时栅测角系统误差自动采样及补偿研究

由于时栅测角系统受限于校准器的运动和装配环境,难以使用光栅作为精度基准仪器来进行密集的误差采样.为了实现较高精度的测量,通过对时栅测角系统的位移解算和对磁场式Ⅱ型时栅传感器结构进行了剖析,利用稀疏采样误差数据开展了频谱研究,得到了测角系统的补偿模型;提出了一种基于激光干涉仪的时栅测角系统误差自动稀疏采样及补偿的方法,采...     

基于 AKF 滤波器的时栅角位移动态误差抑制方法

动态测量下的谐波误差成分是制约高精度、高分辨率的时栅角位移传感器在动态测量领域运用的主要原因之一。针对动态测量下时栅角位移传感器中的谐波抑制难题,首先简述了时栅角位移传感器的系统模型,其次建立了时栅角位移传感器的动态误差数学模型,之后解释了传感器的动态误差产生机理,阐述了自适应卡尔曼滤波的基本原理,最后构建了基于自适应卡尔曼滤波的时栅角位移传感器的动态误差抑制模型。通过仿真分析证明了时栅角位移传感器在匀速和变速运行情况下,经自适应卡尔曼滤波后,动态误差均降低了约70%,且随着传感器转速的提高,对谐波误差的抑制效果越明显。在实验运用中,该滤波算法对时栅角位移传感器的测量值有很好的实时预测性,传感器能够更快速且稳定运行,在100 r/min的转速下测量误差降低约80%。结果证实了自适应卡尔曼滤波在时栅角位移传感器的动态谐波误差抑制中有着显著的作用,能极大地提高传感器的动态测量精度。     

寄生式时栅安装误差对传感器测量精度的影响

为了提高寄生式时栅行波信号的质量和传感器的测角精度,研究了离散式测头安装误差对传感器测角精度的影响。介绍了寄生式时栅的结构组成和工作原理,建立了三维仿真模型,应用Ansoft Maxwell仿真软件对测头与转子不同间隙、测头的俯仰角和偏摆角大小变化对传感器测角精度的影响进行了仿真实验分析,同时应用84对级的寄生式时栅搭建实验平台进行了实际实验验证。仿真和实验结果显示:安装误差中的间隙、俯仰角、测头的偏摆角等因素变化对传感器测量精度均有影响。间隙变化对测量精度的影响具有规律,可通过建模进行修正。实验所用的84对级的寄生式时栅最佳安装间隙大小为0.2mm。俯仰角、偏摆角的变化对测量精度的影响规律变化较复杂,故文中建立了相应的误差补偿模型。本文的研究结果可用于指导传感器的结构优化设计、测头的安装和误差精确补偿,进而提高传感器的测角精度。     

时栅位移传感器的误差修正实用技术

针对时栅角位移传感器定子和转子的加工误差对测量精度的影响,利用多测头法分离出多次谐波成分并加以修正.根据场式时栅角位移传感器的误差特点,针对32对极场式时栅进行了理论分析,分离并消除64次及64的整数倍次以外的谐波分量.定子和转子线槽的分度误差被修正以后,时栅角位移传感器测量精度达到了2′的预定指标.     

时栅传感器直驱式误差自动标定与修正系统

针对研制时栅位移传感器过程中的误差标定环节,常规光栅传感器精度不满足要求的问题,采用激光干涉仪作为误差标定基准,自主研制了基于激光干涉仪的直驱式时栅角位移传感器误差自动标定与修正系统。利用时栅角位移传感器的多测头结构与误差曲线等间距周期性分布的特性,以一个对极的误差曲线重构传感器整周的误差曲线,采用多项式拟合算法构建了时栅角位移传感器的误差修正模型。实验结果表明,误差自动标定与修正系统可以快速、准确地对时栅角位移传感器进行自动误差标定与修正,修正后的时栅角位移传感器的整周误差达到±0.43″。     

