Performance of sulfoxylated fatty acid methyl esters

Sulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters with SO₂, O₂, and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength has led to the synthesis of methyl esters sulfonates or sulfoxylates known as Φ-MES because of the possible random position of SO₃ group in the alkyl chain. This work describes experimental measurements of physical properties such as solubility and viscosity of sodium Φ-MES water solutions. Amphipathic properties such as surface tension, critical micelle concentration, wetting and foaming powers were measured as well and compared to linear alkylbenzene sodium sulfonate (LAS). Finally, stability to water hardness, dishwashing test, and detergency performance were evaluated. Expectedly, these products may be used as LAS partners either in heavy-duty powders or in hand dishwashing liquids. Experimental results on Φ-MES of varying carbon number indicate that C₁₆ is the optimal carbon chain length.     

Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids through the Addition of Sulfonic Derivatives of Alkyl Polyglucosides

The effect of a sulfonic acid derivative of alkyl polyglucosides on the safety of hand dishwashing liquids was assessed. In this study, it was found that an increase in the concentration of the natural origin raw material in samples led to a decrease in the zein number, and reduced changes in the pH level of bovine serum albumin solution, compared to a reference sample formulated without these compounds. These findings suggest a high level of reduction in the skin-irritation effect after applying hand dishwashing liquids. In addition, the application of this type of anionic surfactants in products decreases their ability to emulsify fats. Consequently, the skin-drying effect produced by the washing process and removal of protective epidermal lipids may be significantly reduced.     

Sulfoxylated methyl esters as potential components of liquid formulations

Sulfoxylated methyl esters (Φ-MES) are obtained via sulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters with SO₂, O₂, and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength. These products may be used as co-surfactants with linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and alkyl ether sulfate, either in heavy-duty or in hand dishwashing liquids. Standard hand dishwashing formulations based on Φ-MESC₁₆ are presented and discussed with regard to solubility, viscosity, performance, and skin compatibility. The experimental results obtained indicate that the above-mentioned products can be regarded as potential components for liquid formulations.     

Relationship among “emulsion” type,detergency and foam

Three test methods have been developed to show the measurably close relationship existing among detergency, foam, and the indication of the type of “emulsion” naturally inclined to form. Visual recognition of the state of the emulsion makes it possible to assess the system as to its comparative detergent capabilities and its foaming proclivities. Guided steps can then be taken for improvements. The methods have been used with success in formulating alkaline cleaning mixtures. The first two methods relate emulsion type with wetting and detergency. They are used to show the effects upon that relationship of such factors as a) concentration of surfactant, b) concentration of added sodium chloride, c) temperature, and d) the nature of the oil. It is pointed out that while the o/w emulsion conditions favor dishwashing metal cleaning and bubble bathing, laundering would be favored by the w/o “system” where optimum conditions are to be found well-removed from the “inversion point.” The third method relates emulsion type with foam in an equally precise manner. The foam is produced by pouring intermittently. The tester for it is described more fully in a separate article (1). The role of foam in detergency is assessed. At the inversion point of the emulsion foam stability, not due to small bubble size, is at its greatest and, for example, so is the ease, speed, and completeness with which oily soils can be removed—a situation explaining hand dishwashing at its best.     

餐具洗涤剂的粘度稳定性研究

以LAS、AES和6501为原料制备餐具洗涤剂,考察了增稠剂6501和NaCl用量及快洁素68用量对不同温度下产品粘度的影响。结果表明:适当的6501和NaCl用量,可以使产品的粘度在低温至中温区相对稳定。在产品中使用高分子增稠剂快洁素68,可以改变洗洁精的粘度特性:不仅能够提高洗洁精的粘度稳定性,而且可以将洗洁精出现最大粘度时的温度调整至中温区,低温区和高温区的粘度也较为适当。     

α -磺基脂肪酸甲酯钠盐在餐具 洗涤剂中的应用研究

对α-磺基脂肪酸甲酯钠盐的性能作基础研究,对其在餐具洗涤剂中的应用配方及使用效果进行了研究。研究结果显示,复配α-磺基脂肪酸甲酯钠盐的餐具洗涤剂配方,增稠性、温和性、泡沫性和去污力都有不同程度的提升。     

