机械疲劳对40Cr钢显微组织的影响

以汽车曲轴常用材料40Cr钢为研究对象,用透射电镜对经过不同疲劳周次的试样进行显微组织观察,研究其显微组织与机械疲劳的对应关系。研究表明：在同一应力水平下,随着疲劳循环次数的增加,位错从晶界出发向晶内扩展,位错的形态由无规律的分布到形成位错条带,最后形成亚晶粒组织。机械疲劳循环次数与位错密度的函数关系为p=2．88X10^8N＋5．2712X10^8。     

PMN—PNN—PZ—PT四元系铁电陶瓷的电疲劳特性

本文研究了ＰＭＮ－ＰＮＮ－ＰＺ－ＰＴ四元系铁电陶瓷的电疲劳特性。在反复的交变电场作用下,经过约１０＾７￣１０＾８次循环后,材料的极化强度减小,而矫顽场强也减小。但经过一段时间的放置的,材料疲劳的性能逐渐恢复。这种现象与通常我电陶瓷疲劳特性不同,可能的疲劳机制是电荷的钉轧。     

Fatigue life estimation under random loading using the energy criterion

A procedure for estimating the useful life of a component for a given (admissable) probability of fatigue fracture origination under random loading is presented. The method uses material constants obtained from the S/N and cyclic stress/strain curves, standard deviation and probability density distribution of the loading process and a macroblock of harmonic cycles obtained by applying the rainflow cycle counting method to the random loading process. Theoretical and experimental lives are found to exhibit good agreement.     

曲轴疲劳试样表面磁痕分析

采用宏观和微观检验等手段对曲轴疲劳试样不同部位磁痕产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:磁痕是由于带状组织、疲劳裂纹和磨削裂纹等原因造成的。磨削裂纹主要是由于磨削时摩擦应力过大造成的。原材料中存在较严重的带状组织,导致淬火组织和残余应力不均匀,对磨削裂纹的产生起到了促进作用。     

基于磁记忆技术的疲劳损伤监测

通过中碳钢缺口退磁试件的拉-拉疲劳实验,利用磁记忆检测仪研究不同循环次数下试件应力集中区的离线磁信号变化特征.结果表明:试件加载前在缺口部位由于几何形状形成漏磁场而产生一异常波,加载后异常波可能产生反向;当循环加载到一定次数后,磁信号曲线趋于稳定;而到最后阶段,缺口部位的异常波波幅不断增加,到断裂时产生激变.通过消除钢...     

Fatigue of beta titanium alloy at 20, 482 and 648 °C

Fatigue life of fibrous metal matrix composites is limited by the distribution of fibre strengths, the fibre‐matrix interfacial strength, and the fatigue resistance of the matrix. The aim of this work is to provide fatigue results for a beta titanium alloy over a range of temperatures and stresses that can be used as input for predicting fatigue life of a titanium matrix composite. Stress controlled tests having fatigue ratios between ?1 and ?0.2 were conducted on a limited number of samples machined from unreinforced laminated Ti‐15Mo‐3Al‐2.7Nb‐0.2Si (TIMETAL^®21S) sheets to represent as closely as possible the in situ matrix material. Stress control was used to enable quantification of strain ratcheting for tensile mean stresses and a fast loading rate was used to minimize time‐dependent (creep) deformation. Stress amplitude‐life data at 20, 482 and 648 °C for fully reversed loading are well fit by a power law. Normalizing the stress amplitude with respect to the power law coefficient appears to account for the temperature dependence of the S–N curves. As the tests had large strains and lives were in the low‐cycle fatigue range, strain range at the half‐life was also correlated to life. For tensile mean stress cycling at 482 and 648 °C, the rate of strain ratcheting per cycle increased to failure; shakedown was not observed.     

Threshold Fatigue and Fretting Fatigue of Metals

General regularities in the variation of threshold stress intensity factors of metals are considered taking into account the influence of various factors. Justification is offered of the possibility of predicting fatigue limits for smooth specimens and specimens under conditions of fretting from the known characteristics of threshold stress intensity factors.     

