Crushing behavior of laterally compressed composite elliptical tubes: Experiments and predictions using artificial neural networks

Composite materials have been increasingly used in the automobile industry for weight saving and part integration purposes. In this regard, composite elliptical tubes have been effectively employed as energy absorber devices. This increases the need for accurate and simple prediction techniques to optimize these structures.

The present work deals with the implementation of artificial neural networks (ANN) technique in the prediction of the crushing behavior and energy absorption characteristics of laterally loaded glass fiber/epoxy composite elliptical tubes. Predicted results are compared with actual experimental data in terms of load carrying capacity and energy absorption capability showing good agreement. This shows that ANN techniques could effectively be used to predict the response of collapsible composite energy absorber devices subjected to different loading conditions. As is the case for experimental findings, the predictions obtained using ANN also show the significant effect of the ellipticity ratio on the crushing behavior of laterally loaded tubes.     

抗撞缓冲樑的新型设计(英文)

本研究重点设计了在机动车中应用的抗撞缓冲樑.设计里独特的地方体现在方形的纤维增强复合材料筒里放置圆形纤维增强复合材料筒,可以实现高能量吸收(缓冲)和高强度(抗撞).静态压缩实验调查了圆形筒端部的斜削角以及材料组合的影响,并发现玻璃纤维增强角筒联合炭素纤维增强圆筒可以得到最佳效果.     

Strain energy release rates for a straight-fronted edge crack in a circular bar subject to bending

The strain energy release rate for a straight-fronted edge crack in a bar of circular cross section subjected to pure bending is determined. The cracked bar is modelled with two-dimensional plane-stress finite elements and strain energy release rates, determined from this model, are shown to be in close agreement with existing results for a bar subjected to three-point bending in which strain energy release rates were determined by measuring the compliance of the bar experimentally. The strain energy release rates for a crack in the circular cross section bar are found to be lower than those in a rectangular cross section bar having the same relative crack length and subjected to the same bending moment. Previously determined results for uniform tension are superimposed to obtain strain energy release rates for a circular cross section bar which is subjected simultaneously to a tensile load and a bending moment.     

Crushing of axially compressed steel tubes filled with aluminium foam

Summary This study, with the emphasis on experiments, investigates the applicability of aluminium foam as filler material in tubes made of mild steel having square or circular cross sections, which are crushed axially at low loading velocities. In addition to the experiments finite element studies are performed to simulate the crushing behaviour of the tested square tubes, were a crushable foam material model is shown to be suitable for describing the inelastic response of aluminium foam with respect to the considered problems. The experimental results for the square tubes reveal efficiency improvements with respect to energy absorption of up to 60%, resulting from changed buckling modes of the tubes and energy dissipation during the compression of the foam material itself. The principal features as well as the changes of the crushing process due to filling can also be studied by the numerical simulations. A global failure mechanism due to a high foam density can be observed for filled circular tubes. Aluminium foam is shown to be a suitable material for filling thin-walled tubular steel structures, holding the potential of enhancing the energy absorption capacity considerably, provided the plastic buckling remains characterized by local modes.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Franz Ziegler on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Crushing response of foam-filled conical tubes under quasi-static axial loading

Foam-filled thin-walled tubes are considered to be desirable energy absorbers under axial loading due to their higher energy absorption compared with empty tubes. This paper treats the axial crushing and energy absorption response of foam-filled conical tubes under quasi-static axial loading, using non-linear finite element models. Influence of important parameters such as wall thickness, semi-apical angle and density of foam filler was investigated and the results highlight the advantages of using foam-filled conical tubes as energy absorber. Results also indicate that the crush and energy absorption performances of conical tubes are significantly enhanced by foam filling. The primary outcome of the study is new research information and development of empirical relations which will facilitate the design of foam-filled conical tubes as energy absorbers in impact applications.     