餐具洗涤剂复配技术进展

餐具洗涤剂由主要表面活性剂,次要表面活性剂及辅助成分按一定配方复配而成。随着表面活性剂工业的发展,人们对产品的功能性、经济性、人体安全性和环境安全性提出了新的要求,给餐具洗涤剂配方调整带来了要求与希望。该文简要介绍了餐具洗涤剂配方的研究进展。引用文献22篇。     

Attrition of solids—II: Material behaviour and kinetics of attrition

An annular cell has been used to follow the attrition of molecular sieve beads, various forms of sodium chloride and sodium carbonate. The mechanisms included removal of surface protuberances, rounding of edges and fragment formation. Spherical sodium chloride degraded to form hemispherical material whereas smaller initially cubic material degraded to form cubes. The mass of attrition products was proportional to γ^m where γ is the shear strain and m is an index related to the mode of breakdown, a form used previously by Gwyn.The kinetics of attrition could only be described by a first order process by including allowances for an initial rapid breakdown and for considering there to be a proportion of material which is not selected for breakage. A theoretical basis for the Gwyn model was found through a surface abrasion model, the parameter m being found in this model to be a material property. In general the Gwyn formulation is more successful in describing attrition and requires one less adjustable parameter.     

Effect of thermo-physical properties of Zn precursors on ZnO thin films grown by ultrasonic spray

In the present work we have investigated temperature and precursor solution concentration influences on the density, viscosity and surface tension of zinc aqueous solutions. Three zinc salt solution sources, namely acetate, nitrate and chloride, have been investigated. The study was carried out at different concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.20 mol/l and solution temperatures varied from 20 to 60 °C. The measurements results show, for the whole studied salt sources, a linear increase in density, surface tension and viscosity with salt concentration. While an inverse behavior of these properties is observed with increasing solution temperature. Zinc acetate has the lower surface tension and viscosity, while zinc chloride has the largest ones. Droplets Weber, Reynolds numbers and surface enthalpy formation have been estimated from solution properties measurements. Ultimately a correlation between the used salts, concentrations and the obtained ZnO thin films morphologies and structures is addressed. Solution viscosity and surface tension are key parameters controlling the films growth and morphology. At fixed substrate temperature, films with smooth surface can be produced by reducing the surface tension and the viscosity of the starting solution.     

Synthesis of cationic flocculants by the inverse microemulsion copolymerization of acrylamide with 60% 2‐acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in the monomer feed. II. Influence of the formulation composition,hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance,starting polymerization temperature,and reaction time

Acrylamide/2‐acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride copolymers in inverse microemulsions, with 60% 2‐acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in the monomer feed and a concentration of active matter of 30% (w/w) as flocculants, were obtained by inverse microemulsion copolymerization. Inverse microemulsion formulations of comonomers, interesting from both technical and economical viewpoints, were polymerized by semicontinuous free‐radical copolymerization with sodium disulfite as the initiator. The influence of the formulation composition, hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB), starting polymerization temperature, and reaction time on the polymerization and final properties of the products as flocculants was studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:186–197, 2007     

Optimization of the Functional Characteristics of Cleaning Products Through Experimental Design

To optimize a benchmark commercial dishwashing formulation, this paper presents a fractional factorial design procedure coupled with a mixture design in order to obtain a formulation with better properties and cost, as well as to provide an example of quick formula optimization that may also be useful for other cleaning and personal hygiene sectors. First, a fractional factorial design was performed to determine the significant effects for each response variable: viscosity, performance, foaming, and Krafft temperature. Then, a mixture design was used to determine the compositions that feature the best results for each property of interest. The determined compositions that meet the requirements with 90–95% confidence showed that improvements in the compositions can be adopted. It was possible to estimate compositions based on commercial formulations that meet the same cost per kilogram of product but with gains in detergency, foaming, and viscosity volume.     