基于时间序列的时栅数控转台动态建模研究

时栅运用到全闭环数控转台作位置检测传感器时,需采用时空变换算法将时栅的时域信息转换成空域信息。利用时间序列对时栅数控转台的动态特性进行建模,依据一系列过去测量值预测下一采样时刻角位移,将原本等时采样的绝对式角位移转换为全闭合数控系统需求的等空间增量式连续脉冲。介绍了动态模型选择标准、参数估计、模型检验的原理和算法。采用当前预测值对上一次预测误差进行实时修正,以消除累计误差保证测量精度。实验证明了采用动态模型预测算法能保证动态数控角位移测量误差控制在±3″以内,实现了精密动态全闭环角位移测量。     

寄生式时栅传感器测量不确定度的分析与评定

为了全面分析寄生式时栅误差和不确定度来源,提高寄生式时栅的测量精度,建立符合国际GUM规范检测结果的不确定度评定模型,以84对级的寄生式时栅为研究对象,根据其测量原理分析所测量角度的计算公式,进而将不确定度来源分为插补脉冲个数的误差、插补脉冲信号的量化误差、行波信号的周期误差和环境误差四大类,从理论上建立各不确定度分量之间的理论传递关系,应用现代不确定度理论,推导出合成测量不确定度计算公式。搭建实验平台,利用示波器等仪器的测量结果评定各不确定分量具体数值大小,计算被测角度的合成测量不确定度值。通过与寄生式时栅整圆周的实际测量误差相比较,可以看出利用该评定方法评定的传感器角度测量不确定度与实际误差相符,因此可以用于寄生式时栅传感器的实际评定。     

寄生式时栅传感器动态测量误差的贝叶斯建模

为了提高寄生式时栅传感器的测量精度,分析了它的工作原理和动态误差组成,得到其主要误差分量为常值误差、周期误差和随机误差等。针对寄生式时栅误差特点,建立了寄生式时栅动态误差高精度预测模型,并与其他建模方法进行了比较。选用插入标准值的贝叶斯预测模型,以实际测量的传感器第一个对极动态误差数据进行建模,在后续对极特定位置插入部分实际误差测量数据,建立误差预测模型,预测了传感器后83个对极的动态误差。另选用三次样条插值和BP神经网络建模方法对寄生式时栅整圈动态误差建模,并与建立的误差模型进行了对比。验证实验表明,三次样条插值建模时间最短(0.62s),但其建模精度不高(16.050 0″);贝叶斯动态模型建模时间(0.86s)略长于三次样条插值,但建模精度最高(0.415 3″);BP神经网络建模时间最长(32min),但建模精度最低(19.680 2″)。同时贝叶斯插入标准值建模方法所需数据点(69395个)远少于三次样条和BP神经网络建模数据点(235526个),节省了大量的标定时间和建模数据量,因此可用于寄生式时栅传感器的动态测量误差高精度建模修正。     

基于双测头的时栅位移传感器自标定方法

为提高时栅的测量精度,扩大其应用领域,提出了一种基于双测头的时栅位移传感器实时在线自标定方法。利用空域信号傅里叶级数的空间位移和线性性质,找出了相距一固定角的两个测量位置时栅示值之差数列的傅里叶级数与误差函数傅里叶级数间的关系;在此基础上,提出利用双测头相对回转的方法,实现了相距定角的两测量位置时栅示值之差数列的傅里叶级数的获取和误差函数的重构;分析了定角取值对误差函数重构精度的影响。试验结果表明:该方法能在误差频次高、误差成分复杂的条件下有效降低整周范围内时栅的测量误差,对72对极的时栅传感器,经自标定后剩余误差的峰-峰值小于2″,达到计量光栅精度水平,且系统极易集成,易于实现。该方法特别适合于大直径、大中空等极端特殊条件下时栅的自标定,也同样适用于其他同类型位移传感器的自标定。     

