格子-Boltzmann方法模拟霜结晶生长

为了研究冷壁面上霜结晶的生长过程以及各参数的变化规律,利用格子-Boltzmann方法(LBM)方法,建立一个二维介观模型,实验验证了模型的可靠性,分析了霜层温度变化和密度增长规律,并直观模拟出霜结晶凝聚变化过程.结果表明:霜层表面温度在早期阶段迅速增加,但增加率随着结霜时间增加而减小;霜层内部温度随霜层厚度的增加呈线性增长;霜层平均密度随结霜时间增加呈现出先慢后快的规律;随着结霜过程的进行,由于越往上,霜晶体积分数越小,导致霜层内部密度随霜层厚度的上升而减小.     

圆柱绕流的流场特性及涡脱落规律研究

采用粒子图像测速技术对630、800及950三种雷诺数条件下的圆柱绕流场进行了实验,给出了圆柱下游沿流动方向4倍圆柱直径和垂直方向3倍圆柱直径区域内的速度场、涡量场以及涡脱落现象的时空演化规律.结果表明:圆柱尾流区域位于垂直方向约1.5~2.5倍圆柱直径范围内,随着雷诺数增大,这一范围呈现缩小趋势,而主流对涡的拉伸和输运能力有所增强;涡脱落频率随雷诺数增大而增大,小雷诺数时能够较为完整地捕捉到涡生成、脱落、发展和耗散过程,由于PIV采集频率的限制,大雷诺数条件下涡脱落整个过程不易被完整捕捉到.     

Mean heat transfer in transverse air flow around a cylinder

A modified method of analyzing experimental data is outlined, allowing the degree of linearity of the relation between the Reynolds and Nusselt numbers to be determined.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 648–649, October, 1990.     

Investigation of the instantaneous temperature field in a fluid stream around a heated cylinder

Temperature fields in a fluid stream are investigated by a pulse holographic interferometry method at low Reynolds numbers.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 899–905, June, 1990.     

Convective heat transfer in air flow around a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers

The principal objective of the present work is to conduct investigations leading to a more complete explanation of heat-transfer processes on the external wall of a heated cylinder in laminar axial flow around it under high pressures. Investigations are aimed at determination of the limits of existence of mixed convection, explanation of the influence of free convection on the disturbances of heat transfer during laminar flow of a medium, and final explanation of intensification of heat-transfer processes occurring in a flow at high pressures. Published in Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 78, No. 6, pp. 163–169, November–December, 2005.     

Vortex motion in the early stages of unsteady flow around a circular cylinder

In this paper, processes in the early stages of vortex motion and the development of flow structure behind an impulsively-started circular cylinder at high Reynolds number are investigated by combining the discrete vortex model with boundary layer theory, considering the separation of incoming flow boundary layer and rear shear layer in the recirculating flow region. The development of flow structure and vortex motion, particularly the formation and development of secondary vortex and a pair of secondary vortices and their effect on the flow field are calculated. The results clearly show that the flow structure and vortices motion went through a series of complicated processes before the symmetric main vortices change into asymmetric: development of main vortices induces secondary vortices; growth of the secondary vortices causes the main vortex sheets to break off and causes the symmetric main vortices to become “free” vortices, while a pair of secondary vortices is formed; then the vortex sheets, after breaking off, gradually extend downstream and the structure of a pair of secondary vortices becomes relaxed. These features of vortex motion look very much like the observed features in some available flow field visualizations. The action of the secondary vortices causes the main vortex sheets to break off and converts the main vortices into free vortices. This should be the immediate cause leading to the instability of the motion of the symmetric main vortices. The flow field structure such as the separation position of boundary layer and rear shear layer, the unsteady pressure distributions and the drag coefficient are calculated. Comparison with other results or experiments is also made. This work was presented at the First Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics, Bangalore in December 1980.     

振动圆柱绕流气动力系数的数值模拟研究

给出了在锁定状态下不同振动条件时气动力系数变化的计算结果及其机理分析。首先给出固定圆柱绕流气动力系数的数值模拟结果；其次，在特定的频率比条件下，计算了升力系数均方根值和平均阻力系数随振幅的变化，并从圆柱的底部压力系数和漩涡生成长度两方面对这种变化进行了机理分析。     

气动发动机缸内流场特性研究

以全新研制的电控气动发动机气缸流场域为研究对象,建立其几何模型,运用CFD前处理软件ICEM对流场域几何模型进行网格划分,再运用Fluent动网格技术进行动态模拟计算,分析其气缸内部流场特性,进而得出气体在工作过程中各个阶段的压力场和速度场分布.同时,将模拟计算数值与气动发动机台架实验所得值进行比较.结果表明:动网格数值模拟结果与实验结果较为接近,气动发动机气缸内流场动态仿真过程准确可靠,仿真结果可为气动发动机设计提供参考.当转速稳定于450r/min时,由仿真模拟所得数据计算得此气动发动机指示功率为0.62kW,实验时测算得同条件下实验指示功率为0.55kW,求得仿真和实验指示功率的最大误差为11.2%.利用自制的测功装置测得实验时有效功率为0.45kW,进而求得机械效率为81.8%.研究结果为下一步改善气动发动机性能提供了依据.     

