6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法(FSW)对6 mm厚的6061-T4铝合金板材进行对接,焊后利用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析、对比了焊接接头和母材的显微组织和断口形貌特征,并测试了其室温拉伸性能和显微硬度。实验结果表明:选择了适合于6061-T4铝合金板材搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数:焊接时搅拌头旋转速度为1200 r.min-1,工件的进给速度为300 mm.min-1,在此参数下获得了与母材等强度、韧性接近于母材的焊接接头,为此种合金应用于汽车关键零部件提供了可靠的工艺方法。FSW板材接头焊核区的组织和性能明显优于其他区,热影响区是接头最薄弱的部分,焊核区的硬度最高,而热影响区的硬度最低,焊缝金属发生回复再结晶使晶粒细化。断口分析表明,断裂发生在热影响区,由于搅拌头的旋转运动和热量的累积,该区存在晶粒长大、组织粗化现象。对工艺参数的优化实验表明,搅拌头旋转速度与焊接速度对接头性能的影响存在一定的适配关系,通过工艺参数的调整可以有效地控制热影响区的焊缝组织和改善焊接接头的性能。细晶强化是搅拌摩擦焊接头强度与韧性提高的主要原因。     

Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steel Shielded Metal Arc Welds

In the present work, UNS S32750 super duplex stainless steel sheets were welded by shielded metal arc welding process with E2595 electrode using two different heat inputs, 0.54 and 1.10 kJ/mm. Microstructural investigations (optical and scanning electron microscopy) showed very small differences in the heat affected zone for both the heat inputs. The weld metals showed presence of three different morphologies of austenite—Widmanstatten, intra-granular and grain boundary austenite along with ferrite. Ferrite content in the weld region was also nearly same and did not change significantly with the increase in heat input. Both the weldments showed similar mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, impact strength and hardness) and failed in a ductile manner. Electrochemical studies in 3.5% NaCl solution showed the degree of sensitization to less than 1% and nearly same pitting potential for both heat inputs. Since the effect of heat input on the weld behavior was negligible, low heat input may be preffered for welding UNS S32750 super duplex stainless steel.     

Laser Keyhole Welding of Dissimilar Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy to AZ31B Magnesium Alloy

Laser keyhole welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy to AZ31B magnesium alloy was developed, and the correlations of process parameters, joint properties, and bonding mechanism were studied. The results show that the offset from the laser beam center on AZ31B side to the edge of the weld seam plays a big role in the joint properties by changing the power density irradiated at the Ti–Mg initial interface. The optimal range of the offset is 0.3 to 0.4mm in the present study. Some lamellar and granular Ti-rich mixtures are observed in the fusion zone, which is formed by intermixing melted Ti-6Al-4V with liquid AZ31B. The maximum ultimate tensile strength of the joints reaches 266 MPa. Furthermore, the fracture surface consists of scraggly remaining weld metal and smooth Ti surface. The higher the failure strength, the smaller the proportion of smooth Ti surface to whole interface is. Finally, the bonding mechanism of the interfacial layer is summarized by the morphologies and test results of fracture surfaces.     

Fiber Laser Welded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: The Effect of Welding Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

This study was aimed at characterizing microstructural change and evaluating tensile and fatigue properties of fiber laser welded AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy with special attention to the effect of welding speed. Laser welding led to the formation of equiaxed dendrites in the fusion zone and columnar dendrites near the fusion zone boundary along with divorced eutectic Mg₁₇Al₁₂ particles and recrystallized grains in the heat-affected zone. The lowest hardness across the weld appeared in the fusion zone. Although the yield strength, ductility, and fatigue life decreased, the hardening capacity increased after laser welding, with a joint efficiency reaching about 90 pct. A higher welding speed resulted in a narrower fusion zone, smaller grain size, higher yield strength, and longer fatigue life, as well as a slightly lower strain-hardening capacity mainly because of the smaller grain sizes. Tensile fracture occurred in the fusion zone, whereas fatigue failure appeared essentially in between the heat-affected zone and the fusion zone. Fatigue cracks initiated from the near-surface welding defects and propagated by the formation of fatigue striations together with secondary cracks.     

