螺纹摩擦对螺栓轴向力-伸长量特征曲线的影响

基于超声波技术,通过对螺栓进行拉伸试验,研究了不同外载下螺栓轴向力-伸长量特征曲线的差异,分析了螺纹摩擦对螺栓轴向力-伸长量特征曲线的影响.结果表明:螺栓的单向拉伸与扭转拉伸因受到的载荷方向不同而导致其屈服点不同;螺栓前期拧紧标定过程中螺纹摩擦对螺栓轴向力有很大影响,会影响后续子系统螺栓夹紧力的大小;不同的螺纹摩擦状态...     

Investigation the effect of tightening torque on the fatigue strength of double lap simple bolted and hybrid (bolted–bonded) joints using volumetric method

In this research, the effect of the tightening torque on the fatigue strength of 2024-T3 double lap simple bolted and hybrid (bolted–bonded) joints have been investigated experimentally by conducting fatigue tests and numerically by implementing finite element analysis. To do so, three sets of specimens were prepared and each of them subjected to tightening torque of 1, 2.5 and 5 Nm and then fatigue tests were carried out under different cyclic longitudinal load levels. In the numerical method, the effect of the tightening torque on the fatigue strength of the considered joints has been studied by means of volumetric method. To obtain stress distribution around the notch (bolt hole) which is required for the volumetric method, nonlinear finite element simulations were carried out. In order to estimate the fatigue life, the available smooth S–N curve of Al2024-T3 and the fatigue notch factors obtained from the volumetric method were used. The estimated fatigue life was compared with the available experimental test results. The investigation shows that there is a good agreement between the life predicted by the volumetric method and the experimental results for different specimens with a various amount of tightening torques. The results obtained from the experimental analysis showed that the hybrid joints have a better fatigue strength compared to the simple bolted joints. In addition, the volumetric method and experimental results revealed that the fatigue life of both kinds of the joints were improved by increasing the clamping force resulting from the torque tightening due to compressive stresses which appeared around the bolt hole.     

Experimental analysis of the friction coefficient effect of the zinc‐lamella coated fasteners on bolt preload and tightening moment

Basic parameters of the bolt‐nut joints, which are ones of the most important elements of assembly processes, are the torque, bolt preload and friction coefficients between bolt and nut interfaces. In bolted joints tightened with torque and angle‐controlled method, friction coefficients of the fasteners are highly significant because they affect final torque and bolt preload values directly, creating a large uncertainty in regard to meet the minimum requirements on preloads considering the safety of joints and further systems, in case of this study, the vehicles being assembled. Also, the range of the lower and upper limits of friction coefficients of the coated fasteners affect process quality considerably in bolted joints tightened with torque and angle‐controlled technique. In this study, the effect of the friction coefficients on the bolt preload and final torque values in the vehicle chassis joints, which are created using torque and angle‐controlled tightening, were investigated experimentally. Therefore, bolt specimens which have both low and high friction coefficients, were tightened by the torque and angle‐controlled tightening method especially using high angle torque parameters on the vehicle chassis test bench. The torque and preload values obtained have been compared to each other and correlated in terms of the friction coefficients occurred.     

Experimental and numerical study of fatigue crack growth of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 single lap simple bolted and hybrid (adhesive/bolted) joints

In this paper, the effects of tightening torque (clamping force) on the fatigue crack growth rate and stress intensity factors in cracked single lap simple bolted and hybrid (adhesive/bolted) joints have been studied experimentally and numerically. To do so, series of fatigue crack growth tests for two different amounts of tightening torque in Aluminum alloy 2024-T3 pre-cracked joints have been carried out to record the fatigue crack growth and also the fatigue life of specimens. In the numerical part, finite element method was employed to obtain the stress intensity factors and also the effective stress intensity factor ranges for different crack lengths to explain the behavior of fatigue crack propagation. It was found that the hybrid joint has longer fatigue crack growth life compared to the simple bolted joint at a given bolt tightening torque. The results also showed that a higher bolt tightening torque provides improved fatigue crack growth life for both types of the joints.     

