圆感应同步器系统误差的动态提取与补偿

由于采用圆感应同步器的光电转台系统的精度取决于圆感应同步器的角位置测量精度,故对圆感应同步器的系统误差进行了研究。分析了圆感应同步器系统误差的产生机理;使用相关的实验装置对圆感应同步器的系统误差进行了动态的定量测量;最后,结合数据处理和误差机理,确立了圆感应同步器的动态误差模型,并结合误差模型对圆感应同步器的输出信号进行补偿。对补偿方法进行了实验验证,结果显示:实验中使用的720极12位圆感应同步器的动态角度测量精度由补偿前的11.25″提高到了1.17″,角速度估计精度由修正前的0.72(°)/s提高到了0.09(°)/s。这些结果表明提出的动态误差补偿方法能够显著提高圆感应同步器的动态测量精度,满足光电转台指向控制系统的精度要求。     

高精度角分度转台设计及其误差修正研究

高精度转台在诸多领域有着广泛的应用,为了提高其转台角分度精度,提出了一种高精度角分度转台及其误差修正方法。首先,介绍了转台的结构设计,转台采用了蜗轮蜗杆传动、圆光栅测角的形式,轴承采用了交叉滚柱轴环,圆光栅采用了增量式,对转台的载物台面进行了力学仿真分析,考察了转台的静力学性能及模态特征;然后,利用多齿分度台和自准直仪对转台的测角精度进行了标定,根据标定获得的误差分布规律,采用基于查表的方法进行了误差补偿,对于整度数之间无标定数据的部分,采用线性插值的方法获得了误差修正量,从而建立了完整的0～360°范围内的误差修正量数表;最后,分别利用多齿分度台和十七面体对误差修正效果进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:利用该方法进行误差补偿,测角最大误差由32.12″降低到1.95″;同时,查表法有效修正了测角误差,使转台可以满足实际场合的使用要求。     

双读数头圆光栅偏心参数标定修正算法

圆光栅安装偏心误差是影响圆光栅角度测量精度的关键因素,偏心误差补偿是提高角度测量精度的重要方法。为准确辨识和补偿圆光栅安装偏心误差参数,在建立的圆光栅偏心误差模型基础上提出了一种双读数头平均误差补偿方法,对读数误差进行修正,并对测量与修正模型进行仿真实验。使用正23面棱体与光电自准直仪搭建实验装置,对所提方法的测量补偿效果进行验证。实验结果表明:采用所提出的补偿修正方法能够有效补偿圆光栅读数头读数偏差,圆光栅的测角精度达到1″以内。     

基于二维混合式位置编码的高精度测角

针对具有精密旋转轴系类的高端制造装备或精密测量仪器,其旋转角度采用传统圆光栅难以消除偏心误差对测量角度精度的影响,提出了一种基于二维混合式位置编码的旋转角度高精度测量方法。该测角系统由一个二维混合式位置编码盘、两个CCD相机和远心镜头组成,二维混合式位置编码盘被固定在精密旋转轴系上以获得其旋转角度。然后,建立了测角模型并从数学上证明了测角精度与安装偏心无关。利用多齿分度台对已提出测角系统精度进行检测,测量角度误差在±1″。最后,利用已提出测量方法对直驱转台的角度定位精度进行测量,角度定位误差在±5″内。与传统圆光栅测角相比,该方法不需要考虑安装偏心误差对测角精度的影响,具有稳定性好、使用简单等特点,可用于角度定位误差的检测。     

大型望远镜测角系统误差的修正

由于大型望远镜转台轴系对测角精度要求较高,本文研究了测角数据系统的误差修正技术。分析了测角数据误差产生的原因,对测角元件误差、安装误差、被测轴系误差进行了讨论,指出轴系测角分系统的误差规律符合谐波方程,故提出采用谐波方程式来表达误差规律。针对工程应用,建立了基于傅里叶级数的简化谐波方程误差公式,用谐波方程算法和多项式拟合算法对系统误差进行修正。在一个望远镜垂直轴转台进行了试验验证,结果显示测角精度峰值由原来的3.81″提高到了1.06″。实验表明,基于傅里叶级数的修正算法,较好地符合误差分布规律;采用系统误差修正技术,可以对系统综合误差统一修正,能够有效提高系统测角精度。     

