孕镶齿切削效率数值模拟及实验研究孕镶齿切削效率数值模拟及实验研究

PDC钻头和牙轮钻头在深部难钻地层中钻进时出现钻头钻进效率低、磨损速度快、寿命短等现象,相对而言,孕镶金刚石钻头凭借其特殊的破岩机理和“自锐性”在此类地层中具有良好的钻进性能,已成为提高深部难钻地层破岩效率的重要手段之一。本文以金刚石浓度、粒度、钻压、转速与孕镶齿的切削效率内在影响规律研究为目的,利用离散元软件PFC3D建立孕镶齿磨削砂岩的物理模型来进行数值模拟,然后进行孕镶齿磨削实验,实验数据与模拟结果的对比,验证了孕镶齿选取平行黏结模型来进行模型建立及仿真的正确性,从而粒度、钻压、转速、浓度对切削效率的影响逐渐降低,同时为孕镶钻头工作性能分析、个性化设计、地层适应性评价及钻头选型提供了依据。     

Investigation of active vibration drilling using acoustic emission and cutting size analysis

This paper describes an investigation of active bit vibration on the penetration mechanisms and bit-rock interaction for drilling with a diamond impregnated coring bit. A series of drill-off tests (DOTs) were conducted where the drilling rate-of-penetration (ROP) was measured at a series of step-wise increasing static bit thrusts or weight-on-bits (WOBs). Two active DOTs were conducted by applying 60 Hz axial vibration at the bit-rock interface using an electromagnetic vibrating table mounted underneath the drilling samples, and a passive DOT was conducted where the bit was allowed to vibrate naturally with lower amplitude due to the compliance of the drilling sample mountings. During drilling, an acoustic emission (AE) system was used to record the AE signals generated by the diamond cutter penetration and the cuttings were collected for grain size analysis. The instrumented drilling system recorded the dynamic motions of the bit-rock interface using a laser displacement sensor, a load cell, and an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) recorded the dynamic WOB and the ROP, respectively. Calibration with the drilling system showed that rotary speed was approximately the same at any given WOB, facilitating comparison of the results at the same WOB. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the ROP of the bit at any given WOB increased with higher amplitude of axial bit-rock vibration, and the drill cuttings increased in size with a higher ROP. Spectral analysis of the AEs indicated that the higher ROP and larger cutting size were correlated with a higher AE energy and a lower AE frequency. This indicated that larger fractures were being created to generate larger cutting size. Overall, these results indicate that a greater magnitude of axial bit-rock vibration produces larger fractures and generates larger cuttings which, at the same rotary speed, results in a higher ROP.     

微心PDC钻头心部结构优化的实验研究

在油气勘探中,需要在地层中进行岩石取样同时保证钻头的破岩效率和机械钻速,因此需要对微心PDC钻头心部结构进行优化.通过在不同尺寸的3种不同岩性(砂岩、灰岩和花岗岩)的岩心柱上完成静压、折断、冲击3种破坏形式的破岩实验,设计及制造一只直径为φ152.4 mm的可变参数的微心PDC钻头,并在不同尺寸的砂岩岩心柱上完成室内台...     

环脊式PDC钻头破岩机理实验研究

环脊式PDC钻头是一种采用不连续布齿原理在井底形成易破碎岩石环脊的钻头技术新思想。在不同岩性、不同岩脊尺寸等条件下,开展了针对岩脊的牙轮牙齿的单齿静压和PDC齿刮切破岩单元实验,以及针对平整表面岩石的对比实验;设计制造了全尺寸可变参数实验钻头,并进行了环脊式PDC钻头与常规PDC钻头的室内钻岩对比实验。实验研究结果表明:与平整岩样的实验相比,牙轮牙齿和PDC齿在岩脊上的切削破碎载荷和破碎比功均显著降低;在全尺寸钻头钻岩实验中,与同等布齿密度条件下的常规PDC钻头相比,环脊式钻头的破岩比功显著降低,破岩效率明显提高;环脊式PDC钻头在钻进过程中有明显的体积性破碎现象,岩屑的尺寸或粒度显著增大,有利于地质录井。     

Use of digital image processing techniques for evaluating wear of cemented carbide bits in rotary drilling

This paper presents the use of image processing techniques in monitoring of bit wear, especially, WC/Co cemented carbide bits that are commonly used in rotary drilling in mining, civil and petroleum engineering. Image of the bits was acquired using a CCD camera. The background was subtracted from the image to reduce noise effects. A Laplacian filter has been used to enhance edge contrasts. Structural elements have been applied to dilate, erode and close boundary edges. Edge detecting was conducted using a canny edge detector. Image processing approaches; first order surface metrics, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based texture analysis and minimum distance based classifiers have been used to estimate wear of tricone drill bits in rock drilling. A digital balance was used to obtain weight loss of the bits and also wear of their heel row and gage row (dimension loss) was measured using a micrometer in different directions. Results showed that, of the surface metrics, bit area and major length axis could be good measures for bit wear estimation. The entropy and contrast features of the GLCM method showed good correlations with bit weight loss. Of the minimum distance based classifiers just Euclidean, City block and Chebychev distances had reliable correlations with weight loss and heel row wear rather than other features.     

