基于矩形贴片天线的应变传感器模拟与测试

当贴片天线经历应变时,天线形状发生改变,导致其谐振频率发生偏移。基于此原理,提出采用矩形贴片天线的应变传感器测量结构中的应变。采用了2.4GHz的1/4波长矩形贴片天线作为应变传感单元,首先,利用HFSS~(TM)软件设计应变传感器的尺寸参数,分别模拟该天线在长度与宽度方向经历拉应变时的谐振频率偏移;其次,分别将贴片天线以纵向、横向的方式粘贴在铝板上进行了受拉实验;最后,利用网络分析仪获得天线的谐振频率。模拟与测试结果表明,天线的谐振频率偏移与天线长度方向上的应变具有良好的线性关系,同时,天线宽度方向上的应变对其谐振频率的影响较小。     

接地板变形对微带阵列电性能影响的仿真分析

针对微带阵列天线在制造与使用过程中接地板存在变形的情况,仿真分析了碗状与正弦周期2种结构变形对天线电性能的影响。首先将结构规则的微带贴片天线等效为2条辐射缝隙,研究了其接地板变形对其端口特性与辐射性能的影响。然后通过改变贴片长度和馈电点位置调整了天线的谐振频率和阻抗匹配。在此基础上,建立了矩形排布的4×4贴片阵列,分析了接地板碗状变形与正弦周期变形对阵列辐射性能的影响。仿真数据与图表反映了接地板变形对阵列天线电性能的影响规律。     

复合基质结构优化设计下的应变测量灵敏度提高研究

针对当前微带天线传感器应变测量灵敏度较低的问题,对基质结构进行研究,设计了一种带空气层的复合基质天线传感器.结合遗传算法应用HFSS软件对传感器结构参数进行优化设计,仿真研究最优解下的复合基质天线传感器"谐振频率-应变"关系.对所设计的复合基质天线传感器进行拉伸对比试验,其应变测量灵敏度是传统微带贴片天线传感器的3.1...     

贴片天线传感器平面二维应变测量方法研究

贴片天线传感器因无源无线、结构简单,能同时感知结构应变、裂纹等优点,在结构健康监测中具有广阔的发展前景。针对贴片天线应变传感器一维测量特性与被测结构的多维变形之间的维度差异问题,从理论上分析了贴片天线传感器的双频应变敏感特性,设计了一种用于二维应变测量的组合贴片天线传感器,由垂直布置的贴片天线及一片斜向45°布置的寄生贴片天线组成,基质材料选用耐热性和耐潮性较好的FR4层压板。采用COMSOL Multiphysics仿真软件研究了组合贴片天线传感器的"谐振频率-应变"关系,通过试验探究了其平面结构的二维应变检测性能,并与电阻应变片测量结果进行对比。理论、仿真和试验结果均表明,组合贴片天线检测平面结构的二维应变效果良好,可应用于板梁结构平面应力场的主应力和主方向测量。     

一种探地雷达蝶形天线及其巴伦的设计

提出了一种用于400MHz探地雷达系统新型蝶形天线及微带巴伦的设计。蝶形天线采用FR4单面印刷电路板制作,尺寸为300mm×150mm×2mm,其辐射臂由两级三角形贴片和一个半圆贴片组合而成。微带巴伦采用双面印刷电路板制作,通过在正反两面腐蚀出宽度线性渐变的金属带,构成双线-微带结构。实验表明:所设计的蝶形天线在310-460MHz频率范围内,回波损耗小于-10dB,其相对带宽分别是传统蝶形天线和相关文献报道的1.86和1.65倍,并具有较好的辐射特性。对于400MHz探地雷达系统,该天线及微带巴伦在性能上已达了要求,是有效可行的设计方案。     

面向结构裂纹监测的贴片天线传感器技术研究进展

文中针对国内外将微带贴片天线传感器应用在金属结构裂纹监测领域中的关键技术研究展开阐述，详细介绍了基于微带贴片天线的裂纹参数监测技术、阵列设计方法、多参数解耦技术以及抗干扰技术近年来的研究现状,分别对各部分研究中微带天线传感器在结构设计、参数监测灵敏度、应用现状等方面进行了概括。最后,总结了微带天线裂纹监测技术的发展历程,并面向今后在实际应用中需要考虑的技术问题和未来发展方向进行了展望。     

