民用方型蜂窝煤燃烧采暖的减排效果及经济性分析

采用低排放-低成本的洁净型煤取暖技术路径有效解决散煤燃烧取暖带来的环境污染问题,是现阶段实现我国欠发达农村地区清洁取暖的有效举措之一。系统评估了2种新型民用方型蜂窝煤配套专用炉具燃烧采暖的减排效果和经济性。结果表明,无烟煤方型蜂窝煤和烟煤方型蜂窝煤基于单位燃料质量的PM_2.5排放因子分别为0.09和0.43 g/kg、CO排放因子为51.61和38.35 g/kg、NO_x排放因子为0.72和0.63 g/kg。与散煤相比,PM_2.5可减排96.16%和81.64%、CO可减排85.15%和88.97%、NO_x可减排53.25%和59.09%。无烟煤方型蜂窝煤、烟煤方型蜂窝煤和散煤的固硫率分别为61.55%、70.76%和20.93%。相比散煤,方型蜂窝煤的PM_2.5、CO和NO_x排放较低,且具有较好的固硫效果,可有效减少SO₂排放。方型蜂窝煤取暖的减排效果不仅受燃料性质影响,其配套专用炉具的进料方式、燃烧方式、供风系统设计等对其减排效...     

生物质蜂窝煤燃烧过程SO2排放及灰渣特性研究

以生物质和高硫煤为原料 ,制成了蜂窝状民用生物质复合蜂窝煤 .在一个固定床燃烧实验台上对这种复合蜂窝煤的燃烧特性进行了研究 ,对燃烧过程的 SO2 浓度进行了在线检测 .结果表明 ,生物质的加入能明显减少高硫煤燃烧过程中的 SO2 排放 ,且随着生物质的加入 ,SO2 的排放浓度减小 .并对不含生物质的蜂窝煤和生物质含量为 2 0 %的复合蜂窝煤的燃烧灰渣进行了XRD,SEM分析和比较 ,结果表明 ,生物质复合蜂窝煤灰渣中的 Ca SO4含量比一般蜂窝煤的要高 ,说明生物质能改善蜂窝煤的固硫性能 ,SEM的分析结果表明 ,生物质复合蜂窝煤的灰渣比传统蜂窝煤灰渣具有更发达的微观孔隙结构 ,这种优良的孔隙结构有利于固硫反应的进行 ,进一步讨论了生物质蜂窝煤具有高固硫性能的机制     

《清洁采暖炉具现场测试及评价方法》标准的编制思路及要点

民用固体燃料燃烧是我国固定源排放的主要来源之一,现场测试对于准确描述民用固体燃料燃烧产生的环境、健康影响和性能评估至关重要。因此,中国农村能源行业协会组织开展了《清洁采暖炉具现场测试及评价方法》(以下简称“《标准》”)的编制工作。该《标准》首次规定了民用炉具现场测试的关键指标和测试方法,对《标准》编制的思路和主要内容进行了阐述,并对其要点进行了总结。     

民用散煤污染治理(Ⅰ)不同炉具燃烧特性的对比试验研究

为了提高市面上炉具的燃烧效率,降低民用煤散烧污染物排放,获取市面上不同燃烧方式民用炉具的燃烧特性,考察了兖矿集团研制的高效改性烟煤型煤在兖矿蓝天解耦燃烧炉具和市面上6种典型的民用炉具中的燃烧特性,包括上火速度、火力强度、烟气温度、热负荷、CO排放浓度等。根据燃烧方式可将炉具分为3类,分别是正烧类炉具、反烧类炉具及解耦燃烧炉具。结果表明,正烧类炉具具有较高的上火速度及火力强度,分别达到8℃/min和2 kW以上,但使用过程中烟囱有大量黑烟冒出,烟气污染物排放浓度高,并且排烟温度较高,平均达到300℃左右,导致炉具热效率低,热负荷难以控制,需频繁加煤,导致炉具燃烧和污染物排放具有极强的周期性;反烧类炉具因其多回程的炉膛结构原因,大部分不具备炊事功能,炉具使用过程基本无烟,减少了PM_(2.5)以及有机挥发分气体的排放,运行过程较为稳定,但由于其贯穿炉膛的送风及燃烧方式,导致料层容易烧穿,冒出大量黑烟。解耦炉具的上火速度与火力强度分别可达到6℃/min及2 kW以上,具有较好的炊事能力,使用过程无烟,且平均烟气温度不超过250℃,热效率高,热负荷易于调节,加煤周期较长,燃烧、供热稳定。同时,解耦炉具通过合理的一、二次风配比,使型煤充分燃烧,CO排放浓度低于普通正烧及反烧类炉具。通过"煤炉匹配"在实现烟煤无烟化燃烧的同时,达到上火快,火力强,好使用的目的。     