复合片钻头工艺技术在钾盐矿层中的应用

为提高钾盐矿层钻探时效,节约钻探成本,在某矿区勘探中,分别采用了金刚石钻头工艺技术与复合片钻头工艺技术两种方式进行钾盐矿层钻探研究。研究表明,采用SC-95型绳索钻具复合片钻头工艺技术,以油基泥浆作为冲洗介质,在钻压12～15 kN,转速160～260 R/min,泵量120～160 L/min条件下,进行钾盐矿层钻探,具有破岩性好,钻探时效高,有利于泥浆中岩屑快速沉淀并捞取,可节约泥浆费用等优点。将复合片钻头工艺技术应用于钾盐矿层钻探中,取得了显著的经济技术效果,是钾盐矿层钻探可以推广的一项工艺技术。     

打滑地层金刚石钻头制造工艺研究

分析了打滑地层打滑的原因,研究了采用弱包镶钻头钻进打滑地层的防滑机理和金刚石钻头胎体分层设计时破碎硬岩时胎体磨损状态,应用研究表明:由于采用了胎体分层设计的弱包镶金刚石新型钻头,在打滑地层钻进时,钻进效率良好,钻头寿命也得到明显提高.     

PDC钻头岩石可钻性测定与分级新方法研究

PDC钻头作为最重要的油气钻井破岩工具,其岩石可钻性级值是进行钻头个性化设计与选型、优化钻井参数的关键依据,在中硬以上的地层价值尤为重要。然而,我国2000年颁布实施的石油天然气行业标准《岩石可钻性测定及分级方法》却存在明显的缺陷,对中硬以上的岩石经常出现测试无效、无法获得可钻性级值数据的现象。通过对不同岩性岩石试样的大量微钻头可钻性实验测试,发现标准钻压过低、PDC微钻头结构参数不合理是中硬以上岩石测试无效的主要原因。针对这些问题,首先,研究了微钻头切削齿安装角度对其干涉状态的影响规律,提出了最优的微钻头侧转角,消除了微钻头切削齿与岩石发生干涉的可能性;其次,开展了5种岩石在不同钻压下的微钻头钻岩实验,实验数据表明变压可钻性级值与钻压之间呈线性关系,提出了采用钻压分档测试、当量转化分级或分档独立分级的可钻性测试与分级新方法。该方法既能有效解决中硬以上岩石的可钻性测试问题,又能与过去的软岩测试数据相兼容。主要研究成果已经被2016版行业标准《岩石可钻性测定及分级》所采纳。     

旋转模块式PDC钻头破岩机理研究

针对深部难钻地层钻头的钻速低、寿命短、能耗高等问题,在常规固定齿PDC钻头上引入旋转模块结构,旋转模块齿和固定切削齿“交叉刮切”破碎岩石,提高钻头的破岩效率,且旋转模块齿交替轮流工作的方式使得切削齿冷却及时,减缓切削齿的磨损,延长钻头寿命。介绍了新型钻头的结构特点和工作原理,对旋转模块进行了变参数实验,实验结果表明:旋转模块随着侧转角的增大,转速增加;随着轴倾角的增大,转速降低。研究得到旋转模块在不同结构参数下的切削载荷以及破碎比功的变化规律,验证了旋转模块齿和固定切削齿“交叉刮切”破碎岩石,能够降低破岩比功,为后续旋转模块式PDC钻头的设计提供理论依据和支撑。     

空气冲旋钻井冲击力和机械钻速仿真研究

在钻井机械钻速预测研究中，以前常根据现场数据或试验数据统计拟合得出经验或半经验方程，方程一般含有一些很难确定的系数甚至是不可靠的。为此，借鉴三牙轮钻头仿真理论，建立了冲击旋转钻井系统仿真模型，包括冲击器动力学模型、冲旋钻头真实仿真模型、动态变化的真实井底模型和牙齿与井底岩石相互作用模型，用计算机仿真方法预测出冲击器活塞的冲击力、冲击功和空气冲旋钻井机械钻速。仿真结果和试验数据吻合较好，模型可靠，研究成果可用于冲旋钻头、冲击器设计和钻井参数优选。     

