不同频率循环荷载下公路路基粗粒填料长期动力特性试验研究

 交通荷载作用频率随着车辆运行速度等因素变化而变化,目前对不同频率荷载下路基长期性能还缺乏一致性认识。为揭示不同频率荷载下路基粗粒土填料长期动力特性,利用GDS大型三轴试验系统对路基填料进行饱和排水循环荷载试验,分析不同应力路径下荷载频率对路基粗粒填料长期动力特性影响规律。试验结果表明,荷载频率增加使路基填料在密实阶段产生更大累积体缩应变而更密实,进而路基动力回弹模量随荷载频率增加显著增加。路基填料轴向累积变形在不同频率循环荷载下也呈现不同发展规律,路基填料密实阶段轴向累积变形在高循环应力比(ζ = 3,5)下随荷载频率增加显著增大,但在低循环应力比(ζ = 1)下,荷载频率对轴向累积变形影响较小;当填料进入变形稳定阶段,荷载频率对轴向累积变形基本无影响。该研究揭示了路基填料层在不同频率荷载下长期动力特性,发现降低路基中循环应力比,可大大减小荷载频率对路基长期动力特性影响,本研究可为准确预测和控制道路工后沉降提供参考。     

Neural network-based model for prediction of permanent deformation of unbound granular materials

Several available mechanistic-empirical pavement design methods fail to include predictive model for permanent deformation (PD) of unbound granular materials (UGMs), which make these methods more conservative. In addition, there are limited regression models capable of predicting the PD under multi-stress levels, and these models have regression limitations and generally fail to cover the complexity of UGM behaviour. Recent researches are focused on using new methods of computational intelligence systems to address the problems, such as artificial neural network (ANN). In this context, we aim to develop an artificial neural model to predict the PD of UGMs exposed to repeated loads. Extensive repeated load triaxial tests (RLTTs) were conducted on base and subbase materials locally available in Victoria, Australia to investigate the PD properties of the tested materials and to prepare the database of the neural networks. Specimens were prepared over different moisture contents and gradations to cover a wide testing matrix. The ANN model consists of one input layer with five neurons, one hidden layer with twelve neurons, and one output layer with one neuron. The five inputs were the number of load cycles, deviatoric stress, moisture content, coefficient of uniformity, and coefficient of curvature. The sensitivity analysis showed that the most important indicator that impacts PD is the number of load cycles with influence factor of 41%. It shows that the ANN method is rapid and efficient to predict the PD, which could be implemented in the Austroads pavement design method.     

虎跳峡金沙江大桥隧道锚现场模型试验研究

香丽高速虎跳峡金沙江大桥香格里拉岸采用隧道式锚碇,为了全面认识隧道锚的受力变形特性及安全稳定性,本文依据相似原理开展了与隧道锚实际受力状态相适应的缩尺模型试验,研究了现场试验加载及测试方法,获得了各级加载荷载下的位移、应力和应变结果,试验成果表明:在9.5P荷载下,模型锚基本处于线弹性阶段,锚体和围岩变形均较小,锚体的变形以夹持围岩一起变形为主,而锚/岩接触面的错动变形很小。受夹持效应的影响,锚体后部1/3范围的围岩承受了约一半荷载,是受力的关键部位。综合承载力、变形和应力状态分析结果可知,该隧道锚稳定性较好。     

Rôle des fluides dans le comportement hydromécanique des roches fracturées hétérogènes: Caractérisation in situ et modélisation numérique

Hydromechanical coupled processes in a shallow fractured rock mass were investigated in situ through field experiments and numerical simulations. The experimental approach consists of performing simultaneous and multi-frequency measurements of fluid pressures and displacements at different points and on different fracture types within a carbonate reservoir. Two kinds of experiments were conducted at the Coaraze Laboratory Site (France):