Performance and Efficiency of Anionic Dishwashing Liquids with Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactants

Performance and efficiency of anionic [sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and sodium α-olefin sulfonate (AOS)] and amphoteric [cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB)] as well as nonionic [cocodiethanol amide (DEA), various ethoxylated alcohols (C₁₂–C₁₅–7EO, C₁₀–7EO and C₉–C₁₁–7EO) and lauramine oxide (AO)] surfactants in various dishwashing liquid mixed micelle systems have been studied at different temperatures (17.0, 23.0 and 42.0 °C). The investigated parameters were critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension (γ), cleaning performance and, foaming, biodegradability and irritability of anionic (SLES/AOS) and anionic/amphoteric/nonionic (SLES/AOS/CAB/AO) as well as anionic/nonionic (SLES/AOS/DEA/AO, SLES/AOS/C₁₂-C₁₅-7EO/AO, SLES/AOS/C₁₀–7EO/AO and SLES/AOS/C₉–C₁₁–7EO/AO) dishwashing surfactant mixtures. In comparison to the starting binary SLES/AOS surfactant mixture, addition of various nonionic surfactants promoted CMC and γ lowering, enhanced cleaning performance and foaming, but did not significantly affect biodegradability and irritability of dishwashing formulations. The anionic/nonionic formulation SLES/AOS/C₉–C₁₁–7EO/AO shows both the lowest CMC and γ as well as the best cleaning performance, compared to the other examined dishwashing formulations. However, the results in this study reveal that synergistic behavior of anionic/nonionic SLES/AOS/ethoxylated alcohols/AO formulations significantly improves dishwashing performance and efficiency at both low and regular dishwashing temperatures (17.0 and 42.0 °C) and lead to better application properties.     

A two-capillary viscosity method monitored by an analytical balance

By the simultaneous use of two capillaries, one for solution and one for solvent, and determination of the weight difference of the effluxing liquids with an analytical balance, it is possible, without time measurement, to determine the relative viscosity of a solution with high accuracy. Nylon capillaries were used in the experiments. The equation necessary for calculation of the relative viscosity is derived. The method is particularly useful for very dilute polymer solutions and for the study of low molecular weight substances and lends itself to study of the corrections common in capillary viscometry. Literature values for glucose were confirmed with the method, but low values were found for sodium chloride. The use of bundles of capillaries makes it possible to study the boundary between solvent and solution and to study the possible migration of polymer molecules, in terms of size, toward or away from the walls under conditions of capillary flow. The method can also be used for studying viscous properties of liquids that vary with time.     

Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids Through the Addition of Hydrophobic Plant Extracts

We investigated the effect of hydrophobic extract concentration on the safety of using hand dishwashing liquids (HDL). A series of formulations was prepared, differing in the concentration of the hydrophobic chamomile extract obtained in supercritical CO₂ conditions (from 0 to 0.7 %). We found that an increase in the concentration of the extract led to a decrease in the zein number, and reduced changes in the pH level of bovine serum albumin solution (i.e., two parameters determining the irritant activity of the formulations). It was also found that the additives reduced transepidermal water loss and improved the skin hydration level. Based on the findings of the study, a mechanism has been proposed, according to which hydrophobic plant extracts form aggregates in the volume phase of the washing bath. The surface of the aggregates is the adsorption area for surfactant monomers responsible for the irritant effect. Increasing the addition of the extract was shown to reduce the negative impact of the formulations on the skin of the hands, thus contributing to a greater safety of use of HDL.     

Application Properties of Bath Liquids for Children Based on Sodium Laureth Sulfate with Addition of Different Molecular Weight Collagens Derived from Marine Sources

This article investigates the influence of marine collagen of various molecular weights (Collagen Amino Acids—150 Da, Hydrolyzed Collagen—12,000 Da and Soluble Collagen—300,000 Da) on the functional properties of bath liquids for children based on anionic surfactants—sodium laureth sulfate. In addition to the aspects related to safety-in-use, which were presented in the authors' first work about marine collagen, consumers also expect bath cosmetics for children to have specific functional characteristics including viscosity or foaming properties. An increase in the molecular mass of marine collagen was found to be accompanied by an increase in dynamic viscosity and foaming ability and a decrease in the ability to emulsify fatty soil in the formulations under study. It can, therefore, be concluded that the addition of the highest molecular weight of marine collagen (300,000 Da) to bath liquids for children contributes not only to reducing the irritant effect caused by anionic surfactants, but also improves the usable properties of these types of cosmetics.     

