Effect of coral sand powders and seawater salinity on the impact mechanical properties of cemented coral sand

Coral sand is one kind of the important building materials in coral reef engineering practice. The use of cement as a stabilizing agent can significantly improve the mechanical properties of coral sands and is widely applied in the subbase engineering construction in coral reef islands. Cement-stabilized coral sand structures may contain high contents of fine coral particles and salinity because of the high crushability of coral sands and the existence of seawater surrounding them. In this study, the effects of coral sand powders and seawater salinity on the dynamic mechanical properties of cemented coral sand (CCS) were investigated through the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. It was found that the strength (i.e., the peak stress) of CCS specimens increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of powder content. The specimens reached the maximum peak stress when 3% powder content was included. The initial improvement of CCS strength was attributed to the pore-filling effect of coral powders, namely, the micro pores of the CCS specimens could be more effectively filled with higher percentages of coral powders being used in the experiments. However, excessive coral powders resulted in the reduction of specimen strength because these powders could easily be cemented into agglomerates by absorbing water from the specimens. These agglomerates could reduce the cementation strength between the coarse coral particles and the cement. Meanwhile, the peak stress of CCS specimens was found to be negatively correlated with the average strain rate and the ultimate strain. The degree of specimen fracture was found to be correlated with the amount of specific energy absorption during the tests. Furthermore, the “sulfate attack” caused by the inclusion of salinity of water had different influences on the CCS specimens with different coral powder contents. The ettringite and gypsum produced in “sulfate attack” could fill the pores and lead to cracking of the specimens, significantly affecting the specimen strength.     

A waveform modification method for testing dynamic properties of rock under high temperature

In this study,a waveform modification method was proposed using a self-designed heating device combined with the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) technique for determination of dynamic behaviors of rock at high temperature.Firstly,the temperature gradient distribution on the incident bar was measured according to the variation of elastic modulus of the bar with temperature,and the relationship between the longitudinal wave velocity and temperature of the bar was obtained based on onedimensional stress wave theory.The incident bar with a temperature gradient was divided into a series of microelements,and then the transmission coefficient of the whole incident bar was obtained.Finally,the stress wave was modified by the transmission coefficient from 25℃ to 600℃.This method was used to study the dynamic properties of rock at high temperature,which not only preserves a classical SHPB device,but also effectively ensures the accuracy of the experimental results.A dynamic Brazilian disc experiment was carried out to explore the influences of loading rate and temperature on dynamic tensile strength of sandstone at high temperature using the proposed waveform modification method.     

Mechanical property and deformation behavior of geogrid reinforced calcareous sand

The strength and deformation properties of maritime geotechnical structures made primarily of calcareous sand are critical for project safety, and geogrid reinforcement is a promising new approach. A series of consolidated drained triaxial experiments were conducted to evaluate the mechanical property and deformation behaviors of geogrid reinforced calcareous sand (GRCS), taking into consideration the impacts of the geogrid layer, relative density, particle size, and confining pressure. In comparison to the unreinforced calcareous sand, the strength of the GRCS is greatly enhanced, and the deviatoric stress-strain curves are altered from slightly softening to hardening, as well as the suppressed shearing dilatancy. The geogrid, relative compactness, particle size, and confining pressure are all intimately related to the volume changes and shearing dilatancy of reinforced specimens, but particle crushing is mostly impacted by the confining pressure. The interactions of geogrid ribs and calcareous sand particles are summarized as two types of constraint and friction using scanning electron microscope tests to establish a simplified calculation method of horizontal and vertical equivalent additional stresses that could provide a reference for revealing the mechanical mechanism of GRCS.     

Dynamic failure of dry and fully saturated limestone samples based on incubation time concept

This paper outlines the results of experimental study of the dynamic rock failure based on the comparison of dry and saturated limestone samples obtained during the dynamic compression and split tests. The tests were performed using the Kolsky method and its modifications for dynamic splitting. The mechanical data (e.g. strength, time and energy characteristics) of this material at high strain rates are obtained. It is shown that these characteristics are sensitive to the strain rate. A unified interpretation of these rate effects, based on the structural–temporal approach, is hereby presented. It is demonstrated that the temporal dependence of the dynamic compressive and split tensile strengths of dry and saturated limestone samples can be predicted by the incubation time criterion. Previously discovered possibilities to optimize (minimize) the energy input for the failure process is discussed in connection with industrial rock failure processes. It is shown that the optimal energy input value associated with critical load, which is required to initialize failure in the rock media, strongly depends on the incubation time and the impact duration. The optimal load shapes, which minimize the momentum for a single failure impact, are demonstrated. Through this investigation, a possible approach to reduce the specific energy required for rock cutting by means of high-frequency vibrations is also discussed.     

Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar system e A review

Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different fr...     

Dynamic notched semi-circle bend(NSCB) method for measuring fracture properties of rocks:Fundamentals and applications

Rocks are increasingly used in extreme environments characterised by high loading rates and high confining pressures.Thus the fracture properties of rocks under dynamic loading and confinements are critical in various rock mechanics and rock engineering problems.Due to the transient nature of dynamic loading,the dynamic fracture tests of rocks are much more challenging than their static counterparts.Understanding the dynamic fracture behaviour of geomaterials relies significantly on suitable and reliable dynamic fracture testing methods.One of such methods is the notched semi-circle bend(NSCB) test combined with the advanced split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) system,which has been recommended by the International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering(ISRM) as the standard method for the determination of dynamic fracture toughness.The dynamic NSCB-SHPB method can provide detailed insights into dynamic fracture properties including initiation fracture toughness,fracture energy,propagation fracture toughness and fracture velocity.This review aims to fully describe the detailed principles and state-of-the-art applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB techniques.The history and principles of dynamic NSCB-SHPB tests for rocks are outlined,and then the applications of dynanic NSCB-SHPB method(including the measurements of initiation and propagation fracture toughnesses and the limiting fracture velocity,the size effect and the digital image correlation(DIC) experiments) are discussed.Further,other applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB techniques(i.e.the thermal,moisture and anisotropy effects on the dynamic fracture properties of geomaterials,and dynamic fracture toughness of geomaterials under pre-loading and hydrostatic pressures) are presented.     

微波照射后磁铁矿石动力学性能及破碎特征研究

以改善矿石破碎效率和能耗为目的,采用微波照射与霍普金森压杆(SHPB)相结合的试验方法,开展不同微波参数照射前、后磁铁矿石动力学性能及破碎特征研究,对比分析其宏观力学性能与微观结构特征,揭示微波弱化磁铁矿石力学性能的作用机制.结果表明:微波照射功率比照射时间对磁铁矿石的动力学性能的影响更为显著,只有当功率达到一定程度时...     

Dynamic fragmentation of microwave irradiated rock

The microwave-assisted rock fragmentation has been proven to be a promising approach in reducing cutting tools wear and improving efficiency in rock crushing and excavation.Thus,understanding the influence of damage induced by microwave irradiation on rock fragmentation is necessary.In this context,cylindrical Fangshan granite(FG)specimens were exposed to microwave irradiation at a power of 6 kW for different durations up to 4.5 min.The damages of the specimens induced by irradiation were quantified by using both X-ray micro-CT scanning and ultrasonic wave measurement.The CT value and Pwave velocity decreased with increase of irradiation duration.The irradiated specimens were then tested using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system to simulate rock fragmentation.A momentum-trap technique was utilized to ensure single-pulse loading on the specimen in SHPB tests,enabling valid fragment size distribution(FSD)analysis.The dependence of dynamic uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)on the irradiation duration and loading rate was revealed.The dynamic UCS increased with increase of loading rate while decreased with increase of irradiation duration.Using the sieve analysis,three fragmentation types were proposed based on FSD,which were dictated by both loading rate and irradiation duration.In addition,an average fragment size was proposed to quantify FSD.The results showed that the average fragment size decreased with increase of loading rate.A loading rate range was identified,where a dramatic reduction of the average fragment size occurred.The dependence of fragmentation on the irradiation duration and loading rate was also discussed.     

采用中心圆孔裂缝平台圆盘确定岩石的动态断裂韧度

由于带有预制裂缝岩石试件的难于制作以及动态研究的复杂性,岩石动态断裂韧度在研究方法上一直也没有统一的标准,有必要对其测试方法进行研究。采用大理岩制作了一种含有中心圆孔预制裂缝宽度小于1mm的平台圆盘试件,在霍普金森压杆系统上进行了动态冲击试验,并采用实验-数值方法,确定其动态断裂韧度。该方法基于一维应力波理论,采用Hopkinson弹性压杆上应变片获得作用在试件两端面的动态载荷P(t),输入此载荷,利用动态有限元法求得试样内动态应力强度因子KI(t)随时间的变化历程,对应于试件上应变片测得的起裂时间tf的动态应力强度因子KI(tf)即为材料的动态起裂断裂韧度KId。     