Some experiments on the elastic stability of some highly elastic bodies

Uniaxial compression experiments on solid circular bars, rectangular bars, and thick-walled circular tubes made of rubber materials are described, and the data are compared with known theoretical results derived for neo-Hookean materials. It is found in all cases that the general nature of certain global analytical estimates are in good qualitative agreement with existence of a transition slenderness ratio that separates buckling characteristic of long bars from axisymmetrie bulging characteristic of short bars. The data agrees qualitatively also with other more precise analytical results for circular and rectangular bars, but only as regards Euler type buckling. Specific analytical results for axisymmetrie deformation of circular tubes are found to be without experimental foundation.     

The effect of processing conditions on the energy absorption capability of composite tubes

Structures capable of absorbing large amounts of energy are of great interest, particularly in the automotive and aviation industries, in an effort to reduce the impact on passengers in the case of a collision. The energy absorption properties of composite materials can be tailored, thus making them an appealing option as a substitute of more traditional materials in applications where energy absorption is crucial. In this research, the effect of the processing conditions (with or without vacuum) on the specific energy absorption capacity of composite tubes was investigated. Tubes of circular and square cross sections were fabricated using orthophthalic polyester resin and plain weave E-glass fabric with fibers oriented at 0°/90°, with respect to the tube axis. Test specimens consisting of tube segments were prepared and tested under quasi-static compression load. Test results indicate that, among the conditions considered, tubes of circular cross section fabricated under applied vacuum display the highest level of specific energy absorbed. Ultimately, this investigation demonstrates the potential for tailoring the energy absorption properties of composite materials through controlled processing conditions.     

Comparative analysis of energy absorption behavior of tapered and grooved thin-walled tubes with the various geometry of the cross section

ABSTRACT

In this paper, Crush force efficiency (CFE), Specific Energy Absorption (SEA), Energy Absorption per Crush Length (E_cl), Maximum and average crush forces of straight and grooved tapered thin-walled tubes with various cross-section shapes (circle, ellipse, square, rectangle, hexagon, and octagon) have been studied. The effects of taper, the groove (as initiator) and their interaction have been presented in the current study using Finite Element Method as a numerical method. The tubes have the same volume, height, average cross-section area, thickness and material and have been subjected to axial and oblique dynamic loading. The results of simulations show that the section's geometry, taper and groove addition have a significant effect on energy absorption behavior and the hexagon cross section have better energy absorption behavior compared with other considered geometries. On the other hand, it was found that the behavior of these structures could improve against dynamic axial and oblique impact loading with the cost-effective geometry modifications. These results could help to improve and choose appropriate energy absorber structure based on desirable crush force and energy absorbing characteristics.     

Investigating the benefits of using circular die springs instead of rectangular die springs

Die springs with rectangular cross section (rectangular die springs) are common in the industry. However, the production of rectangular die springs is difficult, and the cost of production is high. In this study, we examined the use of die springs with circular cross section (circular die springs), which are both easier to produce and less costly, in place of rectangular ones. To this aim, the fatigue life values of both die spring with equivalent specifications were compared experimentally. The results obtained were transferred to the finite element methods software to run the simulation of the fatigue test. From the experimental results obtained, it has been observed that using circular die springs in place of rectangular die springs is always possible, provided that the springs are guided with cast polyamide guides.     

