铜/钛异种金属焊接微观组织及力学性能研究

研究采用电子束偏置铜侧的方法完成了T2铜和TC4的异种金属焊接,并采用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、显微硬度及抗拉强度测试等方式分析其微观组织及力学性能特征。研究结果表明：铜侧焊接具有成形较好的焊缝,焊缝表面鱼鳞纹较均匀,成形较好,无明显的微裂纹、气孔以及夹渣现象,电子束焊接可实现单侧焊接双面成形。钛合金侧焊缝可观察到宽度25～40μm的金属间化合物层,金属间化合物层由多种反应产物组成,金属间化合物层的存在将恶化接头的力学性能。在偏铜侧1.5 mm焊接时,抗拉强度可达到152 MPa,相当于T2 Cu抗拉强度的66%,拉伸断口表现为脆性解理断裂,引起断裂的主要物相为CuTi相。     

Effect of Tool Offset and Tool Rotational Speed on Enhancing Mechanical Property of Al/Mg Dissimilar FSW Joints

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a promising solid-state joining technique for producing effective welds between Al alloy and Mg alloy. However, previously reported Al/Mg dissimilar FSW joints generally have limited strength or barely any ductility with relatively high strength, which was blamed on the brittle intermetallics formed during welding. In this study, effective joints with comparably high strength (163 MPa) and large elongation (~6 pct) were obtained. Three crucial/weak zones were identified in the welds: (1) Al/Mg bottom interface (BI) zone that resulted from the insufficient materials’ intermixing and interdiffusion; (2) banded structure (BS) zone which contains intermetallic particles possibly formed by constitutional liquation; and (3) softened Al alloy to the retreating side (SAA-RS) zone due to the dissolution and coarsening of the strengthening precipitates. Three fracture modes observed in the tensile specimens perpendicular to the weld seam were found closely related to these zones. Their microstructure evolution with the change of tool rotational speed and tool offset was characterized and the consequent effect on the fracture mode alteration was studied. It turned out that enhancing the strengths of all these zones, but keeping the strength of the SAA lowest, is an effective way for enhancing ductility while keeping comparatively high strength in Al/Mg FSW joints. Also, suggestions for further improving the mechanical property of the Al/Mg dissimilar FSW joints were made accordingly for practical applications.     

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of FSW Joints Between AA6101-T6 and AA6351-T6 Dissimilar Al Alloys

Friction stir welding of AA6101-T6 and AA6351-T6 dissimilar Aluminium alloys has been carried out at constant welding speed using a tapered cylindrical threaded tool pin with varying rotational speed. Change in microstructure and hardness near heat affected zone, nugget zone, and Thermo mechanically affected zone have been examined. Tensile tests results showed that the minimum loss of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength with minimised microstructural distortion in the weld correspond to 1100 r.p.m of tool speed. Electron probe micro analysis with energy dispersive spectroscopy result shows that the breakdown of inter granular precipitate of Mg₂Si is found to be equiaxed and it minimizes the heat affected zone, thus attributing to the increase of strength compared to welded joints of 900 and 1300 r.p.m tool speed. The mass% of Si decreases with increase in tool speed and forms finer Mg₂Si precipitates that attributes to reduction in strength with fibrous fracture appearance.     

Al/Cu Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding with Ni,Ti, and Zn Foil as the Interlayer for Flow Control,Enhancing Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties

This research investigates the effects of Ni, Ti, and Zn foil as interlayer, inserted between the faying edges of Al and Cu plates, for controlled intermetallic compound (IMC) formation. The weld tensile strength with Ti and Zn as interlayer is superior to Al base metal strength. This is due to controlled flow of IMCs by diffused Ti interlayer and thin, continuous, and uniform IMC formation in the case of Zn interlayer. Improved flexural stress was observed with interlayer. Weld microhardness varied with different interlayers and purely depends on IMCs present at the indentation point, flow of IMCs, and interlayer hardness. Specimens with interlayer failed at the interface of the nugget and thermomechanical-affected zone (TMAZ) with complete and broken three-dimensional (3-D) grains, indicating transgranular fracture. Phase analysis revealed that Al/Cu IMCs are impeded by Ni and Ti interlayer. The minor binary and ternary IMC phases form adjacent to the interlayer due to diffusion of the material with Al/Cu. Line scan and elemental mapping indicate thin, continuous, and uniform IMCs with enhanced weld metallurgical and mechanical properties for the joints with Zn interlayer. Macrostructural analysis revealed IMC flow variations with and without interlayer. Variation in grain size at different zones is also observed for different interlayers.     

Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-V Dissimilar Welds

This paper presents a systematic investigation of solidification and phase formation, microstructures, and mechanical behavior of Fe-V weld metals. It is found that V weld metal is dominated by Fe25V solid solution (hardness ~ 6.1 GPa) with V-rich precipitates formed along the grain boundaries. The observed intergranular cracking is attributed to the phase separation of (αFe, V) solid solution into V-rich (V) and V-poor (Fe25V) regions at low temperature. The overall mechanical properties could be improved by using Cu20V composite filler, due to the formation of stable Fe10V and Cu solid solution phases.     

Mechanical Properties and Metallurgical Characterization of Dissimilar Welded Joints between AISI 316 and AISI 4340

In the present study, the influence of six different process parameters and three interactions on joint tensile strength, toughness, fusion zone microhardness variation are studied during dissimilar tungsten inert gas welding between austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 and alloy steel AISI 4340. Detailed experimental study using fractional factorial experimental design and subsequent statistical analysis show that higher tensile strength, toughness can be achieved using ER 309 filler material and suitably selecting the other process parameters and heating conditions. Addition of small proportion of hydrogen in shielding gas increases the heat transfer efficiency, melting and subsequent penetration. Preheating of AISI 4340 material reduces the chance of solidification cracking and post-heating helps to improve the joint mechanical property. Microstructural observations show that improper selection of process parameters may lead to micro-pores and degrade the joint quality. Successful joining of the dissimilar materials greatly depends on the selection of optimum process parameters, filler material and shielding gas.     

热处理对粉末冶金法制备Wp/2024Al复合材料力学性能的影响

利用粉末冶金法制备了钨颗粒体积分数分别为5%,8%,10%的Wp/2024Al复合材料,挤压态复合材料W颗粒分散均匀,沿挤压方向钨颗粒呈带状分布。复合材料经过热处理后拉伸强度得到提高,延伸率则发生下降;同一工艺制备的Wp/2024Al复合材料480℃固溶时抗拉强度达到最大值;随着固溶温度的升高,复合材料屈服强度有一定的增加,延伸率下降;随着W含量的增加,T4态复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度升高,而延伸率下降。断口观察表明,挤压态和热处理态复合材料断口上存在大量韧窝,W颗粒没有发生开裂,热处理态复合材料发生界面脱开现象。     

SiCp+Gr/2024Al复合材料的力学性能和加工性能

颗粒增强的铝基复合材料已在航空航天、汽车等工业领域获得广泛的使用,但难加工性限制了此类复合材料的广泛应用.选用SiC颗粒和鳞片状石墨作为增强体,采用挤压铸造法制备SiCp+Gr/2024Al 复合材料,在保证材料力学性能的前提下改善材料的加工性能.结果表明,复合材料组织致密,石墨和SiC颗粒在基体中均匀分布;铸态组织中SiC和石墨颗粒与基体Al合金都未发现界面反应物;随着石墨的体积分数的增大,拉伸强度和弹性模量都下降,但加工性能得到明显的改善.石墨改善切削性能的机制为影响切屑形成机制和石墨对刀具的润滑作用.     