典型煤炭燃料在民用解耦炉中的燃烧实验研究

实验对比研究了烟煤块状半焦及烟煤型煤等煤炭燃料在民用解耦炉中燃烧时的污染物排放特性和炊事能力,并基于解耦测试炉对烟煤型煤的特征尺寸进行优化,验证了解耦炉具对不同种类民用煤炭燃料的适应性。结果表明,民用解耦燃煤炉具特有的结构特征和通风方式有利于NOx和CO的同时减排。若在解耦炉中燃烧烟煤洁净型煤,可进一步实现对SO2和颗粒物(PM)的有效控制。型煤尺寸对炉具污染物排放影响显著,尺寸优化后的烟煤洁净型煤在解耦炉中稳定燃烧时NO, SO2, CO和PM的平均排放浓度按基准氧含量9vol%折算后,分别低于190, 300, 380和30 mg/m3,炊事功率可达1.65 kW。     

民用解耦燃煤炉中的NO x 和CO同时减排

典型民用解耦燃煤炉具有底部连通的两个分别被称为热解室和燃烧室的并列炉膛，煤炭从热解室上部加入，空气通过热解室底部的倾斜炉排引入。结合煤炭燃烧过程中的氮转移路线与解耦炉中的气体循环流动特征，定性分析了民用解耦燃煤炉中的NO _x 和CO同时减排机理，并在此基础上对配风和煤种等因素对NO和CO排放的影响进行了定量实验研究。结果表明，民用解耦燃煤炉特有的结构特征和通风方式有利于NO _x 和CO的同时减排，解耦炉具与洁净型煤匹配可显著降低综合污染物排放。     

民用解耦燃煤炉中的NO_x和CO同时减排

典型民用解耦燃煤炉具有底部连通的两个分别被称为热解室和燃烧室的并列炉膛,煤炭从热解室上部加入,空气通过热解室底部的倾斜炉排引入。结合煤炭燃烧过程中的氮转移路线与解耦炉中的气体循环流动特征,定性分析了民用解耦燃煤炉中的NO_x和CO同时减排机理,并在此基础上对配风和煤种等因素对NO和CO排放的影响进行了定量实验研究。结果表明,民用解耦燃煤炉特有的结构特征和通风方式有利于NO_x和CO的同时减排,解耦炉具与洁净型煤匹配可显著降低综合污染物排放。     

生物质型煤燃烧特性的研究

笔者对型煤的工艺、燃烧机理进行了分析，同时通过试验得出了影响生物质型煤燃烧速度的主要因素。为生物质型煤工业锅炉和民用炉具的设计提供了理论依据。     

C5馏分油作民用燃料的研究

C5馏粉油主要来源于石油烃高温裂解制乙烯过程的副产品，随着乙烯工业的发展，乙烯废弃的C5馏分量逐年增大，另一方面，民用燃料需要量颇为可观，由此，对C5馏分油用作民用燃料进行研究，采用乙烯废弃的C5馏分油作原料，对C5馏分油作燃料燃烧的各种影响因素进行考察，通入不同空气量，加入助燃添加剂，改造炉具等方法，提高C5馏分油的燃烧性能，并且，由大量实验得出燃烧燃烧的最佳使用条件，当空气量为184．93l/h，添加剂量质量分数为0．1％，炉具孔径为2．0mm时，C5馏分油燃烧的火焰状况，烧水时间，水升温速率等指标都与液化气燃烧情况相接近，证明C5馏分油作为民用燃料使用是可行的，这样既对废弃的原料得以合理利用，又可以解决民用燃料短缺问题。     

906型节煤炉具的研究

<正> 我国城镇民用燃料的构成主要有煤炭、石油气、天然气等,其中煤炭约占93%。为此国家在1987年发布了“关于发展民用型煤的暂行办法”。如果把全国民用的一亿吨散煤加工成蜂窝煤,配以先进型煤炉具,既提高了热效率又节约了煤炭,见表1。若按节煤25%计算,全国每年可节约民用煤2500万 t,价值10多亿元。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。