霍童溪流域梯级水电站水库群洪水调度研究与实践

根据霍童溪流域及其梯级水电站水库群防洪调度的特点,开展水库防洪调度工作研究,初步建立了联合调度工作机制,建设了基于C/S架构的水库群防洪信息系统,在近年的流域防洪工作中取得了预期的效果,为防洪调度指挥决策提供参考。     

基于WebGIS的水库群调度拓扑设计分析与应用

长江流域水系复杂,防洪范围广,控制性水库的防洪调度目标具有多元化、多区域分布等特征,水库在流域内的分布各式各样,各种调节能力的水库以串联、并联等多种形式互相连接,具有复杂的空间拓扑关系。为快速清晰地判断防洪对象、水库群以及水系的干支流、上下游拓扑关系,利用基于对象关系数据库的Web GIS网络分析模型,有机结合图形数据和属性数据,以长江流域为例,选取多个水库、断面及防洪对象构建简洁高效的网络拓扑关系,实现复杂水网的可视化和智能化,从而提高水库群联合调度的决策效率和智能效果。     

面向多区域防洪的长江上游水库群协同调度模型

长江上游水库群是长江流域防洪工程体系的重要组成部分,承担着水库所在河流、川渝河段以及长江中下游的防洪任务。长江流域面积广大,水系众多,洪水地区组成与遭遇十分复杂,防洪需求众多,防洪对象分散,且要兼顾发电、航运、供水、生态、库区安全等多种因素,水库群防洪调度面临大规模、多区域、多层次等协同调度技术难题。以长江上游25座控制性水库为研究对象,基于防洪格局和防洪任务将水库群防洪调度划分为核心、骨干和群组水库,阐明了水库群多区域协调防洪的调度节点和角色定位,提出了兼顾"时-空-量-序-效"多维属性的模型功能结构,构建了长江上游水库群多区域协同防洪调度模型,并在长江流域防洪调度形成示范应用,以挖掘长江上游水库群防洪调度潜力,进而提升长江流域防洪调度管理水平。     

安徽省佛子岭水库管理现代化建设分析

正一、基本情况安徽省佛子岭水库管理处为安徽省水利厅直属事业单位,管辖佛子岭、磨子潭、白莲崖三座大(2)型水库及佛子岭水电站。佛子岭水库管理处所辖三座水库均是以防洪、灌溉为主,结合发电、城市供水的大型综合性水利工程,构成串并联水库群,水库群防洪、灌溉、发电、城市供水四大效益的正常发挥,为流域经济社会发展     

水电站水库群防洪补偿联合调度模型研究及应用

针对具有下游防洪任务的水电站水库群,提出基于预报及库容补偿的水库群防洪补偿联合调度逐次渐进协调模型,推求水库汛期防洪库容动态控制方案。该模型运用了大系统分解协调理论及贝尔曼的逐步逼近思想,以各水库为独立的子系统建立3层递阶结构,针对库间水力、电力联系及防洪库容限制等复杂的约束条件进行不同层次的协调。模型经过多次迭代计算,得到最佳的水库群防洪库容协调方案。该模型应用于清江流域梯级水库,计算结果表明,在不降低水库及梯级原有的防洪标准前提下,能有效利用上游水布垭水库的防洪库容,分担隔河岩水库部分防洪任务,并显著提高梯级水库发电量。     

流域水库群水资源调度系统开发及应用

构建了流域水库群水资源调度系统。该系统采用框架结构,与GIS无缝连接并利于添加模型;内嵌GIS控件面轻松实现图形导航、放大、缩小、漫游、标注、图层控制管理;采用分布式流域水文预报模型有效解决了山区降雨分布不均匀问题,提高了水情预报精度。通过2009年＂莫拉克＂台风降雨过程的霍童溪流域水库群预报调度计算表明：流域水库群水资源调度系统的应用可提高水资源利用率。     

