Intact baseline performance and priming in amnesia: Reply to Ostergaard and Jernigan.

In their comment on the article by S. B. Hamann et al (see record 1995-14158-001), A. L. Ostergaard and T. L. Jernigan (see PA, Vol 83:23639) reaffirmed their position that baseline perceptual identification performance and priming are impaired in amnesia. They also suggested certain shortcomings in the experiments of Hamann et al, who found normal baseline performance and normal priming in amnesia across a wide range of performance accuracies. In reply, the authors of this article suggest that the position of Ostergaard and Jernigan rests on selective consideration of data, inaccurate assumptions concerning 1 patient's priming performance (A.B.), and debatable concerns about the masking stimuli, ceiling effects, and presentation time of study items that were used. In addition, the authors of the present article suggest that Ostergaard and Jernigan have based their own experimental work on a task and test method that may not be optimal for studying priming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

How multiculturalism obscures racial factors in the therapy process: Comment on Ridley et al. (1994), Sodowsky et al. (1994), Ottavi et al. (1994), and Thompson et al. (1994).

Argues that counseling psychologists have prematurely abandoned the study of racial factors in the psychotherapy process in favor of an all-inclusive version of multiculturalism. Using 4 multicultural articles (T. M. Ottavi et al [see PA, Vol 81:31317]; C. R. Ridley et al [see PA, Vol 81:30590]; G. R. Sodowsky et al [see PA, Vol 81:27909] and C. E. Thompson et al [see PA, Vol 81:30597] for illustrative purposes, this article suggests that the definitional imprecision of racial and cultural constructs has contributed to equivocal theoretical conceptualizations, methodological ambiguities, and practitioner confusion. Also, in reaction to the articles, future directions for research on racial factors in the psychotherapy process are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A review and meta-analysis of research on the relationship between behavioral intentions and employee turnover.

Reexamined literature cited in previous reviews (W. H. Mobley et al [see PA, Vol 62:9973]; P. M. Muchinsky and M. L. Tuttle [see PA, Vol 64:4296]; and L. Porter and R. M. Steers [see PA, Vol 51:4029]) on the relationship between behavior intentions and employee turnover using meta-analysis procedures. The extent to which moderator variables could be employed to explain variation in findings across intent–turnover studies was assessed. A weighted average correlation of .50 was calculated between behavioral intentions and employee turnover. Intentions were more predictive of attrition than overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with work itself, or organizational commitment. The length of time between procurement of predictor and criterion data influenced the magnitude of intent–turnover relationships. (83 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Event hierarchies, tonal hierarchies, and assimilation: A reply to Deutsch and Dowling.

Attempts to tie together some of the issues raised by D. Deutsch and W. J. Dowling (see PA, Vol 72:16425 and 16426, respectively) in their comments on the author's Indian music study (see M. A. Castellano et al; PA, Vol 72:16424). A distinction is made between 2 kinds of hierarchical representations of musical stability. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On productive and unproductive: Comments about productivity.

Replies to comments on the measurement of research productivity in psychology by G. S. Howard et al (see record 1988-09385-001) by A. J. Nederhof, W. M. Cox and J. P. Blount, R. F. Strahan, and J. L. Matson et al (see PA, Vol 76:27440, 27400, 27463, and 27435) concerning generalizability of productivity estimates, treatment of data from medical schools, correlation metrics, and sampling techniques, respectively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

List-strength effect: II. Theoretical mechanisms.

R. Ratcliff et al (see record 1990-13916-001) examined the list-strength effect: the effect of strengthening (or weakening) some list items upon memory for other list items. The list-strength effect was missing or negative in recognition, missing or positive in cued recall, and large and positive in free recall. We show that a large number of current models fail to predict these findings. A variant of the SAM model of G. Gillund and R. M. Shiffrin (see record 1984-08340-001), involving a differentiation hypothesis, can handle the data. A variant of MINERVA 2 (D. Hintzman [see PA, Vols 74:6242 and 76:10832] 1986, 1988) comes close but has some problems. Successful variants of a variety of composite and network models were not found (e.g., D. H. Ackley et al [see PA, Vol 73:7981]; J. A. Anderson, 1972 [see PA, Vol 51:10424]). The results suggest constraints on the future development of such models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clarification of the five-factor model with the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex.

Shows how the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C; W. K. Hofstee, et al; see PA, Vol 79:39188 ) clarifies disputes about the Big Five or 5-factor model. Trait ratings from instruments representing 4 versions of the Big Five (L. R. Goldberg, see PA, Vol 79:25730; R. Hogan and J. A. Johnson, 1981; R. R. McCrae and P. T. Costa, see PA, Vols 73:3750 and 74:15614; and W. T. Norman, 1963) were subjected to separate AB5C analyses for 2,148 American and 1,285 German Ss. Replicated results formed standard designation codes representing trait adjectives' primary and secondary factor loadings. These codes unveiled the unique coloring imparted by secondary loadings to different scales proffered by researchers to represent the 5 factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reality monitoring: An experimental phenomenological approach.

This article briefly reviews three empirical articles (M. K. Johnson et al [see PA, Vol 76:14448]; M. K. Johnson and A. G. Suengas, in press; A. G. Suengas and M. K. Johnson [see PA, Vol 76:14478]) investigating differences in qualitative characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined events. Major results from these three articles are highlighted and related issues are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attempting to operationalize product newness: A reply to Ostlund and Tellefsen.

