方法通过考察新型rHuEPO对人UT7/EPO细胞增殖的促进作用及抗新型rHuEPO抗体(兔抗阳性血清)对该细胞增殖的抑制作用,建立抗新型rHuEPO抗体中和活性检测方法,并应用于毒理实验中对相关抗体血清中和活性的检测。结果新型rHuEPO对人UT7/EPO细胞的增殖具有促进作用,在0.125～128 ng/ml浓度范围内作用显著;抗新型rHuEPO抗体在10-1～10-4范围内对人UT7/EPO细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用,抑制曲线呈中和抗体性质。毒理实验中,抗新型rHuEPO抗体(SD大鼠血清)显著抑制人UT7/EPO细胞的增殖,且具有特异性;抗新型rHuEPO抗体(Beagle犬血清)对人UT7/EPO细胞的增殖无影响。结论成功建立了一种新型rHuEPO抗体中和活性检测方法,并成功应用于毒理实验样品分析,为新型rHuEPO在长期毒性实验中的免疫原性评价提供了一种有效的检测手段。     

Identification and Characterization of a Peptidic Ligand for Ras

The development of new ligands for the oncoprotein Ras can provide tools for the study of this important signaling component or potentially serve as therapeutic agents for the treatment of Ras‐associated diseases. Herein, we report a peptidic Ras ligand identified through naïve phage display. Panning a phage library with a diversity of 10⁹ transormants successfully identified a peptide dodecamer that contains two internal consensus motifs and binds Ras in both the active GTP‐ and inactive GDP‐bound conformations with low micromolar dissociation constants. The dodecamer does not alter the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras, does not compete for Ras binding to the Ras binding domain of Raf, and does not alter cell viability. This novel Ras ligand has the potential to serve in the development of higher‐affinity ligands and chemical tools targeting Ras.     

Phage Display-based Strategies for Cloning and Optimization of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against Human Pathogens

In the last two decades, several phage display-selected monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been described in the literature and a few of them have managed to reach the clinics. Among these, the anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Palivizumab, a phage-display optimized mAb, is the only marketed mAb directed against microbial pathogens. Palivizumab is a clear example of the importance of choosing the most appropriate strategy when selecting or optimizing an anti-infectious mAb. From this perspective, the extreme versatility of phage-display technology makes it a useful tool when setting up different strategies for the selection of mAbs directed against human pathogens, especially when their possible clinical use is considered. In this paper, we review the principal phage display strategies used to select anti-infectious mAbs, with particular attention focused on those used against hypervariable pathogens, such as HCV and influenza viruses.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇免疫分析核心试剂特异性单克隆抗体的研制与特性研究

采用1,1’-羰基二咪唑(CDI)活化法成功将脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇分子上C-3和C-15位羟基与载体蛋白赖氨酸的氨基共价偶联得到免疫原DON-BSA和包被原DON-OVA,并用三硝基苯磺酸法对合成结果进行鉴定。以人工抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠,取小鼠脾细胞与SP2/O鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,经筛选和多次亚克隆,得到了1株能稳定分泌脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇抗体的单克隆细胞株1D5,并制备单克隆抗体腹水。经检测该抗体亚型为IgG1,亲和力常数Ka为8.33×107L/mol,交叉反应的试验结果显示该抗体与其他真菌毒素无交叉反应率,稳定性良好,为粮油食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇免疫快速检测技术建立及产品研发提供了关键试剂材料。     

Evolution of Iron(II)‐Finger Peptides by Using a Bipyridyl Amino Acid

We report the engineering of zinc‐finger‐like motifs containing the unnatural amino acid (2,2′‐bipyridin‐5‐yl)alanine (Bpy‐Ala). A phage‐display library was constructed in which five residues in the N‐terminal finger of zif268 were randomized to include both canonical amino acids and Bpy‐Ala. Panning of this library against a nine‐base‐pair DNA binding site identified several Bpy‐Ala‐containing functional Zif268 mutants. These mutants bind the Zif268 recognition site with affinities comparable to that of the wild‐type protein. Further characterization indicated that the mutant fingers bind low‐spin Fe^II rather than Zn^II. This work demonstrates that an expanded genetic code can lead to new metal ion binding motifs that can serve as structural, catalytic, or regulatory elements in proteins.     

