两段沸腾炉还原焙烧

一、前言红土矿是综合回收铁、钴、镍等金属的一种资源。当采用还原焙烧氨浸回收镍、钴,及从浸出渣回收铁的流程处理这种矿石时,还原焙烧过程镍、钴、铁等元素的还原程度,对镍和钴的回收率及钢铁的质量有很大的影响。     

新技术与新成果

2014062用含钴废料直接生产高纯度电子级硫酸钴的方法用含钴废料直接生产高纯度电子级硫酸钴的方法，涉及一种用含钴废料生产硫酸钴的工艺。包括原料检验分类、湿磨调浆、酸分解、过滤洗涤分离、提取海棉铜，其特殊之处在于接着进行针铁矿法除铁、P204萃取除杂、钴镍分离、N235萃取提纯和浓缩结晶。能利用各种钴废料直接再生出高纯度的电子级硫酸钴，可以满足现代高科技产业对硫酸钴高纯度的要求；钴的总回收率高于等于98％；能综合回收各种有用元素，在再生主产品电子级硫酸钴的同时，可再毕海绵铜、碳化钨、氡氢化铁和碳酸镍。     

耐蚀镍合金

镍是耐腐蚀合金理想的基本元素。不仅它自身对某些化学物质有抗蚀能力，而日．它可以与其他耐腐蚀元素（如：铬、铜和钼）高度合金化，并保持其易延展的面心立方体结构。铁的亲和力没有这么强，因此，对不锈钢而言，既要保证这些合金化元素如此高的含量，又保持结构稳定是无法实现的。     

机械合金化Al—10Fe—4Ni粉末体组织特征

采用扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线结构分析研究了铝、铁、镍单元混合粉在机械合金化时粉末的粒度、形态、组织特征以及微观结构的变化规律。测定了铁、镍在铝中的固溶度变化以及球磨对微观应变及微晶尺寸的影响,结果表明,铁、镍在铝中的固溶与微晶尺寸碎化同时进行,但这一切都必须以三种粉末在球磨初期形成细密的复合层状组织为前提。     

以镍代钴碳化钨基硬质合金的发展

综述了近几年国内外以镍代钴碳化钨基硬质合金的发展概貌。论述了硬质合金以镍代钴的理论根据及意义。通过合金化、合金晶粒细化、添加微量稀土元素等工艺措施,镍可以全部取代钴,其合金性能和钴合金相当,而抗氧化性能优于钴合金     

NiAl金属间化合物的研究进展

对NiAl金属间化合物的国内外研究现状如改善NiAl合金力学性能和高温抗氧化性能等所 采用的合金化、制备多相合金、制备复合材料、定向凝固、机械合金化、热压及热等静压、燃烧合成、 微晶涂层等工艺以及NiAl合金的超塑性行为进行了系统综述,着重介绍并论述了合金化及定向 凝固等工艺。此外,还介绍了NiAl合金的固溶强化磁行为。     

钴镍萃取过程中萃合物配位结构的研究进展

介绍了钴镍冶金的现状和发展方向,论述了钴镍萃取与分离工艺的特点和优势,指出了当前在钴镍萃取与分离方面存在的问题,说明了钴镍萃取反应过程中萃合物空间配位结构研究的必要性;总结了钴镍的物理化学性质、配位数和空间配位结构,讨论了不同配体对钴镍配合物的空间构型的影响,并运用配位场理论,分别从晶体场配位理论和价键理论两个方面分析了不同萃取体系下钴镍配合物的空间构型存在差异的原因;综述了单一萃取体系和协同萃取体系下钴镍的配位数和空间配位结构及其研究方法的国内外最新进展,并利用配位场理论解释了不同萃取体系下钴镍萃合物的差异;指出了当前在钴镍萃合物的配位结构研究方面存在的不足,展望了未来钴镍萃合物结构研究的潜在方法和发展方向,为钴镍萃取工艺实践提供了理论指导。     

重金属——钴

钴是具有钢灰色和金属光泽的硬质金属．钴(Co)原子序数为27，位于元素周期表第八族，原子量为58．93，它的主要物理、化学参数与铁、镍接近．属铁族元素。     

新技术与成果

基于钨和/或钼和3d过渡金属的微细全属粉末本发明涉及一种预合金化的金属粉末,其基本上由钨和/或钼、至少一种选自铁、钴、镍和铜的过渡金属,以及任选地至少一种添加剂构成,以金属总重量计,铁的含量低于50%(重量),添加剂总含量低于3%(重量),采     