基于d-q变换的时栅位移传感器补偿算法研究

时栅位移传感器是一种新型的栅式位移传感器,它不依赖于空间等分性,通过对时间脉冲进行计数而间接实现位移测量,从而达到高精度测量。介绍了传感器信号变形的原因,将非理想信号分为幅度不均、相位偏移、谐波叠加、波形变形四大类;针对幅度不均的情况,将电机学中的d-q变换引入误差分析,推导出其对寄生式时栅位移传感的误差影响;同时在d-q变换原理的视角下重新审视了时栅传感器的测量过程。提出了一种基于变换空间下的误差补偿算法,d轴的差分项与q轴误差项变化趋势一致,利用变化规律对测量误差进行实时修正。在安装有寄生式时栅位移传感器的实验台上进行了实验并获取到不同情况下的误差曲线,实验结果表明,该补偿算法可以消除幅度不均带来的二次误差,误差压制量达到90%。这种算法完全利用信号本身的特性,无需复杂的运算,将误差部分进行了补偿达到了比较理想的效果,对于寄生式时栅位移传感器的实际应用具有重要意义。     

双摆角铣头摆角切削力矩的计算研究

双摆角铣头是高档数控机床的关键功能部件之一。双摆角铣头结构是实现大型数控龙门镗铣床及加工中心五轴联动的主要形式。首先介绍了通过实验方法计算切削力的过程,在摆角范围给定的条件下,通过理论推导和计算给出了某种结构A/B双摆角铣头摆角切削力矩的计算公式,最后通过特殊位置和任意位置进一步验证了公式的正确性。摆角切削力矩是摆角驱动力矩的重要组成部分,此计算公式的研究对摆角铣头的结构设计具有重要的指导意义。     

Natural roller bearing fault detection by angular measurement of true instantaneous angular speed

The challenge in many production activities involving large mechanical devices like power transmissions consists in reducing the machine downtime, in managing repairs and in improving operating time. Most online monitoring systems are based on conventional vibration measurement devices for gear transmissions or bearings in mechanical components. In this paper, we propose an alternative way of bearing condition monitoring based on the instantaneous angular speed measurement. By the help of a large experimental investigation on two different applications, we prove that localized faults like pitting in bearing generate small angular speed fluctuations which are measurable with optical or magnetic encoders. We also emphasize the benefits of measuring instantaneous angular speed with the pulse timing method through an implicit angular sampling which ensures insensitivity to speed fluctuation. A wide range of operating conditions have been tested for the two applications with varying speed, load, external excitations, gear ratio, etc. The tests performed on an automotive gearbox or on actual operating vehicle wheels also establish the robustness of the proposed methodology. By the means of a conventional Fourier transform, angular frequency channels kinematically related to the fault periodicity show significant magnitude differences related to the damage severity. Sideband effects are evidently seen when the fault is located on rotating parts of the bearing due to load modulation. Additionally, slip effects are also suspected to be at the origin of enlargement of spectrum peaks in the case of double row bearings loaded in a pure radial direction.     

New expressions for angular distributions

An electron scattering model (multiple reflections) based on physical quantities only is refined and extended. New expressions for the most probable scattering angle, for the angular distribution of transmitted electrons, and for the angular distribution of backscattered electrons under oblique incidence, derived by fitting to already published data or to Monte Carlo results, are presented and compared with well-established formulae. The mean path-elongation factor for a multiple reflection model is calculated by introducing a correlation of angular distributions. The value of the new path elongation factor is compared with already existing fits.     

Skidding analysis of angular contact ball bearing subjected to radial load and angular misalignment

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Skidding is a phenomenon that frequently occurs in ball–raceway contact areas of bearings and often leads to their early failure. This paper...     

Analysis of angular distortion in line-heating

A simplified analytical model for prediction of deformations of metal plates due to line-heating process is presented. In the present work, a formula for plate deformation produced by line-heating in terms of process parameters such as heat input and plate dimensions is developed analytically using an eigenstrain concept. The residual deformation due to thermal processing was depends on the magnitude and region of plastic strains at heating zone. The magnitude of plastic strains was determined by disk model and its region was calculated using the Rosenthal's solution. The vertical displacement of the plate was analysed by using an infinite laminated plate theory to consider a cuboidal inclusion with an eigenstrain. Comparison of calculated results and experimental data shows the accuracy and validity of proposed model.     

