共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Merritt Marcellus M.; Bennett Gary G. Jr.; Williams Redford B.; Edwards Christopher L.; Sollers John J. III 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,25(3):364
This study evaluated cardiovascular responses (CVR) to an active speech task with blatantly discriminatory (BRC) versus neutral (NRC) stimuli and an anger recall task in a sample of Black men (N = 73; age 18 to 47). Diastolic blood pressure scores were higher for NRC versus BRC stimuli during anger recall (p = .05). Moreover, persons in the NRC group who perceived high levels of racism (vs. no racism or BRC group) during active speech showed larger increases in blood pressure across postspeech rest, anger recall, and subsequent rest (p = .03). The notable elevation in CVR in response to an ambiguous event extends current models of racism suggesting that subtle racism is a psychosocial stressor that erodes health through chronically elevated CVR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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"An experiment has been described in which the recall of meaningful material by Negro and white delinquent boys has been compared. In an immediate recall series, the Negro Ss recalled more items favorable and unfavorable to Negroes than did the white Ss. In a delayed recall series the Negro Ss were even more superior in the recall of favorable items, but not in the recall of unfavorable items." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of selective recall in schizophrenic patients. "Two hypotheses concerning certain aspects of the schizophrenic symptomatology were tested. (a) Schizophrenics manifest a distinctive type of memory process which results in the selective recall of experiences connoting personal failure and diminished self-esteem and (b) this process is related to deficient ego strength… . While the first hypothesis was confirmed at a significant level of confidence, the second was not supported by the experimental data." 22 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Investigated the attitudinal congeniality hypothesis (the assumption that people learn material congenial to their attitudes more easily than uncongenial material) in a 2 by 2 design: instruction set (learn vs judge) by essay bias (pro vs con), with attitude toward student activism as the focal ex post facto variable. 120 college students served as Ss. Verbal skills, quantitative skills, and overlap of prior knowledge structure with essay content were treated as covariates. A number of variables related to quality of essay content and demand characteristics were controlled and/or measured to achieve the maximum possible control over recall variance. Results indicate that greater recall was associated with greater intellectual skills, greater overlap of prior knowledge, more positive attitudes toward the experimental setting, instructions to learn the essay, and the attitudinal congeniality effect (indexed by the Attitude by Essay Bias interaction). Interpretation is based on the effect of each variable on the perceived utility of the essay's content. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Tested 2 sets of hypotheses, derived from cognitive–behavioral theories of depression, that (a) compared to a sample of nondepressed controls, depressed Ss would underestimate the frequency of reinforcement and overestimate the frequency of punishment received during an ambiguous laboratory task; and (b) when given the opportunity to self-reinforce or self-punish, depressed Ss would self-reinforce less often and self-punish more often than controls. Three of these predictions were supported. In an experiment with 24 depressed and 21 nondepressed undergraduates (Beck Depression Inventory), depressed Ss recalled less positive and more negative feedback than controls. As expected, these differences were significant only at a high rate of reinforcement and at a low rate of punishment. In the latter condition, however, depressed Ss were accurate in their recall, while nondepressed Ss underestimated the frequency of negative feedback. Depressed Ss self-reinforced less often than controls, but there were no differences in rates of self-punishment. Implications for cognitive and behavioral theories of depression are discussed. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Contends that the ideal program of research to maximize clinical relevance combines 4 models of strategies. These are (1) convergent/convergent, (2) divergent/divergent, (3) divergent-theory/convergent-method, and (4) convergent-theory/divergent-method, and all are employed nomothetically at the level of theory and idiographically at the level of method. Model 1 serves to expand theoretical and procedural possibilities, giving clinicians the flexibility they need when working with individuals in service-delivery settings. Model 2 controls theoretical expansion. Model 3 controls procedural expansion. Model 4 may be used to provide preliminary demonstrations of feasibility that are then used to stimulate other forms of more directly relevant investigation. The products of this overall program of research will increasingly represent a useful body of tested theoretical and procedural possibilities and alternatives that clinicians can use for explaining and treating individual clients and for evaluating treatment outcomes in individually relevant terms. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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40 kindergartners, 42 3rd graders, and 40 5th graders (CA's 5 yrs, 5 mo; 8 yrs, 3 mo; and 12 yrs, 4 mo, respectively) viewed 30 pictures of familiar objects, and then their free recall of the object names and their recognition of the original pictures were tested. The recognition test included pairing each picture with another similar picture of the same object. Half the Ss in each age group were prepared for recall with a strategy known to improve it in adults, and half were prepared for recognition with a strategy known to improve recognition in adults. Children encoded the stimuli differentially in accordance with the expected memory task and retrieved different stored information for each task. Both free recall and picture recognition memory improved with age. The recall strategy improved free recall performance at all ages, but the recognition strategy improved recognition performance only at the oldest age tested. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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C. G. Penney (1980) reported that serial recall of a list containing both auditorily and visually presented verbal items produced a lower level of recall than did separate recall of auditory and visual items. This finding was interpreted as support for the hypothesis that auditory and visual items are processed in separate streams in short-term memory, and that it is difficult to integrate these 2 streams into 1 sequence for rehearsal. The present study tested an alternate interpretation of the earlier results, the hypothesis that retention of order information is facilitated by S's being able to organize the list into 2 short sequences rather than 1 long sequence. Three experiments (72 university students) were carried out in which spatial location or category of stimulus material (letters or digits) was used to establish 2 types of items. Total recall from a list did not differ significantly between the serial and category recall conditions. Results rule out the organizational interpretation of the bisensory experiment and, therefore, provide indirect support for the separate streams hypothesis. (French abstract) (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Proposes an arousal/retrieval model to account for difficulties in sleep learning and dream recall. The model is based on 2-stage memory theory, which assumes that information processing in a short-term memory store facilitates subsequent retrieval from long-term memory storage. It is proposed that the effectiveness of processing of target material is impaired during sleep. Thus, dreams and information contained in stimulus presentations to a sleeping person very likely can only be retrieved if an awakening occurs during the life of the short-term memory trace. It is further proposed that experiences occurring during or shortly after awakening compete with the target material for space in the limited-capacity processing system, with the most salient of the set favored in the competition. Interference and repression effects are assumed as additional factors in retrieval from long-term storage. (11/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Volkmar Fred R.; Hoder E. Lawrence; Siegel Alberta E. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1980,16(5):495
Observed 32 children (13–42 mo old) individually in the presence of their mothers. Eight messages systematically varied between the visual and auditory channels were given by the experimenter. Some messages asked S to approach; other messages asked S to stay away. Some were congruent and others discrepant across channels. Order of presentation was counterbalanced across Ss. All Ss approached the experimenter when he unambiguously invited them with a smiling face, affirmative head nods, manual beckoning, and a pleasant tone of voice, saying, "Come here." When the experimenter's request to approach or to stay away was on one channel only, that is, was either visual or auditory, about three-fourths of the Ss conformed to it, approaching or staying away as requested. When requests were discrepant across channels, behavior was more variable, but more Ss conformed to the auditory than to the visual message. The messages constitute a Guttman scale, a unidimensional and cumulative hierarchy based on the individual patterns of responses to them. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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McLaughlin G. Harry; Haskins Jack B.; Feinberg Barry M. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1970,54(4):331
Found that measures of 70 male undergraduate viewers' interest in filmed public service announcements prepared for TV broadcasts have a rank correlation coefficient of .78 with similar measures of interest in 2-sentence summaries of the messages contained in those announcements. This demonstrates that pretesting for communications campaigns can be accomplished without going to the expense of preparing messages in their final form or using the ultimate medium. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Reviews traditional procedures and theories from adult free recall, as well as their implications for developmental free recall. Contemporary free-recall research in children is presented, and important developmental variables are discussed. The need for a developmental theory to guide free-recall research in children is also discussed. (83 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Examined criterion shifts in recall in light of clarifications of the distinction between Type I and Type II signal detection analyses and of the concept of criterion. With a new index of the criterion, B. B. Murdock's evidence for criterion shifts in recall is found to be evidence that Ss hold their criteria constant across different retention intervals. However, with the new criterion index, criterion shifts are found in intelligibility experiments and in the short-term recall experiment by E. L. Bjork and A. F. Healy. In these studies, Ss' criteria became more lax with increasing task difficulty. A possible strategy used by the Ss is proposed to explain this finding as well as the finding that the Ss shift their criteria in Bjork and Healy's task but not in Murdock's. Finally, this analysis is applied to recall studies in which the S is allowed to leave blanks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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The severe limitation of the capacity of working memory, the ability to store temporarily and manipulate information, necessitates mechanisms that restrict access to it. Here we report tests to discover whether the activity of neurons in the prefrontal (PF) cortex, the putative neural correlate of working memory, might reflect these mechanisms and preferentially represent behaviourally relevant information. Monkeys performed a 'delayed-matching-to-sample' task with an array of three objects. Only one of the objects in the array was relevant for task performance and the monkeys needed to find that object (the target) and remember its location. For many PF neurons, activity to physically identical arrays varied with the target location; the location of the non-target objects had little or no influence on activity. Information about the target location was present in activity as early as 140ms after array onset. Also, information about which object was the target was reflected in the sustained activity of many PF neurons. These results suggest that the prefrontal cortex is involved in selecting and maintaining behaviourally relevant information. 相似文献
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Extended the search of associative memory model for recall proposed by J. G. Raaijmakers and R. M. Shiffrin (see record 1981-20491-001) by assuming that a familiarity process is used for recognition. The recall model posits cue-dependent probabilistic sampling and recovery from an associative network. The present recognition model is closely related to the recall model because the total episodic activation due to the context and item cues is used in recall as a basis for sampling and in recognition to make a decision. The model, formalized in a computer simulation program, correctly predicts a number of findings in the literature as well as the results from an experiment on the word-frequency effect in which 80 undergraduates participated. (3? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Based upon an analysis of differences in ego organization the hypothesis was offered that "anal retentive" individuals have a greater ability to recall verbal material than "anal expulsives." Ss were 61 female college freshmen and the Blacky Test was the criterion of "anality." It was found that "anal retentives" recalled verbal material significantly better than "expulsives" during both an immediate and a delayed recall test. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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The influence of permanent lexical network in immediate serial recall is well established. The corresponding influence of permanent semantic networks is less clear, although such networks are known to both facilitate memory in long-term memory tasks and to produce false memories in those same tasks. The current experiment involves the study of Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists for immediate serial recall. The trials in the experiment involved presenting the six strongest items from the DRM lists either in intact associatively related lists or where those items had been randomly mixed to produce unrelated lists. The results of the experiment indicated that the associatively related lists were better recalled in order than unrelated lists and the nonpresented critical lure was falsely recalled relatively frequently. The results of the experiment confirm the importance of associative semantic networks in short-term memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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Compared the effects of contextual constraint and list length on short-term recall of word lists by 24 chronic schizophrenics (aged 23-62 yrs) and 120 normal males (prison inmates and firemen). One subtest consisting of relatively short lists of low constraint and 1 subtest consisting of longer lists of high constraint were matched on mean, variance, and shape of the distribution of item difficulties, variance of subtest scores, shape of the distribution of subtest scores, and subtest reliability. These psychometrically matched subtests were used to compute a difference score of accuracy on low-constraint lists minus accuracy on high-constraint lists. On this difference score, schizophrenics scored lower than normals with the same total accuracy scores. The direction of this difference was opposite to that found in 4 previous studies of the effects of contextual constraint on recall by schizophrenics. It is concluded that the findings of the previous studies are probably artifacts of the use of unmatched tasks and that schizophrenic deficit in recall is not increased more by an increase in contextual constraint than by a shortening of word lists. In fact, the data suggest that precisely the opposite may be true. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献