Dissimilar Spot Welds of AISI 304/AISI 1008: Metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization

This paper aims at investigating structure‐properties relationships in dissimilar resistance spot welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (SS) and AISI 1008 low carbon steel (CS). Microstructural characterization, microhardness test and the tensile‐ shear test were conducted. It was shown that the shape of the SS/CS fusion zone (FZ) is unsymmetrical and the final fusion line shifts from sheet/sheet interface into the higher resistivity side (i.e. AISI 304). FZ microstructure was ranged from ferrite‐austenite to full martensite depending on the dilution ratio of the base metals. The variation of SS/CS dissimilar welds failure mode was explained in terms of hardness/microstructure characteristics. It was concluded that to ensure pullout failure mode, welding parameters needed to adjust so that the FZ size is sufficiently large and dilution is sufficiently high to produce a martensite FZ. Fusion zone size at CS side proved to be the most important controlling factor of SS/CS peak load and energy absorption. Finally, the mechanical properties of SS/CS dissimilar welds were compared with SS/SS and CS/CS similar welds.     

WC_p/2024Al复合材料疲劳性能研究

利用粉末冶金法制备了WC颗粒体积分数分别为8.0%,11.8%,16.7%的WCp/2024Al复合材料,采用PQ1-6纯弯曲疲劳试验机对其进行高周疲劳性能测试,通过扫描电镜观察复合材料疲劳试验后的疲劳断口。结果表明:WCp/2024Al复合材料疲劳极限和疲劳寿命随着WC体积分数的增加而升高;复合材料的疲劳源产生于试样表面有缺陷或表面附近颗粒团聚的薄弱部位;随着WC体积分数的增加,WCp/2024Al复合材料的疲劳断口韧窝组织呈减少的趋势,脆性断裂特征逐渐明显;由空洞形核与长大造成的界面脱粘和基体相破坏是WCp/2024Al复合材料疲劳断裂的主要形式。     

Effect of Tool Shoulder Diameter to Plate Thickness Ratio on Mechanical Properties and Nugget Zone Characteristics During FSW of Dissimilar Mg Alloys

During friction stir welding (FSW), frictional heat is produced in the region between the tool shoulder and base materials due to the movement of the rotating tool along the line of joint. In this paper, an experimental investigation was made to understand the influence of the tool shoulder diameter (primary source of heat generation) on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of dissimilar Mg alloys namely AZ80A and AZ91C. From the experimental results, it was observed that the use of FSW tool having 17.5 mm shoulder diameter (3.5 times the plate thickness) produced defect free sound joints with superior mechanical properties compared to its counterparts. Moreover, the uniformly distributed fine sized grains of nugget zone also contributed to the sound quality joints. From this investigation, it was understood that higher heat input is essential for enabling the required mixing of materials during FSW of dissimilar Mg alloys.     

Studies on Characteristics of Ti6Al4V/AA2024 Dissimilar Weld Joint Using Laser Beam Focusing from AA2024 Side

Laser beam welding is based on interaction between the laser beam and parent metals. Methods have been developed in recent years to produce joints of most light metals and their combinations. It provides good weld joint to simplify the structure and reduce the weight and cost to meet the main concerns of the aircraft industry. To achieve these, Ti6Al4V and AA2024 alloy sheets with a thickness of 1.0 mm have been welded with butt joint configuration using pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam welding without groove and filler metal. The weldment has been subjected to testings such as surface roughness, microstructure, hardness, tensile strength and distortion. Test results reveal that laser beam welding is very much suitable for joining Ti6Al4V/AA2024 alloys, while focusing from aluminium side.     

退火温度对Cu/Mo/Cu轧制复合板微观组织和力学性能的影响

对Cu/Mo/Cu板材进行了单道次复合轧制,研究了退火温度对Cu/Mo/Cu复合板微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:退火温度对铜板的微观组织影响较大。随着退火温度的升高,复合界面处的细小晶粒分布趋于均匀;当温度高于400℃时,铜晶粒发生再结晶长大,组织粗化。随着退火温度的升高,复合板的结合强度逐渐升高;400℃时达到最大值76 MPa;温度继续升高时,结合强度迅速下降。复合机制主要为裂口结合机制。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Property Change During FSW and GTAW of Al6061 Alloy

The variation of morphology and mechanical properties of Al6061 automotive aluminum alloy due to friction stir welding (FSW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was investigated by optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness measurement, X-ray diffraction, tensile testing, and fractography. The center-line dendrite emergence and microhardness reduction in the heat-affected zone were observed in the GTAW process. Although similar microhardness reduction with respect to the base metal was observed in the FSW samples, higher HVs were obtained for the FSW rather than the GTAW process at almost all heat-affected locations. Ultimate tensile strengths of the FSW and the GTAW samples in the transverse direction were ~0.57 and ~0.35 of the base metal, respectively. Post-weld aging improved the strength, but reduced the ductility of the welding.     