用于金属裂缝检测和测量的微带天线传感器

文中基于微带天线辐射原理设计了用于金属裂缝检测和表征的传感器。传感器实质是由一个金属谐振腔制成,金属谐振腔的谐振频率对传感器的辐射贴片和金属地的电特性极其敏感。把被测金属结构当作传感器的金属地,金属结构的裂缝扩展导致了传感器谐振频率的偏移。因此,通过读取传感器谐振频率的偏移量来检测和表征金属裂缝。从传感器辐射贴片的两个方向对金属裂缝进行了测试,通过实验测试发现:当金属裂缝沿辐射贴片宽度方向存在时,传感器的检测灵敏度是18 MHz/mm,当裂缝沿辐射贴片长度方向存在时,传感器的检查灵敏度是27.5 MHz/mm。传感器由耐高温的氧化铝和金属银浆料制成,因此可以应用到一些高温、高压恶劣环境下。     

微机械微带贴片天线研究

研究了以硅材料作基底的微机械微带贴片天线.采用微细加工技术,将金属导体贴片下方的硅基底背向刻蚀出一个空腔,形成硅材料和空气构成的混合结构,从而降低基底有效介电常数.对混合结构基底的等效介电常数、天线相关参数作了理论与实验比较.     

GIS局部放电检测的微带贴片天线研究

本文结合实际气体绝缘组合电器（GIS）结构、运行特点，设计了用于GIS局部放电检测的外置超高频微带贴片天线（MPA）传感器，该传感器安装在GIS盆式绝缘子处，接收盆式绝缘子处泄漏的电磁波，并对周围空间电磁干扰抑制；在选择天线基板的材料、厚度、形状，以及附加阻抗匹配网络等方面进行了频带展宽。计算和实测表明，天线的有效工作频带展宽为340～440MHz，中心频率为390MHz，相对带宽25．6％，达到宽频带天线范围，并且最大辐射和接收方向上的增益达到了5．38。实验室GIS模拟装置测量表明该天线传感器性能良好，具有较高灵敏度，可用于GIS局部放电在线监测。     

环境电磁辐射测量方法研究

本文研究环境电磁辐射的测量方法,探讨电磁波最小测量系统的组成部分和决定测量结果的关键因素。采用电工器材作为显示部件具有稳定性高、结构简单的优点。研究认为采用1/4λ天线可以全方位收集无线电能量,监测环境电磁波污染,若配以高灵敏度电表可测定点上的全方位电磁波能量。长天线增益高、方向性好、垂直波瓣窄,不利于监测点计算总的辐射场强。采用与天线一体化的检波器件,直接输出直流信号;天线后插入选频网络,可切换到不同的谐振频率;降低天线Q值扩大频谱范围;用多通道接收天线阵列,可加宽监测频带,并减小测量工作人员位置和运动对结果的影响。     

Study on wireless sensing for monitoring the corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures

The reinforcement corrosion has a serious impact on durability and safety of reinforced concrete structures. Based on radio frequency technology, the wireless sensor for the monitoring of reinforcement corrosion is investigated in this paper. The sensors are fabricated and experiments on the sensors are carried out. Experimental results show that it is feasible to determine whether the steel wire is broken or not by monitoring the resonant frequency of the circuit, and the sensor with spring switch designed in this paper can solve the problem of the resonant frequency missing of the sensor during the process of the steel wire corrosion. The encapsulation materials for the sensors are studied.     