圆光栅测角误差实时补偿方法研究

误差补偿是提高圆光栅测角精度的常用手段。一些机床和精密仪器由于没有位置测量元件误差补偿功能,无法进行圆光栅的误差在线补偿。针对这一问题,提出了一种中继式的圆光栅测角误差实时补偿方法。首先,分析了圆光栅测角误差的补偿原理,建立了谐波拟合函数和圆光栅测角误差补偿模型;然后,进行了误差补偿模块的硬件选型,设计了以差分芯片为核心的信号转换电路,包括差分信号转单端信号电路和单端信号转差分信号电路,开发了误差补偿模块的嵌入式软件,将所设计的误差补偿模块插入到圆光栅的信号输出通道,建立了基于中继式误差补偿模块的试验系统;最后,采用雷尼绍校准装置采集了圆光栅的原始误差数据,使用谐波函数对测角误差数据进行了拟合,应用误差补偿模型,利用误差补偿硬件模块,对圆光栅测角误差进行了在线补偿试验。研究结果表明：对测角误差最大值为134.59″的圆光栅进行补偿后,其误差最大值可减小到12.62″,可见采用误差实时补偿方法可以显著提高圆光栅测角精度。     

新型圆光栅测角误差补偿方法及其应用

在实际工业应用中,环境温度变化是便携关节式坐标测量机中旋转轴系测角精度的主要误差源。为了消除环境温度对旋转轴系测角精度的影响,本文提出了一种新型圆光栅测角误差补偿方法,即建立含有环境温度影响因子的圆光栅测角误差补偿模型。利用谐波方法建立在特定温度下的圆光栅测角误差补偿模型,利用多项式方法建立谐波系数与环境温度之间的函数关系。最后,以14℃下的实验数据为验证数据,分别代入到传统谐波误差补偿模型和本文提出的模型中。实验结果表明,相对于传统谐波误差补偿模型,使用本文提出的模型补偿后圆光栅的测角精度提高4倍左右,修正后的残差峰峰值在2″以内,能够有效地补偿10～40℃下圆光栅的测角误差。     

精密转台角分度误差补偿

为了修正精密转台中由圆光栅安装偏心、倾斜等引起的角分度误差,提出一种基于稀疏分解的角分度误差补偿方法。首先,分析了圆光栅安装偏心、倾斜等对精密转台角分度误差的影响。然后,根据圆光栅测角误差中不同阶次误差项的特性,结合稀疏分解思想与谐波分析建立了角分度误差补偿模型,对转台的角分度误差进行补偿。最后,搭建试验平台,采用提出的角分度误差补偿模型对精密转台角分度误差进行修正,验证该方法的有效性。试验结果表明:该方法能够将角分度精度提高2个数量级,对角分度误差最大值为90.85"的转台进行误差补偿后,能够使角定位误差的最大值减小到0.64"。采用该方法进行误差补偿后,能够显著提高角度定位精度,结果满足精密转台角位移的高精度测试要求。     

基准圆光栅偏心检测及测角误差补偿

为了修正关节测试平台中由圆光栅安装偏心所产生的测量误差,建立了圆光栅偏心测角误差补偿模型并对安装偏心检测方法进行研究。首先,根据圆光栅测角与偏心参数间的几何关系,推导出圆光栅测量误差补偿模型。然后,描述了采用双读数头对比接收正弦信号间相位差,检测偏心参数的方法和原理;通过合成信号的李萨茹图形,检测出关节测试平台内圆光栅的偏心距及偏心方向。最后,根据所推导的偏心测角误差补偿公式对测试系统进行修正。对比实验结果表明:修正后的圆光栅测角精度大幅提高,测量精度提高了近5倍,满足关节测试平台的测量精度要求。     

星上敏感器空间矢量自准直测量方法及标定试验

针对星上敏感器测量坐标系高精度标定的需求,提出一种空间矢量自准直测量方法,采用光电自准直经纬仪、卫星转台、基准镜阵列和坐标平移系统等,实现立方镜镜面法向矢量之间夹角的高精度自动化测量。给出空间角测量模型,基于误差传播原理推导出误差模型,并证明不确定度上限;仿真分析传感器精度对空间角测量误差的灵敏度,并在此基础上进行误差分配;设计并研制星上敏感器空间矢量自准直测量系统,对光电自准直经纬仪的转角精度、两轴垂直度和整个系统的空间角测量精度等进行试验标定;结果表明,光电自准直经纬仪转角精度优于0.6″、两轴垂直度优于0.2″,空间角测量精度优于3″,验证所提出方法的有效性、误差分配的合理性和设计方案的可行性,可为高精度星上敏感器的自动化测量标定系统的开发和应用提供参考。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.