Edge cracks in a transversely isotropic hollow cylinder

The analytical solution for the linear elastic, axisymmetric problem of inner and outer edge cracks in a transversely isotropic infinitely long hollow cylinder is considered. The z = 0 plane on which the crack lies is a plane of symmetry. The loading is uniform crack surface pressure. The mixed boundary value problem is reduced to a singular integral equation where the unknown is the derivative of the crack surface displacement. An asymptotic analysis is done to derive the generalized Cauchy kernel associated with edge cracks. It is shown that the stress intensity factor is a function of three material parameters. The singular integral equation is solved numerically. Stress intensity factors are presented for various values of material and geometric parameters.     

Magnetoelastic stresses in a three-phase composite cylinder subject to a uniform magnetic induction

A solution of magnetoelastic stresses on a three-phase composite cylinder subjected to a remote uniform magnetic induction is derived in this study. Based upon the complex variable theory and the method of analytical continuation together with alternating technique, the general expressions of both the magnetic and the magnetoelastic field quantities can be obtained. The variations of the magnetoelastic stress on various parameters are displayed in graphic form. Comparisons between the results of this work and the existing solutions in literature under special cases reveal that the present solution is correct and general.     

Calculation of stress intensity factors for a longitudinal semi-elliptical crack in a finite-length thick-walled cylinder

The purpose of this paper is to present the effect of finite boundary on the stress intensity factor of an internal semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized finite-length thick-walled cylinder  ( R _i/ t = 4)  . The three-dimensional finite element method, in conjunction with the weight function method, is used for computing the stress intensity factor at the deepest and surface points of an axial semi-elliptical crack in a cylinder. The transition aspect ratios, the aspect ratios in which the maximum stress intensity factor translates from the deepest to the surface points of the crack, are calculated for different relative depths and cylinder lengths. The results show that the stress intensity factor increases as the cylinder length decreases, especially at the corner point of the crack compared with the deepest point. The major advantage of this paper is that a closed-form expression is extracted for the stress intensity factor at the surface point of a semi-elliptical crack, which experiences higher changes due to the effect of the finite boundary of the cylinder.     

Wave scattering by a circular cylinder half-immersed in water with an ice-cover

The problem of scattering of water waves obliquely incident on a fixed long circular cylinder half-immersed in deep water with an ice-cover is investigated here. The ice-cover is modelled as an elastic plate of very small thickness. The problem is formulated using the method of multipoles. This leads to an infinite system of linear equations which are solved numerically by truncation. The reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained and depicted graphically against the wave number for various values of the angle of incidence and flexural rigidity of the ice-cover to show the effect of the presence of ice-cover on these quantities. The effect of ice-cover is seen to increase the reflection coefficient and to decrease the transmission coefficient.     

Acoustically generated unsteady vorticity field in a long narrow cylinder with sidewall injection

Asymptotic and computational analyses of a well-posed initial-boundary-value problem are used to describe the time history of co-existing acoustic and rotational velocity disturbances in a long, narrow cylinder with uniform steady sidewall mass injection. Transient planar pressure disturbances prescribed on the open exit plane of the cylinder are the source of acoustic disturbances in the axisymmetric flow. Both the asymptotic and numerical solutions describe the nonlinear aspects of the flow interactions. The full computational results are compared favorably with those of the asymptotic study to show that; (1) transient vorticity is generated near the injection surface and is transported into the cylinder by the radial velocity component of the flow field, (2) at any sufficiently small value of time, a well defined front separates the fluid containing transient vorticity from a flow field in the interior of the cylinder containing a much smaller amplitude vorticity and, (3) at sufficiently large values of time, vorticity is present throughout the cylinder. In addition, the analytically derived acoustic solution obtained from the asymptotic analysis is used to show that the present numerical solution and all earlier studies of similar problems are missing travelling waves (eigenfunctions) which should be present in a complete mathematical solution of the defined initial-boundary-value problem.     

Electric line source illumination of a chiral cylinder placed in another chiral background medium

An electric line source illumination of a chiral cylinder embedded in a chiral background medium is considered. The field expressions inside and outside of a chiral cylinder have been derived using the wave field decomposition approach. The effects of various chiral cylinders, chiral background media and source locations upon the scattering gain pattern have been investigated. It is observed that the chiral background reduces the backward scattering gain as compared to the free space background for a dielectric cylinder. It is also studied that by moving a line source away from a cylinder reduces the backward scattering gain for a chiral cylinder placed in a chiral background under some specific conditions. A unique phenomenon of reduced scattering gain has been observed at a specific observation angle for a chiral cylinder placed in a chiral background having an electric line source location of unity free space wavelength. An isotropic scattering gain pattern is observed for a chiral nihility background provided that if cylinder is chiral or chiral nihility type. It is also observed that this isotropic behaviour is independent of background and cylinder chirality.     