A theoretical prediction of the strain path of anisotropic sheet metal deformed under uniaxial and biaxial stress state

A model based on a combination of the micro- and macroscopic theories of plasticity has been built to predict the strain path of a textured sheet metal for a given imposed stress state. By applying the flow rule to a crystallographically based anisotropic continuum yield locus, the deformation strain tensor is determined. For each small increment of deformation, the change in the crystal rotation of each grain is followed and the strain tensor recalculated. The successive changes in the strain state with strain increment give the strain path followed by a material element. Analyses are made for different crystallographic orientations and typical sheet textures of commercially pure aluminium and a Cu-20% Zn alloy deformed in either the uniaxial or equibiaxial stress states. It is found that the simulated strain paths often deviate from those based on isotropic assumptions. The significance of the finding to the study of the formability of sheet metal is discussed.     

A general forming limit criterion for sheet metal forming

The forming limit of sheet metal is defined to be the state at which a localized thinning of the sheet initiates during forming, ultimately leading to a split in the sheet. The forming limit is conventionally described as a curve in a plot of major strain vs. minor strain. This curve was originally proposed to characterize the general forming limit of sheet metal, but it has been subsequently observed that this criterion is valid only for the case of proportional loading. Nevertheless, due to the convenience of measuring strain and the lack of a better criterion, the strain- based forming limit curve continues to play a primary role in judging forming severity. In this paper it is shown that the forming limit for both proportional loading and non-proportional loading can be explained from a single criterion which is based on the state of stress rather than the state of strain. This proposed criteria is validated using data from several non-proportional loading paths previously reported in the literature for both aluminum and steel alloys. In addition to significantly improving the gauging of forming severity, the new stress-based criterion is as easy to use as the strain-based criterion in the validation of die designs by the finite element method. However, it presents a challenge to the experimentalist and the stamping plant because the state of stress cannot be directly measured. This paper will also discuss several methods to deal with this challenge so that the more general measure of forming severity, as determined by the state of stress, can be determined in the stamping plant.     

Optimal contact design and allowable limit on spindle assembly of aluminum hot rolling process

Aluminum sheet ingots go through the hot rolling process to be converted into coils with a gauge suitable for the cold rolling process or plates. The top spindle, end coupling and slipper metal are main components of the hot roll process and used for transmission of rotational power with heavy-duty load. The top spindle connected to the motor and end coupling connected to the roller are combined with the slipper metal which acts as a bearing and joint. The contact surface between end coupling and slipper metal is subjected to stress concentration, and life cycles of slipper metal is reduced. This study aims to minimize the mechanical problems which might happen in the production process. The load condition for hot rolling processes is derived under load condition that is conducted for a hot rolling process under slipper metal combination types and operation situations. A structural analysis is performed by applying mechanical characteristics, combination type, and rotational boundary condition of top spindle, end coupling and slipper metal. Optimal design is performed for contact surface between end coupling and slipper metal. Interference analysis is studied to reduce the stress concentrations. Kinematics simulation is performed by applying the various combination type and dynamic boundary condition of the mill spindle assembly. The interference does not occur on the top spindle and slipper metal, so actual driving of the hot mill spindle assembly can operate in the normal operation condition.     

A performance evaluation method for EMI sheet of metal mountable HF RFID tag

This paper proposes a performance evaluation method for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) sheet of metal mountable RF identification (RFID) tag. The method is based on impedance matching principle, featuring several advantages such as non-contact, high sensitivity and simple configuration. A wireless power transfer model was used to analyze the measurement result, which was later on validated by numerical optimization method. In order to further characterize the performance of the metal tag in terms of the reading range, the relationship between the power transmission coefficient and the reading range is explored. By using the method, an EMI sheet prototype with precise resonant frequency was fabricated, demonstrating a greater read range over the commercial one.     