Damage Operator‐Based Lifetime Calculation Under Thermomechanical Fatigue and Creep for Application on Uginox F12T EN 1.4512 Exhaust Downpipes

Abstract:  The article focuses on the application of a recently developed damage operator‐based lifetime calculation to a thermomechanically loaded exhaust downpipe. The damage operator approach enabling online continuous damage calculations for isothermal and non‐isothermal loading with mean stress corrections is reviewed. The article also highlights an extension of the strain‐life approach to take into account viscoplastic effects and creep. The transient results from thermal and structural analyses using finite element analyses have been applied to the exhaust downpipe in LMS Virtual.Lab and the damage predicted. Tested exhaust downpipes were then subjected to the same loading conditions as in the calculation, and load cycles were repeated up to the point of failure. Simulated and test results are comparable.     

疲劳裂纹扩展的金属磁记忆信号特征

通过对Q235B钢缺口试件的方波载荷拉-拉疲劳试验,在不同循环次数下利用磁记忆检测仪在线测量试件表面的磁记忆信号。结果表明:未经处理试样沿缺口处的磁记忆信号在疲劳初始阶段随机分布;循环加载5000次后,磁记忆信号曲线转变为具有一个波峰-波谷的曲线波形;在循环稳定阶段,磁记忆信号曲线趋于稳定;宏观裂纹出现时,磁记忆信号曲线波形发散;最后阶段,磁记忆信号逐渐增强;磁机械效应能较好地解释循环初始阶段磁记忆信号变化规律。     

Fatigue behaviour of nickel–titanium superelastic wires and endodontic instruments

Endodontic files made of nickel–titanium (NiTi) superelastic wires can be employed in rotary techniques for cleaning and shaping curved root canals, suffering tensile–compressive strain cycles with maximum amplitudes between 3 and 5%. The aim of this work was to study the fatigue behaviour of this material under such high deformation conditions, using NiTi instruments and superelastic wires taken from their production line. One hundred load–unload tensile cycles in the superelastic regime (4% elongation) were applied to NiTi wires. New endodontic instruments were fatigue‐tested simulating the geometrical conditions found in their clinical use. It was found that only small changes took place in the parameters describing the mechanical behaviour of the cycled wires. The measured average number of cycles to failure varies inversely with the maximum tensile strain amplitude in the fatigue tests (r= 0.993).     

连续油管疲劳试验机设计与疲劳寿命试验

采用自主设计研制的首台国产连续管弯曲疲劳试验机,对某国产CT80钢级连续油管进行疲劳试验,并对影响连续油管低周疲劳寿命的各种因素进行了研究。结果表明：增加连续油管的壁厚、减小连续油管的外径、提高连续油管的屈服强度、减小管内压力、减少管体表面损伤以及提高连续油管焊接质量均能显著提高连续油管的弯曲疲劳寿命;     

Fatigue of SIC-based ceramics at ambient temperature

The effects of static and cyclic loading on monolithic sintered silicon carbide (SiC) and SiC reinforced with 16 vol.% particulate titanium diboride (SiC/16vol.% TiB₂) have been studied. Tests were carried out at ambient temperature in air on precracked specimens loaded in three- or four-point bending. No crack growth under cyclic loading has been observed in the monolithic silicon carbide. There is an additional cyclic contribution to crack growth after static crack growth has arrested in the composite material. Observations suggest that damage to the titanium diboride particles ahead of the crack tip occurs prior to crack extension through the SiC matrix.     

Fatigue assessment and fatigue life calculation of quenched and tempered SAE 4140 steel based on stress–strain hysteresis, temperature and electrical resistance measurements

In this paper, mechanical stress–strain-hysteresis, temperature and electrical resistance measurements are performed for the detailed characterization of the fatigue behaviour of quenched and tempered SAE 4140 steel used for many applications in the automotive industry. Stress-controlled load increase and constant amplitude tests (CATs) were carried out at ambient temperature on servo-hydraulic testing systems. The applied measurement methods depend on deformation-induced changes of the microstructure in the bulk material and represent the actual fatigue state. The plastic strain amplitude, the change in temperature and the change in electrical resistance can be equally used for an assessment of baseline fatigue properties in generalized cyclic deformation curves as well as in generalized Morrow and Coffin–Manson curves. On the basis of comprehensive experimental fatigue data, the physically based fatigue life calculation method ‘PHYBAL’ based on the generalized Basquin equation was developed. S–N (Woehler) curves calculated with ‘PHYBAL’ using data from only three fatigue tests agree very well with the conventionally determined ones.     