Improving solubility and refolding efficiency of human V(H)s by a novel mutational approach

The antibody V(H) domains of camelids tend to be soluble and to resist aggregation, in contrast to human V(H) domains. For immunotherapy, attempts have therefore been made to improve the properties of human V(H)s by camelization of a small set of framework residues. Here, we have identified through sequence comparison of well-folded llama V(H) domains an alternative set of residues (not typically camelid) for mutation. Thus, the solubility and thermal refolding efficiency of a typical human V(H), derived from the human antibody BT32/A6, were improved by introduction of two mutations in framework region (FR) 1 and 4 to generate BT32/A6.L1. Three more mutations in FR3 of BT32/A6.L1 further improved the thermal refolding efficiency while retaining solubility and cooperative melting profiles. To demonstrate practical utility, BT32/A6.L1 was used to construct a phage display library from which were isolated human V(H)s with good antigen binding activity and solubility. The engineered human V(H) domains described here may be useful for immunotherapy, due to their expected low immunogenicity, and in applications involving transient high temperatures, due to their efficient refolding after thermal denaturation.     

抗人CD4嵌合抗体的稳定表达及鉴定

目的构建抗人CD4嵌合抗体稳定表达细胞株,并对表达产物进行鉴定。方法采用脂质体法将抗人CD4嵌合抗体质粒pHDC4稳定转染CHO-DHFR-细胞,经选择性培养、有限稀释法克隆和MTX加压筛选抗人CD4嵌合抗体稳定表达株,经细胞工厂扩大培养。收集培养上清,经Protein A亲和层析纯化目的抗体,激光共聚焦显微镜观察抗体基因在细胞内的表达,并分别进行质谱分析、蛋白质N-末端测序和平衡解离常数(KD)的测定。结果构建的抗人CD4嵌合抗体稳定表达细胞株的抗体表达水平为4.29～10.52μg/ml;BCA测得纯化回收后的抗体表达水平为12.68 mg/L;激光共聚焦检测显示,抗CD4嵌合抗体稳定表达细胞株可稳定表达人的恒定区和鼠的可变区;质谱分析表明,其含有鼠源性和人源性成分;蛋白质N-末端氨基酸测序表明,其轻链与亲本抗体N-末端氨基酸序列完全一致;其KD为2.67×10-9M。结论成功构建了抗人CD4嵌合抗体稳定表达细胞株,其表达的抗人CD4嵌合抗体保留了亲本抗体的抗原结合特异性和亲和力。     

Monovalent antibody scFv fragments selected to modulate T-cell activation by inhibition of CD86-CD28 interaction

Beside the interaction of the antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex with the T-cell receptor, a co-stimulatory signal is required for T-cell activation in an immune response. To reduce immune-mediated graft rejection in corneal transplantation, where topical application of drugs in ointments or eye-drops may be possible, we selected single-chain antibody fragments (scFv) with binding affinity to rat CD86 (B7.2) that inhibit the co-stimulatory signal. We produced the IgV-like domain of rat CD86 as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli by refolding from inclusion bodies. This protein was used as a target for phage display selection of scFv from HuCAL-1, a fully artificial human antibody library. Selected binding molecules were shown to specifically bind to rat CD86 and inhibit the interaction of CD86 with CD28 and CTLA4 (CD152) in flow cytometry experiments. In an assay for CD86-dependent co-stimulation, the selected scFv fragment successfully inhibited the proliferation of T-cells induced by CD86-expressing P815 cells.     