锆处理对低合金钢大线能量焊接粗晶区组织与性能的影响

采用焊接热模拟和热力学计算相结合的方法,研究了锆处理对低合金高强船体钢大线能量焊接粗晶区组织与性能的影响.结果表明:锆处理钢对钢中形成的氧化物类型、粒度及分布存在显著影响.当钢中锆的质量分数低于85×10-6时,钢中形成复合的Zr-Ti-O氧化物颗粒.其中锆的质量分数为45×10-6时,钢中形成等量的钛、锆氧化物,此时...     

A Study on Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Performance of 6061 Aluminium Alloy: Galvanized Mild Steel Electron Beam Welds at Varying Welding Parameters

Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals - Dissimilar welds of steel and aluminium alloys have an inherent problem of the vast difference in solid solubility which questions their integrity....     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Processed by I-ECAP

Incremental equal channel angular pressing (I-ECAP) is a severe plastic deformation process used to refine grain size of metals, which allows processing very long billets. As described in the current article, an AZ31B magnesium alloy was processed for the first time by three different routes of I-ECAP, namely, A, B_C, and C, at 523 K (250 °C). The structure of the material was homogenized and refined to ~5 microns of the average grain size, irrespective of the route used. Mechanical properties of the I-ECAPed samples in tension and compression were investigated. Strong influence of the processing route on yield and fracture behavior of the material was established. It was found that texture controls the mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy subjected to I-ECAP. SEM and OM techniques were used to obtain microstructural images of the I-ECAPed samples subjected to tension and compression. Increased ductility after I-ECAP was attributed to twinning suppression and facilitation of slip on basal plane. Shear bands were revealed in the samples processed by I-ECAP and subjected to tension. Tension–compression yield stress asymmetry in the samples tested along extrusion direction was suppressed in the material processed by routes B_C and C. This effect was attributed to textural development and microstructural homogenization. Twinning activities in fine- and coarse-grained samples have also been studied.     

高温轧制对AZ31B镁合金组织和性能的影响

研究了高温轧制工艺对AZ31B镁合金微观组织、织构以及性能的影响规律.在轧制状态下,随着轧制温度从450℃升高至525℃,合金组织内部动态再结晶逐渐增多,孪晶数量不断减少,同时组织的均匀性也得到了改善,基面织构强度也呈下降的趋势.经350℃保温60min退火之后,合金板材内部发生了完全再结晶,孪晶组织消失,显微组织更均...     

AZ31B镁合金表面等离子喷涂陶瓷层的 微观结构及耐蚀性

采用等离子喷涂方法在AZ31B镁合金表面制备Al_2O_3、Al_2O_3-13%TiO2(AT13)和Al_2O_3-20%TiO_2(AT20)三种陶瓷涂层;对比研究陶瓷层的微观组织结构、孔隙率、结合强度及电化学腐蚀性能。结果表明:等离子喷涂的陶瓷涂层具有典型的层状结构,涂层具有良好的结合强度和较低的孔隙率。随着TiO2加入量的增多,陶瓷涂层的结合强度升高,孔隙率降低,耐蚀性提高;AT20涂层与镁合金基体相比自腐蚀电位升高了701mV,自腐蚀电流密度降低了两个数量级,阻抗是基体的6倍,AT20涂层的耐蚀性最优。陶瓷涂层的电化学腐蚀过程表现为膜层局部腐蚀和基体腐蚀并造成涂层层状剥离。     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Cu-Zn Alloy

The microstructure of Cu-Zn alloy with different heat treatment conditions in 3.5% NaCl NH3 solution were observed, and the average corrosion rates and electrochemical data of Cu-Zn alloy were measured, as well as the effect of heat treatment on microstructure and corrosion resistance of Cu-Zn alloy was analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of Cu-Zn alloy has been changed due to the heat treatment. As a results, the better corrosion resistance can be obtained for the Cu-Zn alloy quenched from 900℃ for 0.5h followed by tempered at 100℃ for 2h.     