JMC对应力波透射系数和节理比刚度影响的实验研究

 节理对岩体的动态力学特性有重要影响。采用改进型霍普金森花岗岩压杆(SHPB)实验设备,研究一维应力波在花岗岩人工节理处的传播规律,进而分析节理的动力学特性。通过切割工艺在花岗岩试样表面形成人工节理,使其具有不同的节理吻合系数(JMC)。采用两点式波分离方法处理实验数据,得到节理处的入射波,以及节理产生的反射波和透射波,进一步计算得到应力波传播通过节理的透射系数。基于SHPB实验的基本原理,得到节理的闭合量和作用在节理上的压力之间的关系,从而分析出节理的比刚度。该实验分析节理吻合系数对波传播的影响,进而研究节理吻合系数对花岗岩节理动态力学特性的影响。     

围压作用下岩石冲击破坏与变形特性试验研究

采用φ100mm分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置研究了不同应力状态的砂岩在冲击荷载作用下的力学性能,分析了不同围压水平下砂岩破坏的变形过程与破坏形态.结果表明:围压水平对砂岩的破坏形态有较大的影响.单轴作用下砂岩为脆性压碎破坏,在围压作用下砂岩的破坏形态同单轴作用下砂岩的破坏形态有较大不同,体现出明显的塑性屈服,...     

高温作用后混凝土动态压缩力学性能的试验研究

采用φ100 mm分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)试验装置,分别对常温和经历200、400、600、800℃高温作用后的混凝土进行了冲击压缩试验,分析了高温和应变率对混凝土动态压缩力学性能的影响,并对其关系进行了拟合。结果表明:经历不同温度作用后的混凝土动态抗压强度、峰值应变以及比能量吸收都表现出较强的应变率效应。高温对混凝土动态力学性能影响显著,400℃是混凝土各项力学指标发生转折的温度:动态抗压强度、比能量吸收在400℃时回升至与常温接近,在400℃后又迅速下降;峰值应变在400℃以后增加明显,并随着应变率的提高而迅速增加。混凝土经400℃以上高温作用后,虽然强度损失严重,但在冲击荷载作用下,尤其是在较高应变率下,仍表现出良好的抗冲击韧性。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on the mechanical responses and cracking mechanism of 3D confined single-flawed rocks under dynamic loading

Accurately characterizing the mechanical responses and cracking mechanism of three-dimensional confined fractured rocks under coupled static-dynamic loading is ...     

Behavior of steel fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete at medium strain rate

Impact compression experiments for the steel fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete (SFRHSC) at medium strain rate were conducted using the split Hopkinson press bar (SHPB) testing method. The volume fractions of steel fibers of SFRHSC were between 0 and 3%. The experimental results showed that, when the strain rate increased from threshold value to 90 s⁻¹, the maximum stress of SFRHSC increased about 30%, the elastic modulus of SFRHSC increased about 50%, and the increase in the peak strain of SFRHSC was 2–3 times of that in the matrix specimen. The strength and toughness of the matrix were improved remarkably because of the superposition effect of the aggregate high-strength matrix and steel fiber high-strength matrix. As a result, under impact loading, cracks developed in the SFRHSC specimen, but the overall shape of the specimen remained virtually unchanged. However, under similar impact loading, the matrix specimens were almost broken into small pieces. __________ Translated from Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2007, 37(5): 892–897 [译自: 东南大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Dynamic rock tensile strengths of Laurentian granite: Experimental observation and micromechanical model

Tensile strength is an important material property for rocks. In applications where rocks are subjected to dynamic loads, the dynamic tensile strength is the controlling parameter. Similar to the study of static tensile strength, there are various methods proposed to measure the dynamic tensile strength of rocks. Here we examine dynamic tensile strength values of Laurentian granite (LG) measured from three methods: dynamic direct tension, dynamic Brazilian disc (BD) test, and dynamic semi-circular bending (SCB). We found that the dynamic tensile strength from direct tension has the lowest value, and the dynamic SCB gives the highest strength at a given loading rate. Because the dynamic direct tension measures the intrinsic rock tensile strength, it is thus necessary to reconcile the differences in strength values between the direct tension and the other two methods. We attribute the difference between the dynamic BD results and the direct tension results to the overload and internal friction in BD tests. The difference between the dynamic SCB results and the direct tension results can be understood by invoking the non-local failure theory. It is shown that, after appropriate corrections, the dynamic tensile strengths from the two other tests can be reduced to those from direct tension.     