Fatigue voids and their significance

ABSTRACT Fractures from tests on 2014‐T6511 and 2024‐T3 test coupons under specially designed programmed loading reveal voids with distinct fatigue markings. These ‘fatigue voids’ appear to form as a consequence of the separation of noncoherent secondary particulates from the matrix in early fatigue. The process of their formation is through the initiation, growth and coalescence of multiple interfacial cracks around the particulate. Such voids become visible on the fatigue fracture surface if and when the crack front advances through them. In vacuum, each fatigue void is the potential initiator of an embedded penny‐shaped crack. The one closest to the specimen surface is likely to become the dominant crack, indicating that fatigue voids appear to be the likely origins of the dominant crack in vacuum. In air, the dominant crack forms at the notch surface and grows much faster, giving less opportunity for multiple internal cracks to spawn off from the innumerable internal fatigue‐voids. Thus in air, fatigue voids do not appear to affect the fatigue process at low and intermediate growth rates. At high crack growth rates involving considerable crack tip shear, slip planes with particulate concentration offer the path of least resistance. This explains the increasing density of fatigue voids with growth rate. Very high growth rates signal the onset of a quasi‐static crack growth component that manifests itself through growing clusters of microvoid coalescence associated with static fracture. Fatigue voids are likely to form in other Al‐alloys with secondary noncoherent particulates. They have nothing in common with microvoids associated with ductile fracture.     

铁电薄膜电滞回线测量研究

在总结铁电材料测量理论基础上，运用相量的概念从理论上导出了铁电薄膜的线性感应电容和漏导对测量电滞回线所产生的影响。根据铁电薄膜的特性与实测结果分析了电极和测试信号的频率对测量的影响，提出了在测试过程中对铁电薄膜制备微电极和适当提高测试信号频率的优越性。     

Acousto-elastic Measurement of the Fatigue Damage in Waspaloy

It has long been speculated that second-order effects should prove an effective measure of a material's fatigue and damage state. One such second-order effect is the acousto-elastic effect. In a series of experiments on the nickel-based superalloy waspaloy, the change in the acousto-elastic coefficient of Rayleigh waves was monitored as the material was fatigued. Our results demonstrate the possibility of using this variation as a mean of measuring fatigue in waspaloy. They also show that waspaloy demonstrates a significantly different acousto-elastic behavior than that expected from a metal. This fact enhances the sensitivity of the technique in this material. It is interpreted as being due to load transfer between the two major phases found in waspaloy, the matrix phase (γ) and the strengthening phase (γ′).     

Fatigue behaviour of glass-fibre/epoxy-matrix filament-wound pipes: Tension loading tests and results

The fatigue behaviour of glass-fibre-reinforced epoxy resin pipes under axial cyclic loading has been investigated. The experimental method used here is based on three main points. The first involves the design and validation of an experimental system which allows the determination of the endurance (S/N) curves. The second is concerned with characterising the degradation phenomena to obtain a damage model. Lastly, the cumulative damage law is identified and frequency effects are incorporated. A synthesis of the results leads to the presentation of a model which could be applied to the tensile fatigue of composite materials.     

Fatigue crack initiation and propagation in several nickel-base superalloys at 650°C

The modes of crack initiation and propagation of several nickel-base superalloys have been examined after fatigue and creep-fatigue testing at 650°C. In fatigue, crack initiation was transgranular and frequently associated with porosity or inclusions in the higher strength alloys. These defects were usually located at the surface, except for tests at low strain ranges where larger, internal defects often initiated failure. Although fatigue crack initiation was transgranular, in those alloys with grain sizes of less than 15 μm, fatigue crack growth quickly became intergranular. This transition was environmentally assisted and did not occur for subsurface cracks until the crack broke through to the atmosphere. In the creep-fatigue cycle, which included a 900 s tensile dwell, crack initiation and propagation wer e both intergranular in all alloys.