1. At the fracture network scale, a global hydraulic loading by groundwater level change shows that the coupling between fluid flow and deformation is simultaneously governed by a dual-permeability hydraulic behaviour and a dual-stiffness mechanical behaviour. The following fluid flow and hydromechanical conceptual scheme was established: first, a transient flow only occurs in faults with high permeability; second, when a steady-state flow is reached in faults, water flows from faults into lower permeability bedding planes. The intact rock matrix is practically impervious but the connectivity between the discontinuities is high. When fluid pressure changes occur within the fracture network, the hydromechanical coupling is direct in the highly permeable faults where a pressure change induces a deformation change. No direct hydromechanical coupling occurs within the lower permeability zones where deformation is not directly correlated with pressure changes. This means that the mechanical deformation of the bedding planes and rock matrix is induced by the fault deformation.
2. At the single fracture scale, the hydromechanical behaviour was evaluated by performing hydraulic pulse injection testing. This test was monitored using high-frequency (f = 120 Hz) hydromechanical measurements conducted with innovative fiber-optic borehole equipment. The hydromechanical response is simultaneously monitored at two measuring points spaced about 1 m apart within the plane of the sub-vertical fracture. Observed fluid pressure versus normal displacement curves shows a characteristic loop-shaped evolution in which the paths for loading (pressure increase) and unloading (pressure decrease) are different. The test was evaluated by coupled hydromechanical modelling using a distinct element technique. By matching the loop behaviour, modelling indicates that the pulse pressure increase portion allows the fracture hydromechanical properties to be determined while the pulse pressure decrease portion is strongly influenced by the hydromechanical effects within the surrounding fractured rock mass. A sensitivity study shows that the key parameters to coupled hydromechanical processes in such fracture systems are the initial hydraulic aperture and normal stiffness of the fracture, the stiffness of the rock matrix and the geometry of the surrounding fracture network.

     

高温重载条件下沥青混合料的蠕变试验研究

在4种应力水平、3种温度水平和2种空隙率水平下进行了沥青混合料的重复加载动态蠕变试验,得出了其永久变形与荷载作用次数关系曲线及竖向和横向流动数、竖向塑性应变、竖向塑性弹性应变比等永久变形参数.研究表明,重载车辆对沥青路面产生的高接触应力加剧了其横向流动失稳变形的发展,加速了车辙的产生;车辆轴载增大对沥青路面产生车辙的影响要大于温度变化的影响.     

Concrete filled steel tube stub columns under combined temperature and loading

A finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to predict the load versus deformation relationships of concrete filled steel tube (CFST) stub columns subjected to a combination of temperature and axial compression. This model was used to simulate a set of CFST stub column experiments under various thermal and mechanical loading conditions, including tests at high temperature, tests on the residual strength of specimens subjected to uniform heating, and tests on specimens exposed to the ISO-834 standard fire without initial loads. Comparisons between the predicted results and the test results show that this model can predict the load versus deformation relationships with reasonable accuracy. The FEA model was then used to investigate the behaviour of CFST stub columns in a complete loading history including initial loading, heating and cooling by examing the cross-sectional stress distribution and confinement stress development at different loading phases. All specimens were loaded to ultimate strength after cooling and the residual stress index was studied with respect to a group of parameters. It can be found that the ultimate strength when considering the mutual actions of temperature and loading was slightly lower than that after exposure to fire without initial load, but the peak strain corresponding to the ultimate strength was increased significantly.     

Dynamic buckling of thin-walled viscoplastic columns

The purpose of this paper is the analysis of strain-rate effect in dynamic stability of thin-walled orthotropic column of closed rectangular cross-section, subjected to in-plane pulse loading of finite duration. For the solution the first-order shear deformation theory displacement field is employed with the Green–Lagrange strain tensor application. The effect of strain rate sensitivity is included in the framework of the viscoplasticity constitutive Perzyna model for material behaviour under high strain rate loading. The numerical results are obtained with the finite element method application. In the performed analysis the strain-rate effect influence on the dynamic buckling load is examined as well as the initial imperfections of walls, pulse shape and the orthotropy ratio are considered. The results of dynamic criteria application are compared furthermore.     