从盐酸分解钴渣的溶液中吸附除铜

在综合处理固体合金废料以及含镍、铁和铜的钨合金废料时,传统的方法是和硝石熔合,再将熔块水浸,钴、钛、铁、镍、铜以及其它元素的氧化物(钴渣)会沉在底部。在盐酸分解钴渣转变成溶液的过程中,除了所需组分外,一些主要杂质(诸如铁、镍和铜)也会转移到溶液中。为了把钴返回到硬质合金的生产中,需要在湿法转化阶段深度净化溶液,以求除去上述一些杂质,特别是钴中的铜含量不得超过0.04％。由于将溶液中的铜水解净化到这样的残余含量会引起水合滤渣中钴的损失增高,而进一步贫化又是一个十分复杂的课题,为此,本文的目的旨在以选择性吸附铜来净化溶液的可能性进行研究。     

Control of ordered structure and ductility of (Fe,Co, Ni)3V alloys

This study is directed toward improvement of the ductility of long-range ordered alloys through control of their ordered crystal structure. A series of ordered alloys was prepared with a base composition of Co₃V, where Co was partially replaced with Fe and Ni. The stability and structure of the ordered phases in these (Fe,Co,Ni)₃V alloys were characterized by various metallurgical methods. The results indicate that the ordered structure in this alloy system can be controlled by adjusting the electron density, and that the L1₂ type cubic ordered structure (α′) is stable in the alloys with electron density less than 7.888. The phase relation in the cubic ordered alloys depends on the Fe concentration. For the alloys containing <20 pct Fe, the disordered α solid solution transforms to the cubic α′ ordered on the fcc lattice at temperatures below 1000°C. For the alloys containing >20 pct Fe, the α′ is formed through a peritectoid reaction, namely, α+σ→α′. Tensile tests indicate that the alloys with multilayered hexagonal ordered structure are very brittle, while the alloys with the cubic ordered structure are ductile at room temperature. The ductility of the cubic ordered alloys increases with decreasing Co content. The alloys with <55 pct Co showed dimple type ductile rupture with elongation over 40 pct at room temperature. The correlation of ductility with ordered structure is discussed.     

A first-principles study on electronic structures and elastic properties of metal dopedα-Fe(N) high nitrogen steel

The binding energies,electronic structures and elastic properties of Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni and Mg dopedα-Fe(N)systems have been investigated using a first-principles method.The calculated results show that the dopings of Ti,V,Cr and Co improve the stability ofα-Fe(N),and the stability ofα-Fe(N)is slightly weakened by Mn and Ni,and the doping of Mg is disadvantageous.For Ti,V,Cr and Mn dopedα-Fe(N)systems in which the doping metals are on the left side of Fe in the element periodic table andα-Fe(N)systems doped by Co and Ni on the right side of Fe,their corresponding cohesive forces decrease with decreasing atomic radius of the doping species.The obvious interaction exists among M3 d,Fe4s3p3d and N2 p.In these doping systems,metal atoms lose electrons,while N gains electrons.Dopings of Ti,V,Cr and Mn inα-Fe(N)strengthen the interaction between N and the surrounding metals,and it is not apparent for the dopings of Co,Ni and Mg.Elastic calculations of Fe15 MN systems show that,except for the Fe15 MgN system,shear modulus G and Young modulus E of Fe15 MN systems are improved,and the bulk modulus Bslightly decreases,namely,total elastic properties are enhanced.The magnitude change rule of E reflecting the cohesive force between atoms is consistent with that for the binding energies.     

Ni_(43)Mn_(46-x)T_xSn_(11)(T=Fe,Co,Ni)合金的马氏体相变和磁熵变

通过示差扫描量热仪和振动样品磁强计对Ni43Mn46-xTxSn11(T=Fe,Co,Ni)铁磁形状记忆合金的相变、磁性以及磁熵变进行了研究。结果表明,由于价电子浓度的增加,Fe,Co,Ni替代Mn使马氏体转变温度大幅提高。Fe,Ni掺杂对马氏体居里温度(TCM)影响不大,Co则使TCM略有下降;奥氏体居里温度(TCA)对成分比较敏感,Fe,Ni的加入均使TCA略有提高,而Co则会大大提高TCA。由于马氏体相变伴随着磁化强度的突变,Ni43Mn46-xTxSn11合金在马氏体相变附近具有较大的低场磁熵变,对于Ni43Mn41Co5Sn11在室温1T磁场下磁熵变达到了19J.kg-.1K-1。通过调节成分,磁熵变峰值温度可以在199和294K之间调节,同时保持了较大低场磁熵变。     

粘结剂成分对WC－20（Fe／Co／Ni）硬质合金力学性能和显微组织的影响

用常规的粉末冶金工艺试制了四种成分的ＷＣ－２０（Ｆｅ／Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ）合金，优选粘结剂的成分及总碳量可使其力学性能最佳。着重研究了ＷＣ－２０（Ｆｅ／Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ）合金的力学性能和显微组织，发现：粘结相为李晶马氏体和奥氏体时，其主要力学性能不低于ＷＣ－２Ｃｏ；而粘结相全部为板条马氏体时，其主要力学性能低于ＷＣ－２Ｃｏ     