基于离散元方法的PDC钻头破岩仿真研究

针对前人对PDC(聚晶金刚石复合片)钻头破岩仿真研究多采用有限元法,忽略了岩体的各向异性、不均匀性以及不连续性等问题。提出了采用离散元法来研究PDC钻头的破岩仿真过程,利用离散元软件PFC3D建立了虚拟单轴压缩实验和虚拟巴西劈裂法实验,推导出了岩石的三维离散元模型的细观参数,确定了岩石的本构模型。在此基础上建立了PDC单齿切削岩石的离散元模型,讨论了侧倾角对切削力的影响关系,并与单齿切削岩石的有限元模型进行了对比。结果表明:离散元模型与有限元模型结果比较接近,离散元数值模拟的求解时间为有限元数值模拟的1/3,离散元方法具有潜在的高效率。在单齿切削岩石的离散元模型的基础上建立了全钻头破岩离散元模型,研究了PDC钻头动态破岩过程中各切削齿所受扭矩和钻压的分布规律。并通过全钻头破岩室内台架实验对模型的准确性进行了验证。     

旋转钻井中岩石破碎能耗的分形分析

 通过旋转钻井中破碎岩石的能耗分析,应用分形岩石力学理论,从钻井过程中钻头破碎岩屑的粒度分布、能量耗散等角度,建立旋转钻井中钻头破碎岩石所需能量的分形描述模型,详细分析影响钻头破碎岩石能耗的因素。该模型显示出旋转钻井岩石破碎能耗不仅与钻压、转速等钻井参数关,还与地层岩石破碎体的尺度和粒度分布分形维数等因素有关。应用该模型不仅可以确定钻井过程中破碎岩石所需的能量,还可以反演计算,根据所需岩石的破碎能量优选钻进参数。将所建立的模型进行适当简化,可得到经典岩石破碎比功三大学说表达式,说明该模型具有一定的普遍性。     

Experimental investigation on the breakage of hard rock by the PDC cutters with combined action modes

To verify the feasibility and efficiency of rotary-percussive drilling assisted by waterjets in very hard rocks, experiments on the performance of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters resisting different combined loads of static thrust, impact, cutting and waterjets on Missouri red granite and Halston limestone were investigated. The experiments were conducted by means of a drop hammer and linear cutting-impact table. The effects of static thrust (WOB), impact energy, impact spacing and waterjets on the rate of penetration in hard rocks are described and the results are analyzed by measuring the depth of the craters or cuts penetrated by PDC cutters. Results from the study confirmed that the combined mode of cutting-impact is very effective in very hard rocks.     

Abrasivity evaluation for wear prediction of button drill bits using geotechnical rock properties

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - The current study investigates the wear life of button bits and rate of penetration (ROP) of rotary-percussive drilling machines by employing...     

An analytical model for estimating rock strength parameters from small-scale drilling data

The small-scale drilling technique can be a fast and reliable method to estimate rock strength parameters. It needs to link the operational drilling parameters and strength properties of rock. The parameters such as bit geometry, bit movement, contact frictions and crushed zone affect the estimated parameters. An analytical model considering operational drilling data and effective parameters can be used for these purposes. In this research, an analytical model was developed based on limit equilibrium of forces in a T-shaped drag bit considering the effective parameters such as bit geometry, crushed zone and contact frictions in drilling process. Based on the model, a method was used to estimate rock strength parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength of different rock types from operational drilling data. Some drilling tests were conducted by a portable and powerful drilling machine which was developed for this work. The obtained results for strength properties of different rock types from the drilling experiments based on the proposed model are in good agreement with the results of standard tests. Experimental results show that the contact friction between the cutting face and rock is close to that between bit end wearing face and rock due to the same bit material. In this case, the strength parameters, especially internal friction angle and cohesion, are estimated only by using a blunt bit drilling data and the bit bluntness does not affect the estimated results.     

空气钻井中动态破岩有限元仿真研究

 空气钻井技术是以空气作为循环介质的欠平衡钻井技术,其钻头的破岩形式与常规泥浆钻井有很大的区别。在岩石力学和弹塑性力学的基础上,考虑岩石材料的各项异性、地层倾角、钻头与岩石间摩擦因数等影响因素,采用有限元方法建立空气钻井中全尺寸PDC钻头动态破岩的非线性动力学三维模型。通过对空气钻井中岩石的破坏机制和钻头动态破岩过程的研究以及对破岩后形成井眼、井壁和井底岩石应力应变的分析。结果表明：井底岩石受到较大拉应力的作用,使得空气钻井中破岩速度更快;干燥空气钻成的井眼井壁稳定性较好,但是一旦发生井壁不稳定性,井壁岩石将成块掉落。最后通过对钻头上随时间变化的位移分析,得到钻进各向异性地层岩石的井斜和方位的变化规律。本模型为空气钻井的破岩机制、井斜变化规律以及井壁稳定性研究提供一种新的方法,为钻头和钻具设备的研制、优化设计提供理论依据。     