用概率组合法确定并联水库下游洪峰流量的概率分布

水库群下游洪峰流量概率分布的确定是防洪设计中的重要内容，对于确定水库群下游防洪目标的防洪风险和规划设计防洪工程具有重要意义．用概率组合的方法推导出并联水库下游洪峰流量概率分布的数学表达式，并应用此方法分析了滦河流域潘家口、桃林口两座水库建成后滦县站洪峰流量的概率分布，还对此方法的可行性进行了探讨．     

流域水库群水资源调度系统开发及应用

构建了流域水库群水资源调度系统.该系统采用框架结构,与 GIS 无缝连接并利于添加模型;内嵌 GIS 控件面轻松实现图形导航、放大、缩小、漫游、标注、图层控制管理;采用分布式流域水文预报模型有效解决了山区降雨分布不均匀问题,提高了水情预报精度.通过 2009 年"莫拉克"台风降雨过程的霍童溪流域水库群预报调度计算表明:流域水库群水资源调度系统的应用可提高水资源利用率.     

宜冲桥水库防洪库容研究及对松澧地区影响分析

文章基于澧水流域防洪体系建设现状,对制约宜冲桥水库防洪库容的主要因素进行了分析,提出了优化该河段梯级开发、提高水库防洪库容的新方案。并以此为基础,建立流域防洪水库群联合调度模型,分析了宜冲桥水库建设对澧水下游松澧地区的影响。方案的提出,优化了澧水流域防洪总体布局,显著增强了宜冲桥水库开发的必要性和可行性,为完善流域防洪体系,保障下游松澧地区防洪安全提供了新思路。     

大清河流域白洋淀以上库淀联合防洪调度研究

大清河流域白洋淀以上有5座大型水库,与白洋淀构成了一个边界条件较为独立的防洪体系,因此按照充分发挥流域整体调蓄能力的理念,对白洋淀以上水库群适时采用联合预泄、错峰和水库动态水位控制等措施,可使白洋淀周边分洪区在临界洪水条件下的分洪机遇和启用数量明显降低,对于减轻流域整体洪灾损失具有重要意义。     

长江流域大型水库群统一蓄水问题探讨

长江流域已建和在建的大型水库较多,而且大多数集中在汛后短时间内蓄水,水库群集中蓄水引起河流显著的减水过程,不仅对长江中下游地区用水产生影响,也使水库之间出现竞争性蓄水问题。根据长江流域特性、大型水库建设和运行情况,分析水库竞争性蓄水产生的问题;在讨论水库蓄水面临的主要技术和管理问题基础上,提出长江大型水库统一蓄水原则和方案的建议。研究表明,只有通过流域综合协调和管理,才能有效地解决竞争性蓄水问题和减轻蓄水对中下游的影响。     

Riverine characteristics dictate composition of fish assemblages and limit fisheries in reservoirs of the upper Paraná River basin

A qualitative comparative approach has been used to review whether fish assemblage characteristics, such as paucity of lacustrine‐adapted fish species, long food chains, and disproportionate number of piscivorous species, limit fishery yields in reservoirs of the Upper Paraná River basin. The paucity of lacustrine‐adapted species appears to limit fishery yields, but attempts to introduce lacustrine species have been generally unsuccessful. The food chains of species targeted by the fisheries are relatively long, but short food chains seem to be an adaptation of lacustrine species. Because reservoirs with many piscivorous species sustain high fishery yields elsewhere in the world, the hypothesis that an excessive number of piscivores limits yields is not supported. Instead, inadequacies of fish assemblages in reservoirs of the Upper Paraná River basin appear to be symptomatic of an unsuitable environment for lacustrine fish species. The physical characteristics of reservoirs in the Upper Paraná River basin, exacerbated by climatic patterns, may preclude the emergence of successful reservoir species from within the extant pool of riverine species. The resulting assemblages have characteristics that are neither riverine nor lacustrine, and are maladapted to support fisheries in the reservoirs. The introduction of lacustrine species is destined to failure because environmental characteristics are not lacustrine, except in reservoirs positioned high in the watershed, where increased retention times allow lacustrine conditions. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Isotope Hydrology of a Large River System Regulated for Hydropower

