超声波辅助提取人参淀粉工艺优化及其性质

采用超声波辅助提取人参淀粉,通过单因素和正交试验研究超声波功率、超声波时间、料液比及原料粒度对人参淀粉提取率的影响,确定最佳提取工艺条件。采用扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜、红外光谱仪、布拉班德黏度仪、质构仪等对人参淀粉的颗粒性质及理化性质进行研究。结果表明：超声波辅助提取人参淀粉的最佳工艺条件为超声波功率600 W、超声波时间20 min、料液比1∶25（g/mL）、粒度80 目,此时淀粉的提取率高达70.51%,比常规法增加10.69%。在最佳工艺条件下,超声波辅助提取的人参淀粉直链淀粉含量增加,淀粉糊的溶解度、膨胀度及透明度提高,凝沉性减弱。超声波辅助提取的人参淀粉的糊化温度为70.5 ℃,峰值黏度为70.0 BU。     

超声波辅助提取油莎豆淀粉工艺优化及其理化特性

为了得到超声波辅助提取油莎豆淀粉的最佳条件,以及油莎豆淀粉的理化特性,本文通过单因素和响应面试验研究提取油莎豆淀粉的最佳条件,通过扫描电镜分析、傅里叶红外变换分析、X射线衍射分析、DSC分析研究其理化特性。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为温度30 ℃、时间50 min、液料比15:1 mL/g、pH8,此条件下油莎豆淀粉提取率为92.22%±0.99%。将油莎豆淀粉与小麦淀粉等五种淀粉的理化特性对比发现:油莎豆淀粉颗粒较其它淀粉表面光滑,粒径范围与木薯淀粉、红薯淀粉、小麦淀粉相近,明显小于马铃薯淀粉,粒径范围2~15 μm,处于中小水平;油莎豆淀粉C-O和O-H拉伸程度较低,C-H的伸缩振动程度较低;油莎豆淀粉晶型与大多数谷物淀粉相似,属于A型淀粉;油莎豆淀粉在DSC实验中起始温度、峰值温度仅低于红薯淀粉,终止温度低于红薯淀粉和玉米淀粉。综上,油莎豆淀粉粒径相对较小,其属于A型淀粉,与B型淀粉相比不易发生水解,且其支链淀粉结构较多。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取玉米淀粉的工艺研究

以玉米为原料,采用超声辅助法提取玉米淀粉,以玉米淀粉的提取率为参考指标,研究玉米浸泡时间、H2 SO3质量分数、超声温度、超声时间和料液比五个因素对玉米淀粉提取率的影响,通过响应面试验,确定最佳提取工艺参数.结果表明,H2 SO3质量分数和料液比对玉米淀粉提取率的影响较小;对玉米淀粉提取率的影响从大到小依次为超声温度、...     

响应面优化白芷淀粉超声波辅助提取

采用超声波辅助提取白芷淀粉,考察了超声波功率、超声波处理时间以及料液比对白芷淀粉提取率的影响。在单因素实验基础上,利用响应面法对其提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明,超声波辅助提取白芷淀粉的最佳条件为:超声波功率325 W,超声波处理时间27 min,料液比1∶6(g/m L)。在最佳条件下,白芷淀粉提取率为74.02%,比常规方法提高了10.07%。超声波辅助有助于白芷淀粉的提取。      

超声波辅助提取魔芋多酚工艺研究

为改善提取魔芋多酚工艺,通过考察超声温度、乙醇浓度、超声时间、料液比等因素对魔芋多酚提取率影响,研究超声波辅助提取魔芋多酚最优工艺;结果表明,在超声功率150 W、乙醇浓度60%、超声温度70℃、料液比1∶20条件下超声50 min;魔芋多酚最高提取率为1.174 mg/g鲜魔芋。     

超声波辅助提取花生衣白藜芦醇工艺研究

对采用超声波辅助提取花生衣中白藜芦醇工艺条件进行研究;以乙醇为提取剂,并在单因素实验基础上,通过正交试验优化白藜芦醇提取条件。确定超声波辅助提取花生衣白藜芦醇最优工艺为:料液比1∶30、乙醇体积分数65%、超声处理时间40 min、超声温度50℃;在此条件下,白藜芦醇得率为2.384‰。     

超声波辅助提取石榴花色素工艺研究

该文研究了石榴花中色素的超声波辅助提取技术,研究了超声波功率、提取时间、频率、料液比和提取次数对石榴花色素提取效率的影响.结果表明,石榴花色素超声波辅助提取最佳条件为功率80W,提取时间50min,频率80kHz,液料比1∶15,提取次数2次.在该最佳条件下,石榴花色素提取效率为95％.     