Evaluation of angular error between two lines

The error caused by the fitting of a set of data points to two lines having a specified angle is defined as the angular error. The evaluation of angular error needs to find two pairs of parallel lines that follow the angular constraint and bound the data points under the minimum zone criterion. The evaluation of angular error is difficult in mathematics, so it is usually simplified by treating one line as the datum and the form error of the other line calculated from the datum as the solution. The datum is assumed to be perfect that doesn’t tell the real properties of the actual line but gives incorrect solutions in general. To give an exact solution to the angular error problem based on the minimum zone criterion, a new mathematical model is proposed in this paper. The basic idea of this model is to rotate the data points of one line to the same direction as that of the other line so that the evaluation of angular error is simplified as solving a straightness problem. The angular error obtained from the proposed model is proved to be minimum. The proposed model offers a simple approach to solve the tough angular error problem, and it also provides a feasible tool to explore more complicated problems, like 3D angular error and polygon error.     

Enhanced angular current intensity from Schottky emitters

Even though the Schottky emitter is a high‐brightness source of choice for electron beam systems, its angular current intensity is substantially lower than that of thermionic cathodes, rendering the emitter impractical for applications that require high beam current. In this study, two strategies were attempted to enhance its angular intensity, and their experimental results are reported. The first scheme is to employ a higher extraction field for increasing the brightness. However, the tip shape transformation was found to induce undesirably elevated emission from the facet edges at high fields. The second scheme exploits the fact that the angular intensity is proportional to the square of the electron gun focal length [ Fujita, S. & Shimoyama, H. (2005) Theory of cathode trajectory characterization by canonical mapping transformation. J. Electron Microsc. 54 , 331–343], which can be increased by scaling‐up the emitter tip radius. A high angular current intensity (J_Ω∼ 1.5 mA sr⁻¹) was obtained from a scaled‐up emitter. Preliminary performance tests were conducted on an electron probe‐forming column by substituting the new emitter for the original tungsten filament gun. The beam current up to a few microamperes was achieved with submicron spatial resolution.     

Interferometric,absolute sensor of angular micro-displacement

A design of a new, absolute sensor for measurement of an angular micro-displacement is presented. In this sensor deflections of incident laser beam generate changes of the constant of the interference fringes that are created by the double arm special interferometer. Fringe constant is determined using a CCD camera and proposed analysis algorithms. Sensor's operating principle and metrological properties are presented. Sensor was tested using reference interferometer. Obtained measurement uncertainty is equal to ±10 μrad in the multi-milliradian range. The concept of a two-sensor system for increasing twice the measuring range is presented.     

Exchange of angular momentum in EMCD experiments

In energy loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) experiments a chiral electronic transition is induced that obeys the dipole selection rule for the magnetic quantum number Δm=±1$\mathrm{\Delta }m=\pm 1$ or Δ_Lz=±?$\mathrm{\Delta }{L}_z=\pm ?$. The incident plane electron wave is inelastically scattered and is detected in the diffraction plane, i.e. again in a plane wave state. Naïve reasoning suggests that the angular momentum _Lz$L_z$ of the probe electron has not changed in the interaction since plane waves have 〈_Lz〉=0$〈L_z〉=0$. This leads to the seeming contradiction that angular momentum is not conserved in the interaction. A closer inspection shows that the density matrix of the probe has indeed 〈_Lz〉=±?$〈L_z〉=\pm ?$ after a chiral interaction. However, 〈_Lz〉$〈L_z〉$ is not conserved when the probe electron propagates further to the exit surface of the specimen because the rigid lattice breaks rotational symmetry. Thus, the angular momentum of the photo electron that is created in a chiral electronic transition stems from both the probing electron and the crystal lattice.     

Graphical angular jerk analysis of four-bar linkages

Graphical methods of analyzing angular jerks in a four-bar linkage are described. No jerk polygon or complicated calculations are involved. Only a few lines are needed in these methods. The technique is extended to four-bar linkages connected in series as well as to a slider-crank mechanism. Extremes of angular accelerations may be found whenever the angular jerks vanish.