Impoundments, regulation and inter‐basin transfers associated with large hydropower developments affect runoff regimes, water residence times and stream water quality. We used stable isotopes to understand these effects on the river Tay system in Scotland, examining their spatial and temporal variation in surface waters at 22 sites. Spatial patterns of isotopes in stream water were consistent with those of precipitation, being more depleted in streams draining higher, colder northern headwaters and enriched in the milder western headwaters. To a lesser extent, spatial patterns also reflected effects of inter‐basin and intra‐basin water transfers at some sites. Temporal dynamics reflected precipitation inputs modulated by landscape properties, the presence of lakes and reservoirs, and regulation operations. Isotopic variability was highest in headwater tributaries with responsive soils and lowest downstream of lakes and reservoirs. Variability of isotopes in lower river sites was also damped as they integrate contributions from the rest of the catchment. Importantly, regulation from both reservoirs and inter‐basin transfers can distort simple input–output relationships for stable isotopes and affect catchment transit times with implications for water quality and in‐stream ecology. On the one hand, reservoirs and extension of natural lakes have created additional storage, potentially slowing flows; on the other, transfers have increased the volume and rates of water throughput in many of these water bodies, reducing hydraulic turnover times. Such effects tend to be quite localized and are not apparent at the larger catchment scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑上游中小型水库影响的北方地区洪水预报方法研究

流域内许多中小型水库的存在改变了流域原始的产汇流机制,对于北方干旱半干旱地区的影响更为明显。本文在适用于北方干旱半干旱地区的大伙房流域模型基础上,结合流域前期降雨、蒸发、小水库群控制面积、兴利库容等资料,定量估算中小水库群的拦蓄作用;考虑中小型水库群对不同土壤湿润程度、不同降雨分布和不同累积降雨的洪水汇流过程的影响,建立改进的大伙房流域模型,并应用于烟台市门楼水库流域。结果表明:改进后的大伙房流域模型能有效地提高门楼水库洪水预报精度和合格率,为该水库的防洪调度提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

在已建水库上游修建新水库时兴利库容的确定

结合贵州省桐梓县将在天门河已建的天门河水库的上游拟建新桥水库的实际，介绍通过两水库联合调节来确定上游拟建水库兴利库容的计算方法，即根据区域来水情况和用水需求，对上下两水库反复多次进行联合调节计算来确定上游拟建水库的兴利库容。     

Assessing sediment inputs to small reservoirs in Upper East Region,Ghana

Many small dams and dugouts have been constructed in the Upper East Region of Ghana to address the problem of regional water scarcity. The reservoirs were constructed primarily as water supplies for agricultural irrigation and livestock watering, aquaculture and domestic use. However, many of the reservoirs dry up during the dry season, affecting the livelihoods of their basin inhabitants. A major cause for the dried reservoirs is siltation, which reduces the reservoir’s storage capacities. The goal of this study is to quantify the annual siltation rate of four study reservoirs, using a bathymetric survey and reservoir soil sampling. The sediment yield and its relation to catchment area also were assessed. The results of this study indicate that the annual siltation rates are 1272, 3518, 2764 and 6135 t year^?1 for Doba, Dua, Zebilla and Kumpalgogo reservoirs, respectively. Analyses of the sediment yield and catchment areas illustrated that the sediment yields decreased with increasing catchment area. All the study reservoirs have lost their dead storage capacity, which was meant to store sediment until the end of their anticipated design lives. The decreasing storage capacity because of siltation will affect the livelihoods of the local basin inhabitants, as the reservoirs will not be able to achieve all their intended purposes. The results of this study indicate that, because siltation is not the only factor threatening the benefits gained from the reservoirs, the integrated assessment of all relevant factors is required.     