Al/Si复合材料的制备及热力学特性的研究

研究了高增强相含量Al/Si复合材料压力熔渗法制备工艺,复合材料内的自由孔隙和硅颗粒的分布均匀,同时研究了Al/Si复合材料的特性和断裂行为,通过金相组织分析和断口观察表明,复合材料的断裂行为主要是由于硅颗粒的脆裂性而引起的,并且由此向材料内部延伸最后导致复合材料断裂失效;特别研究了复合材料在高精度热机械分析仪下的热膨胀行为,实验得出Al/Si复合材料的平均线性热膨胀系数在(8～10)×10-6/℃范围内,并随着硅含量的增加而降低;实验基于Turner的模型进行,实验测得Al/Si复合材料的热膨胀系数与理论计算值的存在差别,这是由于理论模型没有考虑材料制备过程中粉末形状,粒度、第二相颗粒不可避免的不均匀分布,孔隙度以及剪切应力对热膨胀性能的影响,其结果与预测相符合.     

纳米SiC颗粒增强2024铝基复合材料的力学性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了1%(体积分数)纳米SiC颗粒增强2024铝基复合材料,并研究了其力学性能。实验结果表明,1%纳米SiC颗粒增强2024铝基复合材料具有优良的室温力学性能,并且在200℃时表现了较好的高温性能,在315℃时强度下降。研究表明,纳米SiC可以增加增强粒子的表面积,减小增强粒子的颗粒间距,使大量弥散分布的纳米SiC颗粒起到钉扎位错的作用,而且可以细化2024铝基体的晶粒,因而表现了良好的力学性能。     

Mechanical and Metallurgical Characterization of Dissimilar P92/SS304 L Welded Joints Under Varying Heat Treatment Regimes

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - This work was performed to characterize the dissimilar austenitic grade SS304 L and martensitic grade creep strength of an enhanced P92 steel welded...     

复合材料Al/Al4C3/Al2O3的组织结构与力学性能

采用机械合金化（ＭＡ）球磨和热压烧结工艺制备了复合材料Ａｌ／Ａｌ４Ｃ３／Ａｌ２Ｏ３，对其组织结构和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，发育良好的Ａｌ４Ｃ３棒状单晶体和等轴状γＡｌ２Ｏ３均匀分布在铝晶界或晶粒内部，二者体积含量约为６６ｖ％。Ａｌ／Ａｌ４Ｃ３和Ａｌ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３界面洁净，为直接的原子结合，但不存在确定的位向关系。复合材料的室温、高温强度及刚度比粉末冶金纯铝（Ｐ／ＭＡｌ）显著提高。     

夹杂物对粉末冶金高温合金力学性能的影响

综述了非金属夹杂物对粉末冶金镍基高温合金力学性能影响的研究现状,特别着重夹杂物尺寸、位置、形态、数量等对粉末冶金镍基高温合金低周疲劳寿命(LCF)的影响。文中提出粉末冶金高温合金存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

窄钢带08Al热轧态的组织特征及其力学性能研究

针对国丰钢铁公司窄带08Al在冲压、弯曲过程中的开裂、麻面问题,采用OM、SEM、EDX等方法,研究了窄钢带08Al热轧态的金相组织特征及其力学性能行为。试验结果表明：08A1的显微组织多为等轴铁素体晶粒,但很不均匀;游离渗碳体析出严重,约3级,夹杂物数量不多,几乎全部是复合夹杂,尺寸多≤5μm。08Al屈服强度偏高,塑性一般,其中N含量偏高是导致拉伸时出现屈服平台延长或上下屈服点差值增大的主要原因。