用有机聚合物连接碳化硅陶瓷及陶瓷基复合材料

用陶瓷先驱体有机聚合物连接陶瓷及陶瓷基复合材料是一种成本低廉、工艺新颖、可满足特殊高温条件下连接件要求的新型连接技术。介绍了近年来采用先驱体有机聚合物连接SiC及其复合材料的研究现状，重点对影响连接强度的因素进行分析，并提出相应的改进措施。由于该技术具有连接温度较低、连接过程简单、接头热应力小，连接件的热稳定性高等特点，因此它是陶瓷及其复合材料最有前途的连接方法之一。     

新型材料对RSiC抗氧化性的影响

为了提高多孔SiC陶瓷材料的抗氧化性，研究了其氧化机理。研制的新型V-NOX材料，添加到SiC陶瓷中，可防止其氧化，有效地保护了SiC陶瓷。     

单源聚合物先驱体法制备SiC基复相陶瓷的研究进展

在碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷中引入异质元素可赋予其更优异的性能,如良好的热稳定性和独特的电磁性能。采用单源聚合物先驱体法制备陶瓷,通过合成不同结构的单源聚合物先驱体,可在原子尺度设计、调控陶瓷的组成和微结构等方面,达到优化陶瓷性能的目的。根据近年来的研究成果,介绍了单源聚合物先驱体制备Si-B-C、Si-M-C(M=Ti,Zr,Hf)和Si-M-C(M=Fe,Ni)复相陶瓷的研究动态,并展望了其今后的发展趋势。     

不同助烧结剂及造孔剂对SiC多孔陶瓷的影响

采用真空烧结方法制备了SiC多孔陶瓷，研究了不同助烧结剂Al2O3-Y2O3、Si以及不同造孔剂丙烯酰胺聚合物、羧甲基纤维素（CMC）对SiC多孔陶瓷形貌和气孔率的影响。结果表明：与Si相比较，Al2O3-Y2O3更有利于促进SiC的烧结；以Al2O3-Y2O3为助烧结剂的试样比以Si为助烧结剂的试样具有较高的气孔率。     

B4C增强SiC基复合陶瓷力学性能和抗氧化性能

为改善SiC基复合陶瓷的抗氧化性能，以SiC基复合陶瓷为对象，研究了B₄C的添加量对SiC基复合陶瓷显微结构、力学性能和抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明，添加B₄C可提高材料中SiC的结晶性和石墨化程度；经1 450℃处理后，当B₄C添加量为6%(质量分数)时，SiC基复合陶瓷的线变化率由1.39%降至0.58%；抗折强度和抗压强度分别由28.06 MPa和48.03 MPa提高到50.25 MPa和98.58 MPa(分别提高1.8倍和2倍)；当B₄C添加量由0增加到6%时，SiC基复合陶瓷经1 400℃烧结(氧化气氛)的氧化指数由30.33%降低至18.35%，氧化层厚度由3.52 mm降至0.23 mm。添加B₄C可提高SiC晶须的生成量，显著增强SiC基复合陶瓷的强度和抗氧化性。     

电子辐照对SiC陶瓷微观结构与辐致发光性能的影响

以聚碳硅烷(PCS)为原料,通过聚合物裂解法分别在1 100和1 800℃制备出Si C陶瓷。用1.8 MeV电子源(辐照强度为5 360 Gy/s、总剂量约为20 MGy、辐照温度为200℃)对其进行辐照。对SiC陶瓷辐照前后的结构以及辐照后的辐致发光谱进行分析。结果表明:1 100和1 800℃得到的SiC陶瓷X射线衍射谱中最强峰强度分别下降了48.7%和50.5%,辐照区域晶粒变小,说明SiC陶瓷辐照后晶体结构发生了明显无定形化。1 800℃得到的Si C陶瓷辐照后局部区域出现了C元素富集。聚合物裂解法制备的Si C陶瓷中游离碳含量较高,导致其辐致发光强度低(0.1)。     

聚合物制备工程陶瓷的研究概况

随着聚碳硅烷、聚硅氮烷、聚硅氧烷以及聚硅硼烷等先进前驱体材料的开发,由含硅陶瓷预制体聚合物制备的工程陶瓷在Si-O-C-N-B体系中占有重要的地位。耐高温的SiC和SiN陶瓷纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)已在航空、航天结构中获得应用,而耐中、低温的新型涂层、单向带,泡沫和复杂形状的构件在未来将在能源、环境、运输和通讯领域占有重要的地位。综述了陶瓷预制体聚合物的合成、聚合物制备陶瓷的性能、聚合物制备陶瓷的方法以及影响聚合物热解的主要因素。     