Reservoir Management in the Duero Basin (Spain): Impact on River Regimes and the Response to Environmental Change

The climatic conditions of the Iberian Peninsula result in an imbalance between water availability and demand, which is largely managed through the many dams that were built during the 20th century. However, dam operations modify the natural functioning of rivers and related subsystems. In this study we investigated the effect of reservoirs on river regimes in the Duero basin, which is one of the largest river basins in Spain. This involved calculation of a modified impoundment ratio index, and assessment of the correlations between monthly inflows and outflows. Water resources in the basin have decreased markedly during the last five decades, so we also studied how patterns of management have adapted to less water availability in the region. A significant correlation was found between the level of impoundment and the alteration of river regimes by dams. The degree of regulation was highly dependent on annual inflows into the reservoir, and consequently alterations to river regimes were more intense during dry years. The basic pattern of flow regulation involved the storage of water during winter and spring in preparation for high water demand in summer, when natural flows are low. A combination of trend and cluster analyses revealed three responses of reservoir managers to decreasing inflows during the study period: (i) for several reservoirs the level of storage was reduced; (ii) for many reservoirs, particularly those for hydropower production, the storages were increased; and (iii) for the remainder the storage levels were maintained by adjusting the outflows to the decreasing inflows. The results suggest the absence of a common approach to reservoir management, and the dominance of other interests over environmental concerns, particularly in the context of hydrological change in the basin.     

A Model for Solving the Optimal Water Allocation Problem in River Basins with Network Flow Programming When Introducing Non-Linearities

The allocation of water resources between different users is a traditional problem in many river basins. The objective is to obtain the optimal resource distribution and the associated circulating flows through the system. Network flow programming is a common technique for solving this problem. This optimisation procedure has been used many times for developing applications for concrete water systems, as well as for developing complete decision support systems. As long as many aspects of a river basin are not purely linear, the study of non-linearities will also be of great importance in water resources systems optimisation. This paper presents a generalised model for solving the optimal allocation of water resources in schemes where the objectives are minimising the demand deficits, complying with the required flows in the river and storing water in reservoirs. Evaporation from reservoirs and returns from demands are considered, and an iterative methodology is followed to solve these two non-network constraints. The model was applied to the Duero River basin (Spain). Three different network flow algorithms (Out-of-Kilter, RELAX-IV and NETFLO) were used to solve the allocation problem. Certain convergence issues were detected during the iterative process. There is a need to relate the data from the studied systems with the convergence criterion to be able to find the convergence criterion which yields the best results possible without requiring a long calculation time.     

The organic contamination survey and health risk assessment of 16 source water reservoirs in Haihe River basin

Although contamination by organic pollutants has previously been reported to occur in the Haihe River basin, few studies have been carried out on the levels of source water reservoir contamination and the health risk in the Haihe River basin. To understand the organic pollution status of the reservoirs in the Haihe River basin, samples were collected from 16 source water reservoirs. The samples were analyzed for the representative organic pollutants, which included benzene homologues, chlorobenzene compounds, organophosphorus pesticides, and nitrobenzene compounds, a total in all of 17 compounds. It was observed that the concentrations of the 17 compounds in the 16 reservoirs were all less than the limit laid down by Chinese surface water quality standards. In addition, benzene, toluene, nitrobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, dichlorvos, demeton, dimethoate methyl parathion, malathion and parathion were frequently detected in the 16 source water reservoirs, especially the organophosphorus pesticides; the detection rates of dichlorvos, dimethoate, methyl parathion, malathion and parathion were all 100% in the 16 source water reservoirs. The detection rate of target compounds suggested that organic pollution had been common in the source water of the Haihe River basin. The health risk assessment results suggested that the noncarcinogenic risk hazard quotient values of the target compounds were less than one, and the cancer risk values were all below 1 × 10(-6), which indicated that the heath risk produced by the target compounds in the 16 reservoirs was at an acceptable level.