基于岩碴粒径分布规律的TBM破岩效率分析

岩碴的形状、大小及其粒径分布规律是综合反映TBM破岩效率的重要指标,也是TBM掘进参数与岩石性质的重要联系。根据盘形滚刀破岩机制,对TBM掘进岩碴进行了现场量测和筛分试验,获得了TBM岩碴尺寸特征和粒径分布规律。在此基础上,对实测岩碴尺寸和粒径分布数据进行了统计分析和理论分布函数拟合。分析了粗糙度指数与岩石强度、岩石耐磨性的关系,探讨了不同围岩等级下粗糙度指数随掘进推力的变化规律。研究结果表明:①片状岩碴的长轴与短轴之比约为1.5,而长轴与厚度之比则差别较大,其长轴、短轴和厚度均服从正态分布;②不同岩性条件下岩碴粒径分布均符合Rosin–Rammler函数分布;③岩碴粗糙度指数越大,TBM破岩效率越高;硬岩条件下岩碴粗糙度指数随单轴饱和抗压强度增大而减小,而中硬—软岩条件下则相反;④无论是软岩还是硬岩,岩碴粗糙度指数随岩石耐磨性增大而减小,岩石耐磨性越强,TBM破岩效率越低;⑤TBM破岩效率与围岩等级密切相关,可根据现场实测岩碴粒径分布规律,确定Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级围岩条件下TBM破岩效率最佳时的掘进推力区间。     

润渭冲洗液对胎体材料的润滑作用

本文用试验的方法证实了润滑剂对胎体的润滑性是影响金刚石制品工作效率与寿命的一个重要因素，并得出结论：钻进硬岩时，润滑剂应对胎体的润滑性较差，以保证新金刚石不断出露、提高时效；而钻进研磨性较大的岩层时，所用润滑剂对胎体的润滑性应较好，以减少胎体的磨损达到提高寿命的目的。根据以上结论本文提出了一种新型、高效润滑剂—Ｓ－１型润滑剂，并在室内进行了试验，证实了Ｓ－１型润滑剂有明显提高时效的作用。     

An analytical drilling model of drag bits for evaluation of rock strength

To evaluate the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of rocks from drilling data is a promising in-situ method and has been studied by many researchers. In most studies, experimental methods have been used to determine the relationship between UCS and drilling data. In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to describe rock drilling processes using drag bits and rotary drills, and to deduce the relations among rock properties, bit shapes, and drilling parameters (rotary speed, thrust, torque, and stroke). In this model, a drilling process is divided into cycles, each of which includes two motions: feeding and cutting. Feeding is treated as an indentation motion. There is a linear relation between indentation pressure (thrust) and the indentation depth (penetration rate). The cutting forces and friction forces of both the rake surface and the flank surface are examined. Also, a virtual base is set to the model to simulate the contact surface between the flank surface of the bit and the rock.According to this model, drilling torque consists of four parts respectively generated from cutting, friction, feeding, and idle running. Torque caused by friction and idle running is ineffective for drilling, whereas that caused by cutting and indentation is effective. Similar to torque, specific energy also has four parts respectively from cutting, friction, feeding, and idle running. For the purposes of this study, effective specific energy is defined as the sum of specific energy consumed by cutting and feeding. Effective specific energy is independent of the penetration rate. Since it is proportional to the UCS of the rocks, it is not influenced by the penetration rate, and is more useful in the evaluation of UCS than other parameters. Some laboratory and field tests were conducted, and the results verified the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed model.     

PDC钻头复合钻进破岩机理及个性化设计探讨

在复合钻进工况下,地面和井下马达的复合驱动虽能使PDC钻头的钻速能得到显著提升,但钻头寿命也会显著缩短。通过研究定向井、水平井下部钻柱的受力变形特性,建立了复合钻进下PDC钻头的运动学模型,研究了转速比、布齿位置、下部钻柱几何状态等对切削齿切削轨迹的影响规律。在此基础上,改进了PDC钻头破岩数字仿真系统,并利用该系统研究了PDC钻头在复合钻进工况下的运动学、切削力学规律以及井底形态特点。研究结果表明:除了高转速因素以外,复合钻进钻头破岩效率增高的主要原因在于PDC钻头切削齿的不平行刮切特性,以及螺杆弯角所导致的钻头牙齿的不均衡切削状态。针对PDC钻头在复合钻井条件下的破岩机理和失效特点,探讨了复合钻进PDC钻头个性化设计的技术思想和实施方法,为复合钻进条件下PDC钻头工作性能的改进提供了理论依据和技术手段。