草甘膦与2,4-滴丁酯防除紫茎泽兰应用技术

通过草甘膦和2,4-滴丁酯对不同生长时期的紫茎泽兰活性测定,采用正交旋转组合设计,研究2种除草剂混用后的效果及最佳配比,并通过田间药效试验进行检验.结果表明：一次性施药处理,草甘膦效果较2,4-滴丁酯好,连续2次施药,效果相反;草甘膦防除大龄紫茎泽兰群体的效果较2,4-滴丁酯好;2种除草剂合理混用对紫茎泽兰表现出明显的增效作用,通过混用可减少除草剂用量.     

Effects of additives on the dyeing of cotton yarn with the aqueous extract of Combretum latifolium Blume stems

Flavonoid constituents from the aqueous extract of the stems of Combretum latifolium Blume sourced in Thailand have potential use as dyestuffs for cotton dyeing. In an effort to improve current natural dyeing methods with this extract, further aspects of the process were studied. It was found that, before equilibrium was reached, an increase in temperature led to an increase in dye adsorption rate of the extract; the initial rate and extent of dye adsorption was further increased by the addition of sodium chloride to the dyebath. In addition, cotton yarn pretreated with a chitosan solution (with and without a crosslinking glyoxal solution), followed by dyeing with C. latifolium extract, provided better depth of shade and also gave better fastness to light and washing than the untreated cotton yarn. Post‐mordanting cotton yarn with a biomordant solution from Memecylon scutellatum leaves also gave good light and wash fastness of the resulting dyed cotton, comparable with the dyeing results with the less environmentally friendly alum as a mordant.     

飞机草粗提物对棉铃虫的生物活性

报道了飞机草粗提物对棉铃虫幼虫拒食、毒杀的生物活性。试验表明 ,2 0 g/L飞机草粗提物对 3龄棉铃虫幼虫非选择性拒食率较高 (73 81% ) ;2 0、16g/L飞机草粗提物对棉铃虫幼虫的校正死亡率为 6 9 3%和 6 3 6 %。     

Dyeing,fastness, and deodorizing properties of cotton,silk, and wool fabrics dyed with coffee sludge (Coffea arabica L.) extract

A natural colorant was extracted from Coffea arabica L., using water as extractant at 90°C for 90 min. Studies have been made on the dyeing, color fastness, and deodorization properties of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with Coffea arabica L. extract solutions. The best mordants were found to be FeSO_4, CuSO₄, and SnSO₄ for improving the color strength (K/S) of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics. Mordants MnSO₄, ZnSO₄, and NiSO₄ for cotton (Rating 3), and all mordants except MnSO₄ for silk (Rating 3), mordants CuSO₄, FeSO₄, CoSO₄, Al₂(SO₄)₃, and MnSO₄ for wool (Rating 4) were the best mordants to improve the light fastness. It was found that FeSO₄ and CuSO₄ were the best mordants for the improvements of color strength (K/S) and light fastness for silk and wool fabrics. In addition, it was found that cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with the Coffea arabica L. extract showed good deodorization performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 251–257, 2007     

Dyeing cotton and polyester/ cotton blends with reactive and disperse dyes in short-liquor jets

In the exhaust-dyeing sector, the established trend towards short liquors will continue, and even become more pronounced. This trend makes it necessary to pay attention to the changed requirements with regard to the pretreatment, solubility of the dyes and auxiliaries used, and to fabric-running properties, etc. Process control and product selection must also be checked to ensure their suitability for the different requirements. In this way, the disadvantages of the short-liquor technique can be overcome and full advantage taken of it. Either hot-dyeing or warm-dyeing types offer certain advantages, depending on the fastness requirements, the equipment available and the processing techniques employed.     

Effect of yarn geometry and fiber properties on tensile behavior of cotton yarns swollen and stretched in aqueous zinc chloride

Single- and two-ply yarns of different counts were swollen slack under optimum conditions in aqueous zinc chloride and stretched back to original length. While two-ply yarns showed an improvement in tenacity that was less pronounced in finer counts, single yarns always showed a fall in tenacity. Various properties of the treated yarns like packing fraction, fiber and yarn orientation, cross-sectional morphology, etc. were evaluated to ascertain the likely factors responsible for the differential behavior of the chemically treated single- and two-ply yarns.     