Prediction of fatigue life in aircraft double lap bolted joints using several multiaxial fatigue criteria

In this research, the effects of torque tightening on the fatigue strength of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy double lap bolted joints have been studied via experimental and multiaxial fatigue analysis. To do so, three sets of the specimens were prepared and each subjected to different levels of torque i.e. 1, 2.5 and 5 N m and then fatigue tests were carried out at various cyclic longitudinal load levels. A non-linear finite element ANSYS code was used to obtain stress and strain distribution in the joint plates due to torque tightening of bolt and longitudinal applied loads. Fatigue lives of the specimens were estimated with six different multiaxial fatigue criteria by means of local stress and strain distribution obtained from finite element analysis. Multiaxial fatigue analysis and experimental results revealed that the fatigue life of double lap bolted joints were improved by increasing the clamping force due to compressive stresses which appeared around the hole.     

Evaluation of the Clamping Force of Bolted Joints Using Local Mode Characteristics of a Bolt Head

It is important to determine and control the clamping force of a bolted joint. Due to its simple setup, the torque control method is typically used to control the clamping force when tightening bolts. After tightening, hammer tests, ultrasonic techniques and methods employing sheet materials as sensors are often used. Many methods have been proposed, but using them to determine and control the clamping force during or after tightening bolts is labor intensive or expensive. Here we conduct impact tests with an impulse hammer combined with experimental modal analysis to determine the clamping force by interpreting the change in the local mode frequency of a bolt head in the high frequency region as a function of the clamping force. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, we also investigate its limits with regard to bolt sizes.     

室温下C/SiC复合材料螺纹紧固件的拧紧特性

探讨了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺纹紧固件在室温下的拧紧特性。试验测试了紧固件在拧紧和拧松过程中, 力矩与预紧力两者的对应关系, 记录了预紧力在短时、 长时内的减小比率, 并用显微镜观察了螺纹面的磨损情况。另外, 分析了材料非线性拉伸行为对拧紧状态所造成的影响。结果表明: 拧紧、 拧松力矩与预紧力之间近似呈线性关系, 螺纹面和支承面的平均摩擦系数分别为0.52和0.46; 随拧紧力矩增大, 螺纹面产生一定程度磨损, 螺纹之间的相互嵌入作用减弱, 因此预紧力在拧紧后的降幅减小, 稳定性提高; 对螺栓进行适当的预拉伸处理, 提高材料的弹性极限后, 可提高紧固件的抗松弛能力。     

Berechnung der drehwinkelgesteuerten Montage von Schraubenverbindungen

Calculation of tightening with angular control for bolted connections For high utilization of bolted connections, tightening beyond yield point of the screw is recommended – the keyword is tightening with angular control or „turn‐of‐the‐nut‐method”︁. Up to now calculations for technical design of bolted connections are due to assembly only with elastic stressing of the bolt. Therefore, assembly specifications of angular controlled tightening are formulated from experience or experiment. This paper proposes a handable method for calculation of snug torque and tightening angle and shows dependencies of most important parameters. Besides this a verification of the calculated results with experimental tests is done. Considered are most significant influences, which are bolt materials behaviour, geometry, length of plastification and friction.     

Effect of bolt clamping force on the fracture strength of mixed mode fracture in an edge crack with different sizes: Experimental and numerical investigations

To investigate the effect of bolt clamping force, resulting from torque tightening, on the mixed mode fracture (I and II) strength and effective geometry/loading factor of an edge crack with different lengths, experimental and numerical studies have been carried out. In the experimental part fracture tests were conducted on three batches of simple edge crack and bolt torque tightened with 3.5 and 7 N m edge crack at three different crack sizes of Poly methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) rectangular plate. The specimens’ fracture strength was obtained using a tensile test machine at different loading angles by employing a modified Arcan fixture. In numerical part, finite element simulations were employed to model the three test specimen batches at the three crack lengths to obtain their stress intensity geometry/loading factors. The results show that the bolt tightening torque significantly reduces the effective geometry/loading factor, and thus increases the joint fracture strength compared to bolt-less simple edge crack specimens. However, the bolt clamping effect on increasing the fracture strength was almost the same for different crack lengths.     

An experimental investigation of the bolt clamping force and friction effect on the fatigue behavior of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 double shear lap joint

In this article, the effect of bolt clamping force on the fatigue life of bolted double shear lap joints was investigated. To do so, fatigue tests were carried out on the bolt clamped double shear lap joint specimens made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. These fatigue tests were conducted with applied torques of 0.25, 2 and 4 N m at different cyclic longitudinal load levels in un-lubricated and lubricated states. From these tests the stress–life (S–N) data for different clamping forces for un-lubricated and lubricated states were obtained. The results show that clamping force increases fatigue life compared to clearance fit specimens. In general, at higher tightening torque higher fatigue lives were achieved, however, below a certain load level the life improvement was discontinued because of fretting phenomenon. Also lubricating the parts of the specimens reduces the advantage of clamping force or torque tightening.     