Catalysis mechanism and catalyst design of diamond growth

The crystal structure and electron structure of diamond and its Mn, Co, and Ni catalysts are theoretically investigated. The catalysis mechanism of Mn, Co, and Ni in the transformation from graphite to diamond is found, and the electron structure criterion of catalysts is advanced. (1) In molten state, Mn, Co, and Ni form short-range orders of Mn₃C, Co₃C, and Ni₃C with graphite. (2) The atom groups formed by C-C bonds can be separated from the short-range orders because of the impact of equivalent electron in Mn, Co, and Ni. (3) The atom groups formed by C-C bonds have the similar crystal structure and electronic structure to those of the diamond growth interface. (4) Under high temperature and high pressure, the atom groups formed by C-C bonds adjust their bond length and electron density and stack their atoms in the regulation of the diamond growth interface. (5) Only the elements that have equivalent electron and can form Do ₁₁, Pbnm-type crystal structure with carbon can be catalysts. According to these, new catalysts can be searched and designed.     

Effect of rare-earth doping on adsorption of carbon atom on ferrum surface and in ferrum subsurface: A first-principles study

The adsorption of carbon atom on Fe surface and in Fe subsurface with and without rare earth (La and Ce) substitution in the surface layer and subsurface layer was studied by first-principles calculations. The carbon atom is predicted to adsorb at hollow and long bridge site on Fe(100) and Fe(110), respectively. However, the carbon atom shifts to occupy preferentially hollow site on both Fe(100) and Fe(110) with rare earth atom doping at surface layer. The lower adsorption energies involved with stronger adsorption abilities were obtained for carbon atoms on Fe surface with rare earth doping at surface layer, which was determined by the electronic structure of the surface atoms. The La atom was pulled out the surface after carbon adsorption due to strong interaction of La–C, which is consistent with the more charge transfer. In the subsurface region, the carbon atom prefers to occupy at octahedral site with rare earth doping at surface layer in Fe slab. These strong adsorption energies of the carbon atoms on Fe surface and in Fe subsurface with rare earth pose relevant insights into the interaction between carbon and rare earth, which helps to understanding the influence mechanism of rare earth in carburizing.     

Effect of heat treatment on the crystalline structure of martensite in iron-, nickel-, manganese- and silicon-doped CoW and CoMo alloys

X-ray investigation of the crystalline structure of martensite of CoWFe, CoMo(Fe, Ni, Mn, Si) single crystals is performed after quenching and preliminary aging in α and β phases. Continuous decomposition of α and β solid solutions at aging at temperatures 500–700°C is observed. In Fe- and Ni-doped alloys the multilayer martensile polytypes are formed. In CoMoFe and CoMoNi single crystals such polytypes are found at the satellite stages of decomposition.     

Hydrogen-solute interaction in nickel-based dilute alloys studied by internal friction technique

The internal friction has been measured for dilute NiM alloys (M = Ti, Si, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pd, V) containing hydrogen over a temperature range from 60 to 400 K. An internal friction peak due to the interaction between substitutional solute atoms and interstitial hydrogen atoms (SI peak, SIP) is observed around 160K except for the NiCo alloy. Detailed measurements have been performed on the NiTi alloy; the binding energy for the TiH pair; evaluated from the solute and hydrogen concentration dependence of the peak height, is smaller than 2 kJ/mol. The relaxation strength of the SIP is comparable to the Snoek peaks in b.c.c. metals, and is closely related to the dilatation of the host Ni lattice by alloying. Below 120 K, a background internal friction is observed in specimens which show the SIP. The background is explained in terms of the magnetomechanical damping accompanied by the hydrogen reorientation around solute atoms under a static stress due to magnetostriction.     

Correlation of 3d transition metal carbide phase formation with 3d electrons by carbon ion implantation

A systematic study of carbide phase formation by carbon ion implantation showed NaCl type f.c.c. carbide formation in Ti, V and Cr, and hexagonal carbide formation in Fe, Co and Ni. No carbide formation was observed in the system Cu, Ag, Au and Zn. This indicates that 3d transition metal carbide phase formation by carbon ion implantation correlates with incomplete 3d shell electrons. The s shell electrons do not contribute. The electronic factor was further demonstrated in the structural alternation from f.c.c. in systems of Ti, V and Cr to hexagon in Fe, Co and Ni with increasing 3d electron concentration, which follows the Hume-Rothery rule.     

Austenite ferromagnetism and martensite morphology

The Curie temperature of the austenite, the martensite-start temperature, and martensite morphology have been determined in a series of nil-carbon Fe?Ni and Fe?Ni?Co alloys. For these alloys, austenite ferromagnetism aboveM _s is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the formation of lenticular rather than packet martensite. In contrast to Fe?Ni alloys where lenticular martensite only forms below ≈O°C, some of the Fe?Ni?Co alloys transform to this structure at temperatures up to ≈200°C. The results support the hypothesis that the resistance of austenite to plastic deformation affects the habit plane and thus morphology of the martensite which forms.