泡沫填充多边形单锥管与双锥管斜向加载下耐撞性分析

锥形泡沫填充结构结合了泡沫填充结构与锥形结构的优势,具有优异的吸能性和抵抗失稳变形的能力。研究了具有不同横截面的泡沫填充多边形单锥管(FSPTTs)与泡沫填充多边形双锥管(FBPTTs)在四种冲击角度下的耐撞性。采用多准则评估方法(COPRAS)对不同横截面的泡沫填充单锥管与泡沫填充双锥管的综合耐撞性进行了评估。评估表明:综合考虑多种冲击角度时,圆形截面泡沫填充单锥管较其他截面泡沫填充单锥管具有更好的耐撞性;圆形截面泡沫填充双锥管较其他截面泡沫填充双锥管具有更好的耐撞性。最后,针对圆形截面泡沫填充单锥管与圆形截面泡沫填充双锥管,以最大比吸能和最小峰值力为目标,采用非支配遗传算法对这两种结构在四种冲击角度下进行了多目标优化。结果表明:当冲击角度从0°变化到10°时,两种结构的Pareto曲线变化不大,而当冲击角度从10°变化到30°时,冲击角度对Pareto曲线形状和位置有显著影响;在冲击角度为0°和10°时,圆形截面泡沫填充双锥管的耐撞性优于圆形截面泡沫填充单锥管,而在冲击角度为20°和30°时,圆形截面泡沫填充单锥管的耐撞性优于圆形截面泡沫填充双锥管。实际应用中,可以根据工程需要选择合适的结构。     

Incompressible impulsive wall impact of liquid cylinders

Analytical solutions are given for cylindrical fluid bodies in translational motion that hit a plane wall in impulsive impact at constant velocity. We consider impact of fluid bodies with different rectangular and circular cross sections, and derive analytical solutions in terms of Fourier series or Fourier–Bessel series. The initial velocity fields, the corresponding pressure impulse fields, and the associated virtual masses for each fluid body are calculated.     

AZ31B镁合金挤压矩形管的轴向压溃试验与吸能特性分析

对AZ31B镁合金挤压矩形截面管进行准静态轴向压溃试验,研究其破坏模式和吸能特性,并探索管件长度、截面尺寸、倒角诱导因素等对吸能特性的影响。结果发现镁合金矩形管轴向压溃时存在两种破坏模式：整体破坏模式和渐进破坏模式,无倒角时管件发生整体破坏,而管端有倒角时主要从倒角端开始发生渐进破坏。渐进破坏模式有利于管件吸收能量。镁合金管件具有良好的吸能特性,其比吸能优于钢管、铝合金管和复合材料管。     

Dynamic simulation and energy absorption of tapered thin-walled tubes under oblique impact loading

In real-world impact loading situations the structure could be subjected to both axial and off-axis loads. Tapered thin-walled rectangular tubes have been considered desirable impact energy absorbers due to their ability to withstand oblique impact loads as effectively as axial loads. Despite this, relatively few studies have been reported on the response of such structures under oblique loading. The aim of this paper is to compare the energy absorption response of straight and tapered thin-walled rectangular tubes under oblique impact loading, for variations in the load angle, impact velocity and tube dimensions. It is found that the mean load and energy absorption decrease significantly as the angle of applied load increases. Nevertheless, tapering a rectangular tube enhances its energy absorption capacity under oblique loading. The outcome of the study is design information for the use of straight and tapered thin-walled rectangular tubes as energy absorbers in applications where oblique impact loading is expected.     

Effect of tube geometry and ply-angle on energy absorption of a circular glass/epoxy crush tube – A numerical study

The superior specific energy absorption characteristics of long fiber composite structures as compared to aluminum and steel are well established. Due to cost and time involved in testing of composites, it is imperative to develop numerical solution of the crushing phenomenon. The work presented here reports work to better understand the energy absorption characteristics of glass–fiber circular crush tubes. The effect of tube diameter and ply orientation on the energy absorption has been extensively investigated. Numerical results are compared with experiments performed elsewhere and the correlation between the two is encouraging.     