Fatigue in engine connecting rod bolt due to forming laps

An analysis was performed to asses the failure root cause of an automotive diesel engine which experienced collapse only 6 month after revision. The connecting rod bolts torque disassembly was monitored and fractured parts were selected to laboratory fracture analysis. It was verified with fatigue rupture of one of the fourth connecting rod bolt. Tensile tests were performed in four of the remaining connecting rod bolts. During this procedure, it was verified another bolt with fatigue crack propagation an indication that the first fatigued bolt did not have suffer torque relaxation. A finite element analysis was performed in connection with an analytical fracture mechanics approach aiming to evaluate the relation between tightening force and fatigue crack propagation in connecting rod bolts. The engine collapse occurred due to forming laps in the grooves of the bolt shank. Finally, some design improvements were suggested for avoid future failures: a gap in the groove length at the connecting rod cap interface, enough to avoid combination of forming laps and higher stress amplitude; increase of the bolt torque assembly to reduce stress amplitude.     

马达花键轴断裂原因分析

采用ＡＮＳＹＳ有限元软件对在疲劳试验中发生疲劳断裂的某马达花键轴进行了工作应力计算分析。结果表明,花键轴断裂处存在严重的应力集中,花键轴断裂处过渡圆弧半径过小以及未对螺栓柠紧力进行控制是导致轴产生高周疲劳破坏的主要原因。据此提出改进建议。     

Finite element investigations of bolt clamping force and friction coefficient effect on the fatigue behavior of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in double shear lap joint

In this paper, the effect of bolt clamping force on the fatigue life of bolted double shear lap joints was investigated numerically. To do so, finite element simulation results were used to illustrate the trends occurred in experimental fatigue tests showing the effect of bolt clamping on improving the fatigue life of double shear lap joints. The results show that clamping force decreases the resultant longitudinal stress at the hole edge thus the fatigue life increases compared to clearance fit specimens. In general, at higher tightening torque longer fatigue lives were achieved, however, below a certain load level the life improvement was discontinued because of fretting occurrence. Also lubricating the specimens reduces the advantages of the clamping force.     

Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Torque Tightening on the Fatigue Strength of Double‐lap Simple Bolted and Hybrid (Bolted/Bonded) Joints

In this paper, the effects of bolt torque tightening on the fatigue strength of double‐lap simple bolted and hybrid (bolted/bonded) joints have been studied experimentally. To do so, two types of joints, that is, double‐lap simple and hybrid (bolted/bonded) joints, were studied. For each type of joints, three sets of specimens were prepared and subjected to the tightening torque of 1, 2.5 and 5 Nm, and then, fatigue tests were carried out at different cyclic longitudinal load levels. Experimental tests results showed that the hybrid joints have better fatigue performance in comparison with the simple bolted joints. In addition, the investigation revealed the positive role of tightening torque on the fatigue life of both simple and hybrid joints.     

室温下C/C复合材料紧固件拧紧特性

本文研究了C/C复合材料紧固件在不涂防松胶（简称不涂胶）和涂防松胶（简称涂胶）两种状态下的拧紧特性。试验测试了两种状态下C/C复合材料紧固件拧紧力矩与预紧力的关系,并对两种状态下紧固件摩擦系数和拧紧力矩分配关系进行了深入分析。结果表明:涂胶与不涂胶相比,相同拧紧力矩作用下,螺栓预紧力增大20%~82%,且不涂胶状态下预紧力与拧紧力矩线形关系较好;不涂胶和涂胶两种状态下,螺纹副摩擦系数分别为0.41、0.35,端面摩擦系数分别为0.59、0.41,涂胶后两对摩擦副摩擦系数均降低;另外,涂胶和不涂胶两种状态下施加拧紧力矩在端面摩擦副、螺纹摩擦副和附加力矩中比例分配规则略有不同。      

Tensile behaviors of friction bolt connection with bolt head corrosion damage: Experimental research B