Responds to L. E. Ostlund and B. Tellefsen's (see PA, Vol 53:Issue 4) questions regarding some methodological procedures, including the operationalization of product newness, employed in a 1973 study by J. H. Donnelly et al. These questions are addressed in an attempt to clarify the procedures and conclusions of the Donnelly et al investigation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological research on race differences.

Responds to the discussion by A. H. Yee et al (see record 1994-09250-001) of A. R. Jensen's (e.g., see record 1986-18910-001) research on racial differences in abilities and states that the references to Jensen's work are dated. Jensen notes more recent research (Jensen and P. A. Whang; see PA, Vol 81:1181 and 20927) and provides an explanation for his research focus on Black–White differences in cognitive abilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Psychological interventions are urgently needed to prevent HIV infection: New priorities for behavioral research in the second decade of AIDS": Reply.

Replies to comments by D. R. Holtgrave, R. H. Needle et al, D. Cotton et al, and S. R. Truax (see PA, Vol 82:14725, 14740, 14719, and 14749, respectively) regarding the review by J. A. Kelly et al (see record 1994-10963-001) on interventions designed to prevent HIV transmission. Specific issues raised by the commentators are addressed, and the need is expressed for more behavioral science-based controlled intervention trials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Statistical control of halo: A response.

Responds to criticisms made by K. R. Murphy (PA, Vol 68:100), C. L. Hulin (PA, Vol 68:95) and R. J. Harvey (PA, Vol 68:94) of an article by the present authors (see record 1981-00274-001) in which Landy et al suggested a method for statistically controlling unwanted variance in performance ratings. The method was based on partial correlation techniques through which the variance in overall ratings was subtracted from variance in dimensional ratings. The technique was criticized on the basis of logic, methods, and conclusions. The present authors consider the methodological criticisms and suggest methods by which more accurate estimates of expected values of dimensional intercorrelations might be obtained. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Questions of construct breadth and openness of research in integrity testing.

Responds to comments by D. S. Ones et al and by S. O. Lilienfeld et al (see PA, Vol 82:31500 and 31497) regarding W. J. Camara and D. L. Schneider's (see record 1994-23870-001) article on integrity testing. Camara and Schneider express their ongoing concern about the underlying construct measured by integrity tests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sequential analysis applied to counseling process and outcome: A case study revisited.

A case study presented by C. E. Hill et al (see record 1983-10832-001) was analyzed further with sequential analysis methods developed by B. E. Wampold (see PA, Vol 71:30503; in press) and Wampold and G. Margolin (see record 1983-04841-001) to demonstrate the usefulness of these methods for understanding counseling process and outcome. Several interactive patterns were investigated including unidirectional independence, bidirectional independence, and dominance. Process was linked to outcome by examining the relations of various interactive patterns and satisfaction with and evaluation of each session as rated by the client, the counselor, and observers. The present sequential analysis revealed several facets of the interaction between the counselor and the client that were undetected by Hill et al.'s analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comorbidity and treatment planning: Summary and future directions.

Blends the commentaries from T. A. Brown and D. H. Barlow, K. T. Mueser et al, M. T. Shea et al, P. C. Kendall et al, H. Abikoff and R. G. Klein, and S. P. Hinshaw (see PA, Vol 80:13821, 13794, 14471, 13663, 13603, and 13616, respectively). Included is a discussion of various definitions of comorbidity, the merits and demerits of a hierarchical diagnostic system, and consideration of the extent, patterning, and nature of comorbidity. Directive comments with reference to future intervention planning mention both assessment (distinguishing overlapping constructs) and treatment (sequencing and treatment manuals) issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Enduring problems for molecular accounts of operant behavior.

Although the Associative Learner (AL) theory advocated by C. P. Shimp et al (see record 1990-21730-001) can simulate several features of human and nonhuman performance in free-operant situations, it fails to account for many of the findings that are theoretically most powerful. It underestimates the sensitivity of behavior to relative reinforcement rate and totally omits any role for incentive variables such as amount and delay of reinforcement. At present, it is not sufficiently comprehensive to serve as an adequate alternative to R. J. Herrnstein's (see PA, Vol 44:10034; see also 1961) matching theory as a general account of behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distinguishing depression and anxiety in self-report: Evidence from confirmatory factor analysis on nonclinical and clinical samples.

Psychologists believe that anxiety and depression self-report scales tap distinct constructs. This assumption was tested by using confirmatory factor analysis on mood data from nonclinical samples (K. S. Dobson, 1985; I. H. Gotlib, see PA, Vol 71:15153; J. Tanaka-Matsumi and V. A. Kameoka, see PA, Vol 73:21020) and a clinical sample (J. Mendels et al, 1972). These analyses provide evidence that anxiety and depression self-report scales do not measure discriminant mood constructs and may therefore be better thought of as measures of general negative mood rather than as measures of anxiety and depression per se. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some discrepancies unnoticed by Klepac and Page.

Answers R. K. Klepac and H. A. Page (see PA, Vol 52:Issue 3) who reproached B. Page, et al for attributing too much generality to their findings regarding discrepant role expectations in the initial interview. In fact, Pope, et al followed a conventional hypothetico-deductive approach. Because the interview context is crucial for the interpretation of findings regarding separate interview variables, Klepac and Page have no foundation for assuming that their results disconfirm those in the Pope, et al study. The 2 studies are not based on comparable types of interviews; nor can one consider the directive-nondirective dimension they use for assessing the behavior of their interviewers to be similar to the information-eliciting vs information-communicating behaviors of the interviewers in the Pope, et al study. Finally, the Klepac and Page contention that the concept of "strain" in the interview is overgeneral and inappropriate is disputed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)