Theoretical study on concrete-filled steel tubes under static and variable repeated loadings

This paper presents an analytical study for modelling the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns subjected to Static Loading (SL) and Variable Repeated Loading (VRL). The variables considered in this study are concrete strength and load eccentricity. Simple mathematical models are developed and used in the analysis. The analytical results show that the incremental collapse (IC) occurs in high load ranges in CFST columns under VRL and instability failure occurs under SL. The CFST columns with large end load eccentricity were found to fail at a low upper limit load level than that with small eccentricity of loading. The IC failure was found to be unaffected by the strength of concrete infill. The hollow steel tubular (HST) columns showed similar behaviour under SL and VRL protocols. The study showed that the theoretical analyses satisfactorily model the actual behaviour of the columns under SL and VRL protocols.     

Optimisation of a prestressed fibre-reinforced polymer shell for composite bridge deck

This paper proposes a prestressed fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) shell for composite bridge deck with FRP and concrete. Geometric parameters including cross-section shape, arch radius and number of arches were first optimised by the finite element (FE) method. A self-balancing prestressed basalt FRP (BFRP) shell system was proposed to resist the deformation under construction load and to enhance the integrated mechanical behaviour. The mechanical behaviour of the proposed FRP shell were examined under a simulated construction load. The stresses and deformations of the FRP shell were analysed during both prestress tensioning and construction loading. A static test was further conducted on the BFRP shell-concrete composited bridge deck to verify prestressing effect. The results show a corrugated cross-section with two arches on its lower flange further enhances the stiffness of FRP shell for a composite bridge deck. The prestressed FRP shell offsets the deformation under construction by the camber and exhibits more linear structural behaviour when compared to the non-prestressed BFRP shell. The stress monitored during loading indicates a superior integrated behaviour of the FRP shell and prestressing FRP laminates. Furthermore, the load-displacement relationship of prestressed composite bridge deck demonstrates a high loading capacity and small deflection at serviceability limit state.     

Mehrlagig mit Geogittern bewehrte Erdkörper über pfahlartigen Gründungselementen – Numerische Simulation des Verformungsverhaltens unter statischer und zyklischer Einwirkung

Numerical simulation of the deformation behaviour of multi‐layered geogrid‐reinforced embankments on pile foundations under static and cyclic loading. Embankments for traffic constructions above soft soil are often founded on piles and geogrids are inserted at the bottom of the embankment. In the framework of present design procedures the cyclic (dynamic) traffic loads are considered in a very simplified manner. They are replaced by a static load with a magnification factor. The established model perception for static loading is a redistribution of stress due to arches in the embankment and tensile stress in the geogrids. However it has to be expected that the load bearing and deformation behaviour of such soil structures will change during the life time of the structure (millions of cycles). The cycles cause an accumulation of deformations and changes of stresses in the soil. This may cause a large destruction of the arches and may lead to unexpected settlements. Numerical strategies and constitutive models for the investigation of the behaviour of soils under high‐cyclic loading using finite element method were recently developed. This paper presents the results of such calculations of multi‐layered geogrid‐reinforced embankments on soft soil for the 2D case. The results show that, depending on the position of the geogrids in the embankment, their contribution is unequally to the bearing behaviour and that the stress arches will actually be destroyed under cyclic loading.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of the behaviour of footing on geosynthetic reinforced fill slope under cyclic loading

This paper investigates the cyclic loading responses of a strip footing supported by a geosynthetic reinforced fill embankment. A series of large-scale model footing tests were conducted first to investigate the accumulation of permanent footing displacement and residual vertical soil stress over large number of load cycles. The embankment fill was a heavily compacted silty sand and the reinforcement was a flexible geogrid, so that the model test configurations were representative of actual field conditions. Both permanent displacement and residual stress accumulated asymptotically with load cycles and majority of the build-up occurred over the first few hundred cycles. The potential effect of load interruptions was part of the study. Depending on how cyclic load interruption was implemented, it may or may not induce a trailing effect on subsequent cyclic loading responses. To have more in-depth understanding, these footing tests were also investigated numerically based on a soil model that can capture the unload-reload stress-strain loop over large number of load cycles. Reasonably good agreement between experimental observations and numerical predictions was also achieved.     