Characterising material and process variation effects on springback robustness for a semi-cylindrical sheet metal forming process

Variation in the incoming sheet material and fluctuations in the press setup is unavoidable in many stamping plants. The effect of these variations can have a large influence on the quality of the final stamping, in particular, unpredictable springback of the sheet when the tooling is removed. While stochastic simulation techniques have been developed to simulate this problem, there has been little research that connects the influence of the noise sources to springback. This paper characterises the effect of material and process variation on the robustness of springback for a semi-cylindrical channel forming operation, which shares a similar cross-section profile as many automotive structural components. The study was conducted using the specialised sheet metal forming package AutoForm™ Sigma, for which a series of stochastic simulations were performed with each of the noise sources incrementally introduced. The effective stress and effective strain scatter in a critical location of the part was examined and a response window, which indicates the respective process robustness, was defined. The incremental introduction of the noise sources allows the change in size of the stress–strain response window to be tracked. The results showed that changes to process variation parameters, such as BHP and friction coefficient, directly affect the strain component of the stress–strain response window by altering the magnitude of external work applied to forming system. Material variation, on the other hand, directly affected the stress component of the response window. A relationship between the effective stress–strain response window and the variation in springback was also established.     

Remote vibration measurement: a wireless passive surface acoustic wave resonator fast probing strategy

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators can advantageously operate as passive sensors which can be interrogated through a wireless link. Amongst the practical applications of such devices, structural health monitoring through stress measurement and more generally vibration characteristics of mechanical structures benefit from the ability to bury such sensors within the considered structure (wireless and battery-less). However, measurement bandwidth becomes a significant challenge when measuring wideband vibration characteristics of mechanical structures. A fast SAW resonator measurement scheme is demonstrated here. The measurement bandwidth is limited by the physical settling time of the resonator (Q/π periods), requiring only two probe pulses through a monostatic RADAR-like electronic setup to identify the sensor resonance frequency and hence stress on a resonator acting as a strain gauge. A measurement update rate of 4800 Hz using a high quality factor SAW resonator operating in the 434 MHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band is experimentally demonstrated.     

A new model for springback prediction in which the Bauschinger effect is considered

Springback prediction is an important issue for the sheet metal forming industry. Most sheet metal elements undergo a complicated cyclical deformation history during the forming process. For an accurate prediction of springback, the Bauschinger effect must be considered to determine accurately the internal stress distribution within the sheet metal after deformation. Based on the foundations for isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening, Mroz multiple surface model, plane strain assumptions, and experimental observations, a new incremental method and hardening model is proposed in this paper. This new model compares well with the experimental results for aluminum sheet metal undergoing multiple-bending processes. As is well known, aluminum is one of the most difficult sheet metals to simulate. The new hardening model proposed in this paper is not only a generic model for springback prediction but also a hardening model for sheet metal forming process simulation.     

Substepping algorithms with stress correction for the simulation of sheet metal forming process

The finite element analysis of the sheet metal forming process involves various nonlinearities. To predict accurately the final geometry of the sheet blank and the distribution of strain and stress and control various forming defects, such as thinning, wrinkling and springback, etc., the accurate integration of the constitutive laws over the strain path is essential. Our objective in this paper is to develop an effective and accurate stress integration scheme for the analysis of three-dimensional sheet metal forming problems. The proposed algorithm is based on the explicit “substepping” schemes incorporating with the stress correction scheme. The proposed algorithms have been implemented into ABAQUS/Explicit via User Material Subroutine (VUMAT) interface platform. The algorithms are then employed to analyze a typical deep-cup drawing process and the accuracy of these algorithms has been compared with the implicit “return” algorithm and explicit forward algorithm. The results indicate that the explicit schemes with local truncation error control, together with a subsequent check of the consistency conditions, can achieve the same or even better level of accuracy as “return” algorithm does for integrating large plastic problems like sheet metal forming process.     

An insight concept to select appropriate IMFs for envelope analysis of bearing fault diagnosis

Traditional envelope analysis must examine all the resonant frequency bands during the process of bearing fault detection. To eliminate the above deficiency, this paper presents an insight concept based on the empirical mode decomposition to choose an appropriate resonant frequency band for characterizing feature frequencies of bearing faults by using the envelope analysis subsequently. By the band-pass filtering nature of the empirical mode decomposition, the resonant frequency bands are allocated in a specific intrinsic mode function. The inner or outer ring of bearings scratched intentionally is used to validate the feasibility of the proposed idea, and comparisons with the traditional envelope analysis are addressed. The experimental results show that the proposed insight concept can efficiently and correctly diagnose the bearing fault types.