TIG焊接热循环对AZ31B镁合金硬度的影响

以AZ31B镁合金为研究对象，采用TIG焊方法进行焊接，考察了焊接热循环对镁合金的硬度的影响。测量、比较、分析了焊缝、热影响区、母材的硬度。结果表明，表面处理过程（研磨、抛光、侵蚀液体及工艺等）对镁合金硬度的影响很大，直接影响到“焊接工艺-硬度”之间关系。与母材相比，由于焊缝的冷却速率高，组织细小，硬度较高。热影响区的组织虽比母材粗大，但硬度与母材相近。焊缝区不同部位的硬度存在一定差异。     

Friction Stir Welded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: Microstructure, Texture, and Tensile Properties

This study was aimed at characterizing the microstructure, texture and tensile properties of a friction stir welded AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy with varying tool rotational rates and welding speeds. Friction stir welding (FSW) resulted in the presence of recrystallized grains and the relevant drop in hardness in the stir zone (SZ). The base alloy contained a strong crystallographic texture with basal planes (0002) largely parallel to the rolling sheet surface and $ \langle {11\bar{2}0} \rangle $ directions aligned in the rolling direction (RD). After FSW the basal planes in the SZ were slightly tilted toward the TD determined from the sheet normal direction (or top surface) and also slightly inclined toward the RD determined from the transverse direction (or cross section) due to the intense shear plastic flow near the pin surface. The prismatic planes $ (10\bar{1}0) $ and pyramidal planes $ (10\bar{1}1) $ formed fiber textures. After FSW both the strength and ductility of the AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy decreased with a joint efficiency in-between about 75 and 82 pct due to the changes in both grain structure and texture, which also weakened the strain rate dependence of tensile properties. The welding speed and rotational rate exhibited a stronger effect on the YS than the UTS. Despite the lower ductility, strain-hardening exponent and hardening capacity, a higher YS was obtained at a higher welding speed and lower rotational rate mainly due to the smaller recrystallized grains in the SZ arising from the lower heat input.     

挤压态AZ31B镁合金在超塑变形过程中的微观组织及力学性能研究

通过正向温挤压获得了细晶微观组织的AZ31B镁合金。研究了在310～460℃范围内,应变速率1×10-3～1×100/s下的超塑性流变行为。结果表明,在415℃、1×10-3/s的条件下AZ31B镁合金具有良好的超塑性,最大延伸率可达380%。应变速率敏感指数达到0.47。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）分别观察了AZ31B镁合金在超塑变形过程中的微观组织演变和断口形貌。晶界滑移机制为AZ31B超塑变形的主要机制。     

Microstructure,Hardness, and Residual Stress of the Dissimilar Metal Weldments of SA508-309L/308L-304L

A dissimilar metal weldment consisting of SA508-309L-308L-304L is widely used in light-water nuclear reactors. These weldments demonstrate dissimilar susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking that are related to the microstructure, properties, and residual stress. In this work, microstructures, hardness, and the residual stress distribution of the dissimilar metal weldments were investigated, with the correlation of increased hardness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) to the microstructure. 304L HAZ demonstrated similar grain morphology as the base material, and the increase in hardness was primarily attributed to the increased dislocation density. SA508 HAZ demonstrated a change of grain morphology resulting from the different peak temperatures and cooling rates. The increased hardness in the SA508 HAZ was attributed to the refined grain morphology, higher dislocation density, and higher number density of precipitates. A ~ 20–30-μm-wide martensitic zone formed at the fusion boundary of SA508-309L, where Cr-rich carbide precipitates were observed, with the average size and the number density of 44.1 ± 16.9 nm and 1.5 × 10²¹ m⁻³, respectively. Residual stress results demonstrated the largest tensile stress at 309L butter, indicating its high cracking susceptibility.