Interpreting hanging wall deformation in mines

The deformation behaviour of a hanging wall will follow distinct stages related to the changing material properties of the overall rock mass. This changing rock mass behaviour can be due to increasing underground opening size, blasting, changing stress conditions, as well as increasing opening exposure time. This paper examines the deformation behaviour of stope hanging walls due to changing opening geometry. The effect of time on deformation is observed, but is difficult to interpret. Field deformation data are presented from open stope hanging walls at Mount Isa Mine in Australia. Changing deformation response is related to increased opening spans recorded for two stopes. Some modelling studies are also presented which relate modelled elastic deformation near an opening surface to the opening geometry. Based on numerical modelling methods, it is difficult to predict the deformation of a hanging wall surface. This paper presents an approach for interpreting the rock mass behaviour based on the recorded deformation response of the hanging wall to continued mining.     

单轴压缩煤岩变形破裂电磁辐射与应力耦合规律的研究

利用实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了单轴压缩条件下煤岩变形破裂过程中产生的电磁辐射(EME)强度与煤岩内部应力之间的耦合规律。在煤岩材料损伤特性和强度统计理论的基础上，研究了受载煤岩变形破裂的三维力．电耦合本构关系，从理论上分析了煤岩变形破裂过程中电磁辐射强度和脉冲数与加载应力之间的关系，认为它们之间的关系可以用多项式来表征。煤岩变形破裂过程中的力-电耦合计算结果表明：EME先是逐渐增加，达到一个峰值后快速降低，这与实验测定结果的趋势是一致的：加载速度越大，EME信号也越强：随着煤岩样品强度的增加，EME也是逐渐增大的，其中强度最高的砂岩产生的EME强度也最大，以下依次是泥岩、硬煤和中硬煤。这些都说明采用的模型和计算方法是合理的，可以有效地模拟煤岩单轴压缩过程电磁辐射信号的变化规律。     

强夯荷载作用下饱和土层孔隙水压力简化计算方法

分析了饱和土层在强夯冲击荷载作用下的内部动应力和孔隙水压力的分布特点。建立了相应的渗透固结方程，并给出其一般解析解．将强夯脉冲荷载看作是一个加荷-卸荷过程。将其离散为若干等辐均布荷载。进而给出一个简化的求解方法。讨论了固结系数，卸荷固结比等土性参数对强夯冲击荷载作用下孔隙水压力增长、消散的影响，分析了透水性质不同的土类孔隙水压力变化的一些特征。为强夯荷载作用瞬间饱和土层的固结变形计算提供了前提条件．     

多轴应力作用下砂砾岩单裂隙渗流规律试验研究

用劈裂的方法在砂砾岩块上制造裂隙来模拟天然岩体的张性裂隙,在自行研制渗流-多轴应力耦合试验机上开展了一系列单裂隙渗流应力耦合试验,分别研究了垂直于裂隙面加载、平行于裂隙面加载对裂隙渗透能力的影响规律,对单裂隙岩体在多轴应力作用下的渗流规律作了探讨.成果表明,法向应力和侧向应力对裂隙的渗透系数有着明显的影响,共同决定着渗透系数的变化.     