Generation and characterization of catalytic nanocomposite materials of highly isolated iron nanoparticles dispersed in clays

Nanostructured metallic iron particles in montmorillonite matrix have been prepared at ambient temperature through iron intercalation followed by reduction of resulting iron pillared montmorillonite with potassium borohydride. The resulting nanocomposites have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–VIS-diffuse reflectance spectrometer (UV–VIS). The catalytic performances of resulting nanocomposites have been evaluated by probe phenol oxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide. The results reveal that the nanosized iron polyoxocations intercalated clays can be successfully obtained by conventional synthesis of pillared clays, and after reduction of pillars, the highly dispersed zero-valent iron nanoparticles in clay matrix with diameter in the range of 3–10 nm can be successfully yielded. Over the nanocomposites catalyst prepared at a molar ratio of [CO ₃ ²⁻ ]/[Fe³⁺] = 0.5, the catalytic conversion of phenol oxidation is 49.5% with a 67.4% of selectivity to carbon dioxide and tar. The iron species dispersed in clay matrix may provide the catalytic active sites and the size of iron species has an effect on selectivity. More highly isolated iron nanoparticles dispersed in clays could lead to higher catalytic deep oxidation.     

新型双偶氮化合物的合成与表征

以三聚氯氰(CNC)和对羟基偶氮苯(p-HAB)为原料,通过亲核取代反应合成了一种新型双偶氮化合物。考察了反应物投料摩尔比,碱的种类和碱的用量,溶剂的种类,反应时间等条件对目标产物收率的影响。结果表明:n(p-HAB)∶n(CNC)=2∶1,碱用NaOH,且n(NaOH)∶n(CNC)=2∶1,以V(丙酮)∶V(水)=1∶1为溶剂,先在冰浴中反应2 h,再加热至30℃反应5 h,双偶氮化合物收率达94.1%。通过红外光谱,元素分析,核磁共振对目标产物结构进行了表征。     

新型受阻胺类光稳定剂N-烯丙基四甲基哌啶醇的合成和表征

在Mg-Al水滑石(Mg-Al LDHs)催化哌啶醇和烯丙基溴反应,合成了一种新型受阻胺类光稳定剂,产物通过IR、MS、元素分析等进行了表征。     

Directed evolution of Bacillus subtilis lipase A by use of enantiomeric phosphonate inhibitors: crystal structures and phage display selection

Phage display can be used as a protein-engineering tool for the selection of proteins with desirable binding properties from a library of mutants. Here we describe the application of this method for the directed evolution of Bacillus subtilis lipase A, an enzyme that has important properties for the preparation of the pharmaceutically relevant chiral compound 1,2-O-isopropylidene-sn-glycerol (IPG). PCR mutagenesis with spiked oligonucleotides was employed for saturation mutagenesis of a stretch of amino acids near the active site. After expression of these mutants on bacteriophages, dual selection with (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-IPG stereoisomers covalently coupled to enantiomeric phosphonate suicide inhibitors (SIRAN Sc and Rc inhibitors, respectively) was used for the isolation of variants with inverted enantioselectivity. The mutants were further characterised by determination of their Michaelis-Menten parameters. The 3D structures of the Sc and Rc inhibitor-lipase complexes were determined and provided structural insight into the mechanism of enantioselectivity of the enzyme. In conclusion, we have used phage display as a fast and reproducible method for the selection of Bacillus lipase A mutant enzymes with inverted enantioselectivity.     

一种新的寡聚酰胺体系的合成及表征

合成了一种新的由2,6-二甲氨基吡啶和2,6-二羧基吡啶单元交替组成的寡聚酰胺化合物,并通过1HNMR、13CNMR和MALDI-TOF质谱对其结构进行了全面的表征。     

Conversion of Low‐Affinity Peptides to High‐Affinity Peptide Binders by Using a β‐Hairpin Scaffold‐Assisted Approach

Affinity maturation of protein‐targeting peptides is generally accomplished by homo‐ or heterodimerization of known peptides. However, applying a heterodimerization approach is difficult because it is not clear a priori what length or type of linker is required for cooperative binding to a target. Thus, an efficient and simple affinity maturation method for converting low‐affinity peptides into high‐affinity peptides would clearly be advantageous for advancing peptide‐based therapeutics. Here, we describe the development of a novel affinity maturation method based on a robust β‐hairpin scaffold and combinatorial phage‐display technology. With this strategy, we were able to increase the affinity of existing peptides by more than four orders of magnitude. Taken together, our data demonstrate that this scaffold‐assisted approach is highly efficient and effective in generating high‐affinity peptides from their low‐affinity counterparts.