纵向变厚度(LP)矩形钢板弹性屈曲系数的理论分析

纵向变厚度(LP)钢板因适应现代化建筑超高层及大跨度的发展使用需求,将广泛应用于工程结构中。因LP钢板几何形状的特殊性,其局部屈曲变形更容易发生在靠近薄端的位置,并且钢板局部稳定性能与相同受力状态下的等厚度钢板差异较大,需要进行深入研究。基于能量原理,采用Galerkin和Rayleigh-Ritz法(GRM),对单向均匀受压荷载作用下四种不同边界条件下的矩形LP钢板的弹性屈曲系数的计算公式进行了理论推导,并采用ANSYS有限元软件验证了公式的正确性。最后得到了不同厚度放大系数下,四种边界条件下的矩形钢板的弹性屈曲系数与钢板长宽比的关系曲线图,进一步为LP钢板的工程应用提供理论指导和设计依据。     

Coil impedance due to a sphere of arbitrary radial conductivity andpermeability profiles

This paper presents analytical expressions for coil impedance due to a spherical workpiece consisting of concentric spherical shells. The expressions are used to simulate the nondestructive inspection of a sphere having arbitrary radial conductivity and magnetic permeability profiles by a circular coil of rectangular cross section. The simulation replaces continuous profiles with piecewise constant profiles. The paper compares the results to published experimental measurements and the results of other analytical solutions     

外包不锈钢圆中空夹层钢管混凝土柱抗撞计算方法研究

目前钢筋混凝土和实心钢管混凝土构件已广泛应用于实际工程,在抗冲击性能方面已形成相关设计方法,而针对外包不锈钢圆中空夹层钢管混凝土(CFDST)柱的耐撞性能研究较少.为此,该文在前期试验研究的基础上,采用ABAQUS建立了该类构件在轴力与侧向撞击耦合作用下的有限元模型.分析了轴力-撞击共同作用下该类构件的抗撞机理;重点研...     

The monopole-source solution for estimating tissue temperatureincreases for focused ultrasound fields

The monopole-source solution to the problem of estimating tissue temperature rise generated by a focused ultrasound beam is presented. The acoustic pressure field generated by a focused, continuous-wave ultrasound source using the acoustic monopole-source method is developed. The point-source solution to the linear bio-heat transfer equation is used to calculate the axial, steady-state temperature increase for both circular and rectangular apertures. The results of the circular aperture are compared with the temperature increase calculated using the heated-disc method and are shown to be in substantial agreement. Finally, the temperature increase generated by the circular aperture is compared to that of the rectangular aperture for the same source power, aperture surface area, operating frequency, and medium properties, and it is shown that the rectangular source generates temperature increases less than those of the circular source under these conditions     

Pressure effects on bond lengths and shape of zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes

We investigate structural parameters, i.e., bond lengths and bond angles of isolated uncapped zigzag single-wall nanotubes in detail. The bond lengths and bond angles are determined for several radii tubes by using a theoretical procedure based on the helical and rotational symmetry for atom coordinates generation, coupled with Tersoff potential for interaction energy calculations. Results show that the structure of zigzag tubes is governed by two bond lengths. One bond length is found to have a value equal to that of graphite, while the other one is larger. Furthermore, the tube length is found to have significant effect only on larger bond length in zigzag tubes. With the application of the pressure, only the larger bond length compresses, the other one remaining practically constant. At some critical pressure, this bond length becomes equal to constant bond length. This behavior of bond lengths is different from those of armchair tubes. An analysis regarding the cross sectional shape has also been done. At some higher pressure, transition from circular to oval cross section takes place. This transition pressure is found to be equal 2.06 GPa for (20,0) tube. Some comparison with chiral tubes has also been made and important differences on bond length behavior have been observed.     

均匀受压两铰圆弧钢拱的平面内稳定设计曲线

采用大挠度弹塑性有限单元法对均匀受压两铰圆弧钢拱的平面内稳定性进行了研究,考虑了材料非线性、残余应力、初始几何缺陷的影响,得到了焊接工字型截面、热轧圆管截面和焊接箱型截面两铰圆弧钢拱的平面内稳定设计曲线,并与德国钢结构设计规范及美国结构稳定研究委员会的设计曲线进行了对比;建议的稳定设计曲线可用于均匀受压两铰圆弧钢拱的平面内稳定性设计,供我国拱形钢结构设计规程制定时参考。