SiC/SiC复合材料高温面内剪切强度测试方法研究

以三维四向编织方式的碳化硅纤维预制体为增强相,选用聚碳硅烷为先驱体浸渍剂,采用聚合物先驱体浸渍裂解工艺制备了SiC纤维增强SiC陶瓷基(SiC/SiC)复合材料,进而采用自主设计研制的陶瓷基复合材料高温面内剪切测试夹具对SiC/SiC复合材料进行高温面内剪切强度测试,分析研究了试样形状尺寸、加载速率、夹具材料等对SiC/SiC复合材料高温面内剪切强度测试结果的影响,并分析了夹具材料、测试环境等对测试夹具寿命的影响,最终优化确认出一套较优的针对SiC/SiC复合材料的高温面内剪切强度测试方法。     

碳化硅/氮化硅/聚丙烯复合材料的制备及介电性能研究

通过在聚丙烯(PP)中填充不同体积的氮化硅和碳化硅等导热填料,制备出系列Si3N4/SiC/PP复合材料,对复合材料的介电性能进行了测试及分析。实验结果表明,填充加碳化硅和氮化硅填料后均能提高PP的介电常数,碳化硅比氮化硅更有利于PP复合材料介电常数的增加。在PP体积比固定为50%的Si_3N_4/SiC/PP复合材料中,当填料体积比Si_3N_4∶SiC=1∶4时,其介电常数最大达到16.4,介电损耗在0.03左右。通过在聚合物基体中添加导热性陶瓷填料,能够迅速提高聚合物的介电性能,制备具有高介电常数和低介电损耗的陶瓷/聚合物复合材料。     

无压烧结制备Al2O3/SiC纳米复合陶瓷

用沉淀法包裹微米级SiC颗粒，通过常压、埋烧制备Al2O3／SiC纳米复合陶瓷。通过XRD、TG和SEM等分析了煅烧和烧结过程中相组成的变化、烧成收缩和显微结构。结果表明：利用SiC粉埋烧及碳粉制造还原气氛，含8wt％SiC(平均粒径为5mm)的复合粉末经800℃煅烧、成型，试样于1550℃，2h烧结，可制备Al2O3／SiC纳米复合陶瓷，其相对体积密度达95．2％，在烧结过程中由SiC氧化形成的无定形SiO2及与基质氧化铝反应形成的莫来石前躯体可大大促进烧结。     

Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells,Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the release of a plethora of mediators from mast cells culminating in serious respiratory, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous manifestations that can be fatal. Medications, foods, latex, exercise, hormones (progesterone), and clonal mast cell disorders may be responsible. More recently, novel syndromes such as delayed reactions to red meat and hereditary alpha tryptasemia have been described. Anaphylaxis manifests as sudden onset urticaria, pruritus, flushing, erythema, angioedema (lips, tongue, airways, periphery), myocardial dysfunction (hypovolemia, distributive or mixed shock and arrhythmias), rhinitis, wheezing and stridor. Vomiting, diarrhea, scrotal edema, uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, urinary incontinence, dizziness, seizures, confusion, and syncope may occur. The traditional (or classical) pathway is mediated via T cells, Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and 5), B cell production of IgE and subsequent crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils by IgE-antigen complexes, culminating in mast cell and basophil degranulation. Degranulation results in the release of preformed mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin G and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and of de novo synthesized ones such as lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes), platelet activating factor (PAF), cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Of these, histamine, tryptase, cathepsin G, TNF-α, LTC₄, PAF and VEGF can increase vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that mast cell-derived histamine and PAF can activate nitric oxide production from endothelium and set into motion a signaling cascade that leads to dilatation of blood vessels and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier. The latter, characterized by the opening of adherens junctions, leads to increased capillary permeability and fluid extravasation. These changes contribute to airway edema, hypovolemia, and distributive shock, with potentially fatal consequences. In this review, besides mechanisms (endotypes) underlying IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, we also provide a brief overview of IgG-, complement-, contact system-, cytokine- and mast cell-mediated reactions that can result in phenotypes resembling IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Such classifications can lead the way to precision medicine approaches to the management of this complex disease.     

Hydrocarbon components of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly sex pheromone

The primary sex pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was found to include a series of straight-chain hydrocarbon dienes, all with the double bonds in the 9 and 19 positions and all with the (Z, Z) configuration. The major components, of 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In the field and the greenhouse, the synthetic dienes were far above control levels in activity but, at least during the first hours of bioassay, were somewhat less active than the female-derived materials on a weight basis. In the field, a mixture of all five synthetic dienes, in the proportions found in the females, was more attractive than any single one, on a mole basis. In addition, (Z, Z)-9,19 dienes of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 39 carbons have been detected in females in minor amounts. The first five were bioassayed, and each was found to be similar in activity to the 35-carbon component when compared on a weight basis. The synthetic dienes, while active by themselves, were strongly synergized by two, more polar, Florisil fractions derived from females. Experimental design considerations are discussed.     

Organokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Critical Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Organokines can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. Among RA patients, organokines have been associated with increased inflammation and cartilage degradation due to augmented cytokines and metalloproteinases production, respectively. This study aimed to perform a review to investigate the role of adipokines, osteokines, myokines, and hepatokines on RA progression. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were searched, and 18 studies were selected, comprising more than 17,000 RA patients. Changes in the pattern of organokines secretion were identified, and these could directly or indirectly contribute to aggravating RA, promoting articular alterations, and predicting the disease activity. In addition, organokines have been implicated in higher radiographic damage, immune dysregulation, and angiogenesis. These can also act as RA potent regulators of cells proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, controlling osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts as well as immune cells chemotaxis to RA sites. Although much is already known, much more is still unknown, principally about the roles of organokines in the occurrence of RA extra-articular manifestations.     

Field evidence of synergism and inhibition in the sesiidae sex pheromone system

The E,Z, Z,Z, and Z,E geometric isomers of 3,13 octadecadien-1-ol acetate were used singly and in binary combinations to trap sesiids in Wisconsin cherry orchards. The Z,E isomer alone did not capture any sesiids. A synergistic effect, however, of Z,E onSynanthedon pictipes response to its pheromone E,Z was demonstrated for the first time. Strong inhibitory effects of the Z,Z isomer onS. pictipes response to E,Z, and of the E,Z isomer onS. scitula response to Z,Z, were found. As little as 0.5% of Z,Z in E,Z completely inhibited theS. pictipes response. This species' response was also reduced by 85% when Z,Z was evaporated at 4 points, each ca. 6 m from the pheromone trap. Consistencies and discrepancies of the data with relevant experimental results from other geographical areas are briefly discussed.Lepidoptera: Sesiidae (=Aegeriidae), the clearwing moths.Research supported by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and by the Wisconsin Red Tart Cherry Ind. Market. Order.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定唇膏中4种金属的含量

唇膏经微波消解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铅、锰、铬、镉的含量。在优化的仪器工作条件下,质量浓度分别在32.0、8.0、8.0、8.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别为4.2、3.5、2.3、2.5μg/L,测得回收率在98%~103%之间,精密度分别为4.1%、3.6%、3.9%、2.7%。     

陶瓷名物探源二则

匋、陶、窑(窯)上古皆读成舌头音,意义又相通,实际为一个意义上先后产生的几个形体不同的字,先民以陶(匋)既称呼窑灶,又指窑灶出品之物,又指制作陶器;坏(坯)、瓶、瓬、瓿、甂、缶、钵、皿、杯(盃)、盆(瓫)均指窑灶所出之物或后世模仿窑灶出品之物,其字皆由重唇音演变而来,亦为同胞兄弟的同源词。     

典型过程强化技术在纳米材料制备中的应用进展

纳米材料被誉为21世纪的新材料,广泛应用于化工、电子、国防、陶瓷等领域.传统的纳米材料制备方法面临粒径控制较困难、批次间重复性差,存在放大效应等不足.过程强化技术是化学工程学科的研究前沿和热点方向之一,旨在通过在生产过程中采用新工艺、新设备等手段,实现缩减操作单元、减小设备体积、提高生产能力及能量利用效率的目的,是实现...     

木质素纳米颗粒的制备及其功能化应用研究进展

木质素是一种天然生物质资源,来源广泛,成本低廉。近年来,利用纳米技术将木质素制备成木质素功能化纳米颗粒极大推动了木质素的利用,同时显著解决了传统材料无法解决的突出问题。详细介绍了木质素功能化纳米颗粒的自组装法、机械法、聚合组装法、冻干炭化法等制备方法及其在催化剂、助剂、吸附剂、紫外防护和抗氧化、抗菌、载体材料、聚集诱导发光材料等领域的应用研究,展望了木质素纳米颗粒的应用前景。指出实现木质素纳米颗粒的可控制备、功能化修饰,将有利于推动木质素功能化纳米颗粒在环保、能源、催化和生物医学等领域的进一步应用。     

明胶分子量分布测定和表征的研究进展(二)

<正> 6.SDS—PAGE(十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯 酰胺凝胶电泳)法 从1959年Raymond和1964年Davis用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离人血清蛋白成功后,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳得到了广泛的发展,成为分离、分析蛋白质、核酸类生物