Differential dyeing cotton. 1 – Preparation and evaluation of differential dyeing cotton yarn

Colourless cationic and anionic cellulose-reactive compounds have been prepared and applied to cotton yarns. Yarn pretreated with cationic reagents shows better uptake of acid and direct dyes than does untreated yarn, and since the degree of differential uptake depends on the level of pretreatment, which may be readily controlled, fabrics exhibiting a variety of tone-on-tone effects may be produced. Treatment with an anionic reagent gives cotton dyeable with basic dyes, and combinations of anionic- and cationic-treated yarns may be cross-dyed in a single-bath, one-step process with very little cross-staining. Pretreated cotton may be converted to viscose or cellulose triacetate fibre with retention of the modified dyeing properties, thus providing routes to differential dyeing viscose and triacetate fibres. We wish to thank the British Technology Group for financial support of this work for the period 1983–86, and Mrs F A Wood for technical assistance.     

Dyeing behaviour of cotton fabric bioscoured with pectate lyase and polygalacturonase

Bioscouring of cotton is normally carried out using pectinases having pectate lyase activity. The present study has examined the influence of pectate lyase and hydrolase on the surface of cotton fibre. Dye uptake by cotton scoured with polygalacturonase is found to be much lower than that scoured with pectate lyase, Pectate lyase gave better dye exhaustion at 90 °C. The difference in dye exhaustion after scouring with sodium hydroxide, polygalacturonase or pectate lyase, may be due to variation in the amount of surfactant retained by the fibre, as this hinders dye uptake. This was particularly the case with polygalacturonase. Reduced numbers of free carboxy groups on the fibre surface could indicate lower pectin content. On the other hand it could, however, be due to the esterification of carboxy groups in the pectin by hydroxy groups in the surfactant.     

Dyeing of cotton and jute with tea as a natural dye

Cotton and jute fabrics were dyed with an aqueous extract of tea, containing tannins as the main colorant species. The dyeing was carried out with and without metal salts as mordants, using three different dyeing methods: pre-mordanting, meta-mordanting and post-mordanting. The resulting wash and light fastnesses of the dyed fabrics were good to excellent. The colour of the fabrics was investigated on computer colour matching system in terms of K/S , and CIELAB colour-difference values. Deep shades ( K/S = 3.9) were obtained for jute in acidic media, while cotton fabrics could be dyed in medium depths ( K/S = 2.0) under identical conditions of dyeing.     

Dyeing studies with hydroxyanthraquinones extracted from Indian madder. Part 1: Dyeing of nylon with purpurin†

Purpurin (1,2,4‐trihydroxyanthraquinone) is the major colorant present in the roots of Indian madder (Rubia cordifolia). Its structure is similar to that of disperse dyes. To gain an understanding of the dyefibre interactions involved, kinetic and thermodynamic studies have been conducted with purpurin on nylon fibre. Dyeing corresponds to the Nernst isotherm as linear isotherms were obtained. The dye is found to be sensitive to pH and high temperature. The rate of dye uptake, diffusion coefficient, standard affinity, heat of dyeing and entropy have been calculated and discussed.     

Dyeing studies with hydroxyanthraquinones extracted from Indian madder. Part 2: Dyeing of nylon and polyester with nordamncanthal†

Nordamncanthal is an important constituent of the colouring matter extracted from Indian madder roots. Its dyeing properties have never been studied even though the structural characteristics closely resemble those of disperse dyes. In this study, nylon and polyester have been dyed with this colorant. Linear isotherms have been obtained, confirming that the mechanism is similar to that of disperse dyes. The dye has good affinity for both the fibres. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters have been calculated.     

Dyeing and finishing of cotton fabric in a single bath with reactive dyes and citric acid

Simultaneous dyeing and durable press finishing of cotton fabrics with reactive dyes and citric acid finishing agent was carried out using a pad-dry-cure process. Factors affecting the process, such as the concentration of dye, citric acid, catalyst and alkali, as well as the curing temperature, were investigated. The dyed and finished fabrics were evaluated with respect to colour strength, crease recovery angle, breaking strength and fastness properties.     