In this study, the tensile characteristics of a friction connection using a high-strength bolt, based on the clamping force loss developed by sectional corrosion damage to the bolt head, was examined. Eighteen specimens with bolt connections were tested to evaluate the tensile strength. In these test specimens, artificial corrosion damage was introduced to the bolt head of the bolt connection, creating a clamping force loss. In the tensile strength tests, the tensile failures of connected steel plates were observed; the tensile strength was unaffected by the artificial sectional corrosion damage to the bolt head for this failure mode. However, the friction resistance of the specimens was affected by the clamping force of the bolt, and thus, their friction loads were slightly reduced depending on the sectional damage level of the bolt head. From the friction load–clamping force relationship, friction-resistance equations were used to approximate the friction resistance of the friction bolt connection.     

轮式爬壁机器人转向稳定性研究

针对四轮爬壁机器人在铅垂壁面上转向失稳的问题展开研究。首先,基于机器人驱动轮与铅垂壁面相互作用的赫兹接触理论,提出了一种机器人摩擦力模型,利用线性积分算法求解出机器人驱动轮转向过程中的纵向摩擦力、横向摩擦力和转向阻力矩;然后,通过机器人动力学建模,推导出转向过程中的驱动力矩关系式,并利用MATLAB仿真得出不同转弯半径、不同磁吸附力和不同负载质量所对应的驱动力矩值随转向角近似呈正弦变化趋势。最后,进行了机器人转向稳定实验,结果显示驱动力矩的实测值与仿真值基本吻合。仿真和实验结果表明,控制转弯半径为0 m、调节磁吸附力为1 000 N和限定最大负载质量为27 kg,能够保证机器人转向稳定,有效解决轮式爬壁机器人转向失稳的问题。研究结果可为四轮爬壁机器人的路径规划和转向稳定性控制提供理论依据。     

自复位圆钢管混凝土柱—钢梁连接节点足尺试验研究

为了减小钢管混凝土柱—钢梁框架结构震后的残余变形,提出了一种腹板摩擦式自复位圆钢管混凝土柱—钢梁连接节点型式。介绍了自复位节点的构造,并对其受力性能进行了理论分析。通过3个自复位节点试件的低周反复加载试验,研究节点在循环荷载作用下的自复位和耗能能力。分析了自复位节点可能的破坏模式,钢绞线预应力和摩擦装置螺栓的预紧力对节点受力性能的影响,还分析了钢绞线预应力的变化规律和节点主要部位应变的变化特点。研究结果表明,腹板摩擦式自复位圆钢管混凝土柱—钢梁连接节点具有良好的耗能和自复位能力。节点初始刚度、临界开口弯矩和自复位能力随钢绞线预应力的增大而提高。节点耗能能力随腹板摩擦装置螺栓的预紧力的增大而提高。     

轴系扭矩测量方法与发展趋势

扭矩是反映轴系传动装置输出功率和评价其工作特性的主要技术指标,通过实时监测输出扭矩可为机械动力设备的可靠运行、故障诊断、安全维护提供有效保障,开展轴系扭矩测量方法研究具有重要意义。本文基于传递法的两大类扭矩测量原理,详细分析了当今研究较为广泛的几种应力(应变)检测型、扭转角检测型扭矩测量方法和传感器结构的工作原理、特点以及存在的问题。结合轴系传动装置自身的特点与发展,认为今后轴系扭矩测量方法应在应变片测量工艺改进、非接触式测量、特殊尺寸轴上测量、数据处理方法和可计量性设计几方面开展进一步研究。     

Experimental results and finite-element predictions of the effect of nut geometry, washer and Teflon tape on the fatigue life of bolts

The effect of nut geometry, curved spring washer and a sealing material (Teflon tape) on the fatigue life of M12 and M16 ISO bolts was investigated. This was accompanied by the study of the axial and bending stress distribution in threads by numerical simulation of bolt and nut connections using the finite‐element method. The experimental results showed that the highest fatigue life is achieved for a slotted tapered nut. The presence of a spring washer also increases the fatigue life, providing that the correct tightening torque is applied to produce a pretension in the bolt. The use of Teflon tape as a filling material between engaging threads of the bolt and nut is shown to significantly increase the fatigue life. On the whole, the highest fatigue life is obtained for a slotted tapered nut using washer. Four fracture mechanisms were observed for bolt–nut connections during the fatigue tests.