大悬挑钢箱梁与折线形钢箱柱连接节点试验研究

为研究大悬挑钢箱梁与折线形钢箱柱连接节点在不同工况组合下的受力性能,对其进行了1∶3的缩尺试验研究和有限元数值分析。试验借助改进型几何可变框式试验架,实现了设计要求的2种荷载工况,并分析了节点在各种工况组合下的受力性能和变形情况。运用有限元软件对节点进行了弹性分析,得到了节点的应力分布与变形情况。研究结果表明：试验结果与有限元分析结果吻合良好,验证了理论分析的正确性;节点在设计荷载作用下始终处于弹性工作状态,其受力最不利位置位于左梁与折线柱的翼缘相交部位。     

早龄期加载对粉煤灰混凝土变形及强度的影响

研究了粉煤灰掺量、加载龄期和加载应力对粉煤灰混凝土早期变形及加载后强度变化的影响。研究结果表明:随着粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土的变形量逐渐降低,当掺量为30%时,变形量减少了33.6%;随着加载龄期提前或加载应力增大,粉煤灰混凝土的早期变形量增大,其中,加载应力的影响尤其明显,60%加载应力(60%的标准养护条件下7d轴心抗压强度)比20%加载应力下混凝土最终变形量增加了277.2%;混凝土初始加载时间提前或加载应力增大会导致加载后粉煤灰混凝土强度下降,加载应力比加载龄期对加载后粉煤灰混凝土强度的影响更明显。     

软弱地基刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙数值模拟

 基于软弱地基刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙离心模型试验,建立原型挡墙三维精细化有限差分数值模型,探讨挡墙在上覆荷载作用下的性状及受力机制。研究结果表明,数值模型计算结果与离心模型试验结果吻合较好,显示该型挡墙具有很好的承载性能,能适应软弱地基的大变形;挡墙在上覆荷载下产生的变形增量和结构受力与填土内部潜在滑移面位置密切相关,当潜在滑移面位置超过连接件埋深范围时,连接件作用降低,使得挡墙变形和筋材拉力增量明显增大,不均匀沉降显著,而刚性墙面墙背水平土压力和连接件拉力减小;由于“张力膜效应”,下面布置有连接件的筋材较下面无连接件的筋材,其拉力要大一些;上覆荷载引起的作用在组合墙面上的水平荷载可采用朗肯主动土压力计算,设计上,宜按连接件多承担水平荷载考虑。     

Zyklisch viskoelastisch‐viskoplastischer Stoffansatz nichtbindiger Böden und Schotter

Cyclic viscoelastic‐viscoplastic constitutiv approach for granular soils and ballast. In modern track building, in particular railway tracks, grain stability and long‐term behaviour of non‐cohesive soils and ballast have gained importance. Especially the capacity of conventional ballasted tracks are of major interest. The developed cyclic viscoelastic‐viscoplastic constitutive approach presented in the actual work describes the long term plastic and elastic material behaviour. Major dependencies are defined by loading conditions and states of stress. With a numerical model implemented, the modelling of the plastic deformation behaviour of complex three dimensional structures under cyclic loading is made possible too.     

Towards a consistent design approach for steel joints under generalized loading

The behaviour of steel joints is complex and requires the proper consideration of a multitude of phenomena, ranging from material non-linearity (plasticity, strain-hardening), non-linear contact and slip, geometrical non-linearity (local instability) to residual stress conditions, and complicated geometrical configurations. The component method is widely accepted as the practical approach in predicting the behaviour of steel joints and it provides detailed procedures to evaluate the strength and initial stiffness of steel joints, as specified in Eurocode 3.Current safety concerns for steel structures require that steel joints are designed to perform adequately under a wider range of loading conditions: besides standard static loading conditions, fire and seismic loading must often be considered. In addition, robustness requirements impose that joints present a minimum level of resistance for any arbitrary loading. Predicting the 3-D behaviour of steel joints under arbitrary loading must thus be achieved in a practical way.This paper presents the results of a series of experimental developments that attempt to contribute to the knowledge of the 3D behaviour of steel joints, under static and dynamic conditions, and to discuss a possible framework for these general conditions that is in line with the principles of the component method.