Antioxidant capacity of the striped sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus L.) aqueous extract

The aim of this work was to study the aqueous extract of cotyledons derived from the striped sunflower seeds, with regard to the kinetics of its antioxidant capacity and its phenolic composition. The results showed that, among the phenolic compounds of this extract which were identified by gas chromatography, chlorogenic acid (12.88%) was the prevailing compound. The effectiveness of the aqueous extract in the β‐carotene/linoleate model system was estimated on the basis of the oxidation induction period, which was determined by the method of tangents to the two parts of this extract's kinetic curve, and the study showed that the extract antioxidants may be effective in blocking radical chain reactions and may also interfere with the reactions that produce the secondary products that speed up the system's oxidative process when present in higher concentrations (233.2 µg/mL). The result found by the Rancimat® method showed that the aqueous extract at 300 µg/mL (15.2% IP) was comparable to the BHA standard at 100 µg/mL (16.0 ± 0.86%) in a lipidic system.     

Mechanism for the anti-redeposition action of sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose with cotton. I. Radiotracer studies

The adsorption of a ¹⁴C-labelled sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose (SCMC) on to textile fibres and soil particles has been investigated. Attempts have been made to relate the amounts of SCMC adsorbed to its anti-redeposition action. The results show that SCMC is only effective as an anti-redeposition agent with fabrics on to which it readily adsorbs from detergent solutions.     

The effects of weathering and atmospheric pollutants on cotton fabric and cotton fabric treated with selected flame retardants. II. Spectroscopic studies

Spectroscopic studies of weathered flame retardant cotton fabrics were conducted. The weathering conditions included combined and independent exposure to xenon arc light and low concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, and O₃ gases. Multiple internal reflectance infrared analysis of weathered Pyrovatex 3805-treated fabric showed that the finish removed after 150 hr of weathering exposure had the same structure as the original finish. Interferometer spectra of Pyrovatex 3805 and THPOH-NH₃ finishes on the fabric indicated no significant changes in the structure for both finishes after exposure to the various weathering conditions.     

Mechanism for the anti-redeposition action of sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose with cotton. III. Electrophoresis and sedimentation studies

Electrophoresis and sedimentation studies on cotton and on carbon black, and ASTM carbon soil tests on cotton in which two sodium carboxy-methyl celluloses (SCMC) of differing degrees of substitution and a propane sulphonate ether of cellulose were used, have shown that the anti-redeposition properties of SCMC in the detergent formulation may be treated by the Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey & Overbeek theory of colloid stability. However, there is a further stabilising force postulated as being due to solvation of the SCMC molecules on the surface of the cotton and also as being dependent on the molecular weight of the SCMC. The evidence suggests that if the degree of substitution of the SCMC is increased, then to retain the same anti-redeposition properties, the molecular weight must also be increased. It is concluded that the most suitable SCMC to put into detergent formulations is the type at present used.     

Dyeing properties of net‐modified cotton fabric with triazine derivative containing the multireactive and multicationic groups

Cotton fabric was modified with a 1,3,5‐triazine derivative containing the multireactive and multicationic groups, 2,4,6‐tri[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐trimethyl‐ammonium)propyl]‐1,3,5‐triazine chloride (Tri‐HTAC). Compared with unmodified cellulose, the net‐modified cotton cellulose has different dyeing properties. The modified cotton was dyed with reactive dyes without the addition of salt. The color yield was higher than that on unmodified cotton, despite the addition of large amounts of salt in the latter case. After dyeing, compared with unmodified cellulose with reactive dyes, the reflectance spectrums of modified cotton did not change. The modified cotton got better wash fastness than the unmodified cotton. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4388–4392, 2006     

Chemical and microscopic studies of the matrix substance in pigment glands of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds

Cottonseeds contain gossypol, a toxic substance, that renders the otherwise nutritious seeds inedible. However, because the gossypol is concentrated in small, intercellular glands, it is possible to separate gossypol from other seed constituents by pulverizing the seeds and removing the glands. This procedure is practicable because gossypol remains with the glands even during seed pulverization and manipulation in hexane. Many believe that the gossypol remains within the glands because the glands are virtually indestructible, protected by tough, resilient “plates.” However, we show that most of the isolated glands are broken after comminution. The gossypol is held in a water-soluble matrix within the lumen of the glands. Analysis of aqueous extracts of isolated glands showed that the bulk of the extract is a non-dialyzable arabinogalactan. We suggest that the matrix substance is an arabinogalactan. Deceased.