基于SINTAP标准的海底外输管线安全评定

采用欧共体提出的结构完整性评定方法SINTAP（Structural Integrity Assessment Pmcedure）对海底外输管线API5L X56焊接接头埋藏裂纹进行了安全评定。根据母材和全焊缝拉伸试验结果建立评定曲线；根据BS7448：Part4标准采用多试样方法进行了低温断裂韧性试验，建立了焊缝和HAZ的CTOD-R阻力曲线，从而确定了启裂CTOD值δ0.2。在评定计算中取不同水深的应力最大值，考虑残余应力的影响，针对由DNV OS-F101中规定的最大错位情况，给出了在铺设条件下的容许埋藏裂纹尺寸。为管线铺设工程中的焊接缺陷验收和拒收提供了依据。     

海底管道安全性评定方法的分析

在给定裂纹尺寸、载荷条件以及材料的力学性能下,根据欧共体提出结构完整性评定方法SINTAP(structural integrity assessment procedure)和英国标准BS7910两种方法,针对API5LX65管线钢焊接接头焊趾处的表面裂纹进行安全评定,用极限载荷法和CTOD(裂纹尖端张开位移)试验结果进行评定.同时根据母材和全焊缝拉伸试验结果,建立X65管线钢焊接接头的0级以及1级(BS7910的1级和2级)评定曲线.结果表明,无论采用SINTAP还是BS7910方法,评定点均在评定曲线范围内,说明该结构是安全的,并且两种方法评定结果十分接近.将两种方法进行分析将有助于海底管道安全评定的选择,为选择评定方法的多样性奠定基础.     

基于J参量的管道环焊缝表面缺陷塑性撕裂评定

基于英国标准BS7910中的三级评定规程(3C),采用SC.ENG (表面裂纹工程估算方法) J 积分工程估算方法对承受纯弯曲载荷作用的管道环焊缝表面裂纹进行塑性撕裂评定.以X56钢管道环焊缝内表面缺陷为算例,讨论了选用 J 参量进行含缺陷结构的塑性撕裂评定时,裂纹尺寸和断裂评定参量选取对评定曲线及评定结果的影响规律,提出了在J积分评定中选择参量J mat确定评定点较Jg更趋合理.研究内容不仅对管线铺设安全评价具有指导作用,而且对含缺陷结构的塑性撕裂评定在工程上的应用具有推广和借鉴价值.     

D406A钢焊接接头断裂韧度测试

根据英国标准BS7448断裂韧度试验标准,采用多试样法,测试了D406A超高强度钢焊接接头的J-R曲线.取尺寸为B(板厚)×2B、缺口方向为板厚方向、带预制疲劳裂纹的标准试样进行三点弯曲试验.测试试件焊缝和热影响区的载荷-施力点位移曲线,从而得到J积分.然后对数据点进行拟合得到J-R曲线,计算出J积分临界值,从而解决了由于板厚不足而无法直接测试焊接接头临界应力强度因子的问题,为固体火箭发动机壳体设计提供依据.     

含埋藏裂纹的海底焊接管线安全评定

依据BS7910:1999标准对含埋藏裂纹的管道焊接接头进行了安全评定,评定中采用了断裂和疲劳评定相结合的评定方法,并给出了临界裂纹、断裂评定裂纹容许曲线和考虑疲劳的裂纹容许曲线.     

钢箱梁焊接接头的断裂韧度评定

采用冲击试验评定钢箱梁焊接工艺存在局限性,指出用裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验评定钢箱梁焊接工艺的优越性.介绍了焊接工艺CTOD断裂韧度评定的方法.针对港深西部通道香港段后海湾大桥钢箱梁焊接建造,运用英国标准BS7448对两项拟用焊接工艺进行CTOD试验评定.结果表明,埋弧自动焊工艺焊接接头的CTOD断裂韧度较高,该工艺可以直接用于钢箱梁焊接施工;而焊条电弧焊工艺焊接接头的CTOD断裂韧度较低,经扫描电子显微镜断口分析和X射线分析,发现其原因是焊缝中心存在气泡、微裂纹、夹杂物和硫等有害元素.试验评定结果为港深西部通道香港段后海湾大桥钢箱梁焊接质量控制提供了依据.     

海底管道高匹配焊接接头的安全评定

在给定裂纹尺寸和载荷条件以及材料的力学性能的情况下,根据欧洲共同体提出的结构完整性评定方法(SINTAP),针对高匹配API5LX65管线钢焊接接头焊趾处的表面裂纹进行安全评定,用极限载荷法和GTOD(裂纹尖端张开位移)试验结果进行评定.同时根据母材和全焊缝拉伸试验结果,建立高匹配X65管线钢焊接接头的二级评定曲线.评定结果表明,在采用二级评定时,评定点在评定曲线范围内,说明该结构是安全的.将SINTAP安全评定方法应用于高匹配焊接管道结构,将为SINTAP在国内管道结构安全评定中的应用奠定基础.     

全焊接管线球形阀体焊缝免焊后热处理安全评估

为了科学有效地评估全焊接管线球阀的安全性,同时为免除焊接接头焊后热处理提供依据,介绍了一种评价全焊接管线球阀焊接接头安全性的方法：裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）断裂韧性试验方法。根据试验得到的CTOD值及球阀的相关参数,并采用API Std 1104-2008标准附录A和BS7910所介绍的＂焊接结构中缺陷的可接受性评定方法＂,对焊接接头的安全性进行评估,得出评估曲线及评估点,直观展示评估结果。评估结果对焊接接头免除焊后热处理的可能性提供依据。     

含表面缺陷的双相不锈钢管道非匹配焊接接头的安全评定

采用欧洲经济共同体提出的结构完整性评定方法SINTAP(Structural integrity assessment procedure),对焊趾处含有表面裂纹(裂纹长度和深度分别为2．5mm和1．1mm)的SAF2205双相不锈钢管道非匹配焊接接头进行了安全评定。根据拉伸试验结果,建立了双相不锈钢管道焊接接头焊缝和母材的一级、二级评定曲线,测定了SAF2205钢焊接接头的低温(-18℃)断裂韧度,为安全评定提供了试验依据。评定结果表明,不论是采用一级或是二级评定,各评定点均在评定曲线定义的范围内,说明该结构是安全的。根据计算得到的极限裂纹尺寸进行了疲劳裂纹扩展寿命估算,最终疲劳寿命为0．133年。     

焊接工艺对16MnR钢焊接接头低温安全性的影响

采用三种不同的焊接工艺对16MnR钢进行单面焊双面成型焊接,测试了焊接接头低温(-40℃)力学性能.在给定裂纹尺寸和载荷条件下,按照GB/T19624-2004<在用含缺陷压力容器安全评定>标准对含表面裂纹的16MnR钢接头进行安全评定.结果表明,各评定点均在评定曲线定义的范围内,说明该结构是安全的.根据标准计算得出不同工艺下接头的容许等效裂纹尺寸,焊缝区对裂纹的允许程度要好于热影响区,且采用A工艺焊接的接头的安全性相对最好.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。