Moisture-activated,electrically conducting bioadhesive hydrogels as interfaces for bioelectrodes: Effect of formulation factors on cutaneous adherence in wet environments

The effect of varying the composition of a polymer blend containing poly(methylvinyl ether-maleic anhydride) copolymer on the Brookfield viscosity of the blend and on the in vitro bioadhesive forces of resultant cast films was assessed. An increase in copolymer concentration increased both blend viscosity and film bioadhesion. Increasing the plasticizer concentration did not significantly alter bioadhesion but did influence film flexibility. Blend pH affected both viscosity and bioadhesion. However, for films to be biocompatible, formulation within the skin pH range was desirable. Films exhibited the ability to ‘restick’ after initial adherence, allowing repositioning of the adhered film in vivo. Factorial design experiments (2²) showed that an additive bioadhesive effect occurred when copolymer and PVP concentrations were increased in the polymer blend. However, no interaction between copolymer and plasticizer was observed. Addition of sodium chloride to the polymer blend, necessary to render films electrically conducting for use as bioelectrode interfaces, decreased blend viscosity but did not exert a significant effect on film bioadhesion. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

液体脂肪醇硫酸盐的生产及应用性能

简单介绍了液体脂肪醇硫酸钠的反应原理和工艺流程,对在生产过程中影响产品质量的因素进行了研究,得到了在生产过程中维持工艺空气的露点在-60℃以下、硫磺流量稳定、产品浓度不超过35％等条件,可生产出高质量的产品。通过对液体脂肪醇硫酸钠基本性能的测试,得出液体脂肪醇硫酸钠具有优异的去污、起泡、乳化和生物降解性能。同时,通过研究液体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用,得到的液体脂肪醇硫酸钠可代替部分脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、烷基苯磺酸钠和固体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用。     

烷基苯磺酸镁盐—产品柔和性和使用性能的改善（英）

已经测出直链烷基苯磺酸镁盐在水溶液中的许多特性,例如：表面张力,临界胶速浓度,比电导率,粘度,溶解性,生物降解性,毒性和对硬水的稳定性等,同时与相应的钠盐作用了对比。     

Physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions of sodium glycinate in the non-precipitation regime from 298.15 to 343.15 K

The physicochemical properties, including the density, viscosity, and refractive index of aqueous solutions of sodium glycinate as a solvent for CO2 absorption in the non-precipitation regime were measured under the wide temperature range of 298.15 to 343.15 K. The concentration of the sodium glycinate in an aqueous form in the non-precipitation regime was identified up to 2.0 mol·L?1. The coefficients of thermal expansion values were estimated from measured density data. It was found that, the densities, viscosities and refractive indices of the aqueous sodium glycinate decrease with an increase in temperature, whereas with increasing sodium glycinate concentration in the solution, all three properties increase. Thermal expansion coefficients slightly increase with rising temperature and concentration. The measured values of density, viscosity and refractive index were correlated as a function of temperature by using the least squares method. The predicted data obtained from correlation equations for all measured properties were in fairly good agreement with the experimental data.     

直链烷基苯磺酸镁的温和作用和应用性能（英）

对直链烷基苯磺酸镁盐（ＬＡＳ２ Ｍｇ） 与钠盐水溶液中诸多性质的对比做了大量研究。例如， 表面张力、临界胶束浓度、比电导、粘度、溶解性、生物降解性、毒性及耐硬水性等。同时， 对ＬＡＳ２ Ｍｇ 的其它性能如Ｚｅｉｎ 试验（ 一种皮肤刺激性试验） ， 润湿性及在盥洗用品和餐具洗涤剂中的应用性能也进行了测试。镁盐的一些特殊性质及其在洗涤剂和化妆品领域中新的应用的可能性得到了证实或确认。