Comparative performance analysis of versions of TCP in a local network with a mobile radio link

The scenario is that a bulk data transfer is being performed over a TCP connection, from a host on a local area network (LAN) to a mobile host attached to the LAN by a radio link. In an earlier work we had assumed that packet losses in a TCP connection over a radio link are statistically independent. In this paper, we extend this analysis to a Rayleigh fading link, which we model by a two-state Markov model. The bulk throughputs of TCP-OldTahoe and TCP-Tahoe are compared with and without fading, for various average signal-to-noise ratios. We also study the performance with a link protocol on the wireless link, and study the effect of varying the link packet size, the number of link packet attempts, and the vehicle speed. For the parameters of the BSD UNIX implementation, over a 1.5 Mbps wireless link, we find that, with fading, a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 30 dB is required to get reasonable throughput with TCP Tahoe or OldTahoe; this corresponds to at least 100 times more power than is needed without fading. For fixed signal-to-noise ratio, as the vehicle speed varies there are roughly 3 regions of performance: at very low speeds (pedestrian speeds) the throughput is very good; at low vehicular speeds the throughput deteriorates, and again becomes very good at higher vehicle speeds. The speeds corresponding to the various regions depend on the parameters of the link protocol. This work was done while the first author was on Sabbatical at WINLAB, Rutgers University     

Viscous oscillations in a circular cylinder with an elastic cover on the free surface

The effects of an elastic membrane on the viscous oscillations of liquid filling a circular cylindrical container are studied by using the natural viscous complex eigenfunctions of the problem. The free surface of the liquid is assumed to be fully covered by the membrane. By projecting the governing equations onto an appropriate basis, a nonlinear eigenvalue problem for the complex frequencies is obtained. This is then solved to obtain the modal frequencies as a function of the Reynolds number Re, the tension parameter τ, the mass parameter ζ and the liquid depth h. The zero velocity conditions on both the side and bottom walls are satisfied unlike in earlier studies where either only the sidewall or only the bottom wall conditions were met. Results are presented for the four lowest non-axisymmetric modes as a function of Re, h, τ and ζ. The elastic cover increases the slosh frequencies but only in comparison with an uncovered free surface with a contact line that is free to move; the frequencies are lower when compared with those of a free surface with pinned contact line. There are ranges of Re, h, τ and ζ for which the oscillations are overdamped and the sloshing is aperiodic. Though the frequencies and damping rates decrease for an increasing mass of the elastic cover, there exist ranges of Re, h and τ for which the heavier cover produces higher slosh frequencies.     

Recent developments in fatigue crack growth assessment

This paper examines the fatigue crack growth histories, at low to mid range ΔK’s, for a range of aircraft aluminium alloys, test specimens and service loaded components. It concludes that the crack growth history shows that, as a first approximation, there is a log–linear relationship between the apparent crack length or depth and the life (N), respectively. This leads to the further observation that, for the range of materials and spectra considered here, there is a linear relationship between the crack growth rate and the crack length when plotted on a log–log scale.     

Transient thermal stress intensity factors for an internal longitudinal semi-elliptical crack in a thick-walled cylinder

In this paper, the stress intensity factors are derived for an internal semi-elliptical crack in a thick-walled cylinder subjected to transient thermal stresses. First, the problem of transient thermal stresses in a thick-walled cylinder is solved analytically. Thermal and mechanical boundary conditions are assumed to act on the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder. The quasi-static solution of the thermoelasticity problem is derived analytically using the finite Hankel transform and then, the stress intensity factors are extracted for the deepest point and the surface points of the semi-elliptical crack using the weight function method. The results show to be in accordance with those cited in the literature in the special case of steady-state problem. Using the closed-form relations extracted for the transient thermal stress intensity factors, some conclusive results are drawn.     

Free-surface flow of a fluid body with an inner circular cylinder in impulsive motion

An analytical theory and numerical computations are developed for the two-dimensional free-surface flow of an initially circular layer of inviscid fluid surrounding a rigid circular cylinder. The two cylinders are initially concentric. The fluid packet is released from rest and the flow suddenly starts forced by gravity and by the simultaneous impulsive motion of the inner body. A small-time expansion of the fully nonlinear free-surface problem is developed and a closed-form solution is found up to third order for an arbitrary radius of the rigid cylinder. For the gravitational flow around the body at rest, the solution is extended up to fourth order. Free-surface profiles and hydrodynamic forces on the cylinder are calculated and discussed against numerical solutions of the exact unsteady nonlinear problem. Some basic features, such as the formation of an almost uniform layer surrounding the upstream side of the body, are captured by the theory quite well and only later on in time significant quantitative differences appear. Similarly, the behaviour of hydrodynamic loads is rather well predicted during initial stages preceding larger fluctuations observed on a longer time-scale.     

负压条件下爆炸罐内爆炸引起筒体振动及噪声特性

为了研究负压条件下容器内爆炸引起的振动及噪声特性,研制一套34.8 L抽真空爆炸罐装置.实验用单发8号工业雷管作为爆炸源,采用NuBox8016型爆破振动测试仪、SZ4A型噪声振动测试仪分别测试简体振动速度及爆炸噪声声压级,并使用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)以及经验模态分解(e...