     

镁合金防腐涂层微观形貌及残余应力研究

采用等离子喷涂在镁合金表面制备Al2O3基防腐陶瓷涂层,并对涂层激光重熔和热处理,研究涂层的形貌和表面残余应力。研究表明:激光重熔涂层粗糙度降低、表面致密度大大提高。激光重熔降低Al2O3涂层残余应力幅度44.76%,热处理降低11.12%,激光重熔效果较热处理更为良好。Al2O3、Al2O3-13%Ti O2和Al2O3-40%Ti O2三种等离子喷涂制备态涂层残余应力分别为363.57MPa、304MPa、-202.38MPa,Al2O3-40%Ti O2具有最好的残余应力属性,有利于涂层服役寿命的提高。     

坡口形状对Monel400合金厚板焊接残余应力影响的研究

利用visual-mesh软件,建立了两种不同坡口形式下的20 mm厚Monel400合金板对接接头二维有限元网格模型;以SYSWELD软件为平台,利用平均热循环曲线法对两种坡口形式下的多道焊焊接过程进行了数值模拟,得出了两种坡口形式下接头的温度场分布、残余应力分布、残余变形分布等结果。结果表明,对称型X型坡口的等效应力值、横向残余应力值及残余变形量均小于非对称型X型坡口。     

冷变形和热处理对GH169合金性能及组织的影响

研究了冷变形与热处理工艺对ＧＨ１６９合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明，随着冷变形量的增加，合金的强度提高、塑性下降、晶粒细化；冷变形后经直接时效处理，合金的强度最高、塑性明显下降；冷变形合金经固溶及时效处理后，随着固溶温度的升高，合金的晶粒粗化、强度降低、塑性升高。     

Influence of Ti on Weld Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Large Heat Input Welding of High Strength Low Alloy Steels

The influence of Ti on weld microstructure and mechanical properties in large heat input welding of high strength low alloy steels is investigated.The results indicate that a moderate amount of Ti is still effective for grain refinement even under larger heat input and a large amount of acicular ferrite(AF)is formed in the weld metal when Ti content is within 0.028%-0.038%.With increasing Ti content,proeutectoid ferrite in the weld metal decreases,whereas bainite and M-A constituent increase.The type of inclusion in the welds varies from Mn-Si-Al-O to TiMn-Al-O and finally to Ti-Al-O as Ti content increases from 0up to 0.064%.As for adding 0.028%-0.038% Ti,high weld toughness could be attained since most inclusions less than 2μm which contain Ti2O3 provide the effective nuclei for acicular ferrite formation.However,the toughness of the weld metals severely reduces when Ti content is over the optimum range of 0.028%-0.038%.     

焊接热循环对GH202合金焊接热影响区性能和组织的影响

研究了多次焊接热循环对GH202合金焊接热影响区性能和组织的影响.研究结果表明,焊接热循环次数对GH202合金热影响区的冲击韧性及显微组织有明显影响.     

Effects of Rotation Rates on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture Behavior of Friction Stir-Welded (FSW) AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

Three rotation rates were selected for friction stir welded (FSW) rolled AZ31 plates, at a constant welding speed of 100 mm/minutes. As the rotation rate was increased from 800 and 2000 to 3500 rpm, the nugget shape varied from a basin- or ellipse-shaped homogeneous structure to a two-layer structure. The grain characteristic was similar in the nugget zones (NZs) at 800 and 2000 rpm, with the column-rotated basal plane. However, at 3500 rpm, the equiaxed fine grains and column-rotated basal plane were found in the lower zone of the two-layer structure, while elongated coarse grains and the basal plane with little inclination comparable to that in the parent material (PM) were detected in the upper zone. Tensile tests indicated that the fracture behaviors of the FSW AZ31 joints at 800 and 2000 rpm were similar with the weak zones being located at the NZ middle and along the boundary between the NZ and the thermo-mechanically affected zone, while contrasting fracture features were found at 3500 rpm. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the joints increased as the rotation rate increased, with the highest UTS being about 95 pct of the PM at 3500 rpm. The variations in the strength and fracture behavior of the joints with the rotation rate were accounted for by the variation in the texture.