片岩和纤维混凝土动态压缩性能比较

为了研究冲击压缩荷载作用下绢云母石英片岩和玄武岩纤维混凝土的动态抗压强度、破坏情况、能量吸收的应变率效应问题,采用波形整形器改进后的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置,以不同的速度分别对2种材料进行单轴冲击压缩试验.试验结果表明:绢云母石英片岩和玄武岩纤维混凝土的动态抗压强度、破坏情况、能量吸收能力均有显著的应变率相关性...     

Dolomite fracture modeling using the Johnson-Holmquist concrete material model: Parameter determination and validation

In this paper,the Johnson-Holmquist concrete(JHC)constitutive model is adopted for modeling and simulating the fracture of dolomite.A detailed step-by-step procedure for determining all required parameters,based on a series of experiments under quasi-static and dynamic regimes,is proposed.Strain rate coefficients,failure surfaces,equations of state and damage/failure constants are acquired based on the experimental data and finite element analyses.The JHC model with the obtained parameters for dolomite is subsequently validated using quasi-static uniaxial and triaxial compression tests as well as dynamic split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)tests.The influence of mesh size is also analyzed.It shows that the simulated fracture behavior and waveform data are in good agreement with the experimental data for all tests under both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions.Future studies will implement the validated JHC model in small-and large-scale blasting simulations.     

水-岩耦合作用下红砂岩应变率效应研究

基于?100 mm SHPB试验平台,对吸水红砂岩试样进行不同应变率下冲击压缩试验,对比干燥试样试验结果,探究了水-岩耦合作用下动态抗压强度、变形及单元可释放弹性应变能W_e的应变率相关性,得出:在水-岩-动力的耦合中,岩石强度的应变率强化作用和水的劣化作用同时存在,但应变率强化作用占主导地位;裂隙水对岩石强度的应变率效应有强化作用,并且这种强化作用随着应变率的增大而增强;岩石的峰值应变在水的耦合作用下应变率效应更为显著;当应变率超过某一阈值时,吸水试样在弹性变形阶段更加容易变形,弹性模量降低,而在冲击作用下,裂隙水阻碍裂纹发展,试样抵抗变形的能力增强,变形模量线性增加;水-岩耦合作用下W_e对应变率更为敏感,与干燥试样的W^D_e相比,W^W_e随着应变率的增加而增长更为迅速。     

SHPB试验中高温下岩石变形破坏过程的能耗规律分析

利用带高温装置的φ100 mm分离式Hopkinson压杆试验系统进行不同高温下大理岩的SHPB试验,分析岩石在冲击破坏过程中的能量耗散特征,探讨冲击加载速率、入射能等对高温下大理岩能耗特征的影响,分析冲击破碎分维及破碎块度与能量耗散的内在联系。研究结果表明：同一高温下大理岩破碎的比能量吸收随着加载速率、入射能的增加均近似线性增加;破碎分维随比能量吸收的增加近似线性增长,而平均破碎块度随比能量吸收的增加逐渐减小,大致呈指数关系。同一高温下岩石的冲击破坏过程中,比能量吸收愈大,岩石的平均破碎块度就愈小,分形维数就愈大,岩石的破碎程度也就愈剧烈。从能量耗散的角度可以较合理地反映岩石变形破坏的全过程。     

层状盐岩及泥岩夹层动态力学特性对比试验研究

为对比研究盐岩和泥岩夹层的动态力学特性,以应城盐矿的盐岩及泥岩夹层为研究对象,利用带围压的分离式Hopkinson(SHPB)试验装置,进行不同围压(5,15,25 MPa)下的动载冲击试验研究,分析盐岩和泥岩夹层动力特性的围压效应与应变率效应,基于联合的热活化与黏性机制相互竞争的材料强度–应变率依赖的简化模型拟合出盐岩及泥岩夹层的动力强度公式。研究结果表明:(1)盐岩和泥岩夹层均属于率敏感性材料,其峰值应力和延性随应变率的增大而增加,但低围压(如5 MPa)作用下应变率强化效应较高围压(如25 MPa)作用下更加显著;(2)盐岩和泥岩夹层在动力荷载条件下的力学行为的围压效应没有静力荷载条件下明显,动力放大系数(DIF)随着围压增加而减小,泥岩夹层的围压效应要小于盐岩的围压效应;(3)动力强度计算公式拟合效果较好,盐岩平均相对误差为2.51%,泥岩夹层平均相对误差为6.58%。