葡萄籽油的超声波辅助提取工艺研究

以赤霞珠葡萄籽为原料,利用超声波辅助法提取葡萄籽油,在单因素试验基础上,采用二次正交通用旋转组合试验建立数学回归模型,确定了在葡萄籽粉碎粒度为40目,以60～90℃沸程石油醚为浸提溶剂时,最佳提取工艺参数为:提取温度40℃,料液比1∶9,提取时间50 min,超声波功率360 W。在最佳工艺条件下,葡萄籽油提取率达93.21%。     

超声波辅助乙醇提取茶皂素工艺优化

茶籽饼经丙酮脱脂处理后作为乙醇提取茶皂素的原料,以茶皂素得率为评价指标,采用先超声、后浸提工艺,研究了乙醇体积分数、料(茶籽饼)液(乙醇)比、超声频率、超声时间、后浸提温度和后浸提时间的影响.结果表明:在乙醇体积分数80％,料液比1:9,超声频率25.87 kHz,超声时间10 min,后浸提温度70℃,后浸提时间120 min时,可得到纯度为86％、得率为21％、熔点为220～224℃的乳白色茶皂素产品.     

超声波辅助提取金线草黄酮工艺研究

以金线草为原料,黄酮类化合物提取率为指标,研究了超声波辅助法提取黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件。通过单因素试验研究了液料比、乙醇浓度、超声波处理时间3个因素对提取效果的影响,并利用响应面试验设计对提取工艺进行优化,得到最佳工艺条件为液料比23∶1(m L/g)、乙醇浓度75%、超声波处理时间11 min,在此条件下黄酮类化合物的实际提取率为2.576%。     

大豆分离蛋白、淀粉、卡拉胶对鸡肉肠硬度的影响

研究大豆分离蛋白、淀粉、卡拉胶对鸡肉肠硬度的影响。采用中心组合设计的方法,建立二次多项式回归方程的预测模型。结果显示:大豆分离蛋白能极显著提高鸡肉肠的硬度(p<0.01),淀粉、卡拉胶则影响不显著(p>0.05)。得出硬度预测方程,并优化得到最佳组合:大豆分离蛋白7.28%、淀粉10.11%、卡拉胶0.44%条件下鸡肉肠有最大硬度737.232 g。     

Starch Retrogradation: A Comprehensive Review

Starch retrogradation is a process in which disaggregated amylose and amylopectin chains in a gelatinized starch paste reassociate to form more ordered structures. Starch retrogradation has been the subject of intensive research over the last 50 years, mainly due to its detrimental effect on the sensory and storage qualities of many starchy foods. However, starch retrogadation is desirable for some starchy food products in terms of textural and nutritional properties. To better understand the effect of starch retrogradation on the quality of starchy foods, measurement methods of starch retrogradation and factors that influence starch retrogradation have been studied extensively. This article provides a comprehensive review of starch retrogradation including the definition of the process, molecular mechanisms of how it occurs, and measurement methods and factors that influence starch retrogradation. The review also discusses the effect of retrogradation on the in vitro enzyme digestibility of starch. Spectroscopic methods such as FTIR and Raman are considered to be very promising in characterizing starch retrogradation at a molecular level, although more studies are needed in the future.     

Starch Structure Influences Its Digestibility: A Review

Twenty‐five years ago, it was found that a significant fraction of the starch present in foods is not digested in the small intestine and continues to the large intestine, where it is fermented by the microbiota; this fraction was named resistant starch (RS). It was also reported that there is a fraction of starch that is slowly digested, sustaining a release of glucose in the small intestine. Later, health benefits were found to be associated with the consumption of this fraction, called slowly digestible starch (SDS). The authors declare both fractions to be “nutraceutical starch.” An overview of the structure of both fractions (RS and SDS), as well as their nutraceutical characteristics, is presented with the objective of suggesting methods and processes that will increase both fractions in starchy foods and prevent diseases that are associated with the consumption of glycemic carbohydrates.     

超声处理辅助大豆分离蛋白改善蛋黄乳化性

蛋黄(Egg yolk,EY)的乳化特性易受加工因素影响,为了改善其乳化性能,采用大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)辅以超声处理,探究不同超声功率对大豆分离蛋白改善蛋黄乳液乳化性及蛋黄蛋白性能的影响.结果 表明:在EY中添加SPI,可以显著提高EY的乳化活性(Emulsifying acti...     

Cadmium Removal from Rice by Separating and Washing Protein Isolate

In this study detoxification of 3 Chinese Cd‐contaminated cultivars (Jinyou463, Yuchi, and Xiangzaoxian 32) of rice was explored. By separation with an alkaline method, Cd concentrations of the starch isolates were decreased from 0.2769, 0.4037, and 0.5156 mg/kg in starting milled rice to 0.1056, 0.1585, and 0.1923 mg/kg, respectively. However, the Cd concentrations reached up to 2.5905, 3.1628, and 4.8593 mg/kg in the protein isolates, respectively. Therefore, 10 common acids in food industry were investigated to remove Cd from protein isolate by washing process. The optimal washing conditions were 0.5 M citric acid, acid to rice protein isolate ratio of 6:1 v/w, shaking time of 1 h at room temperature. The rice protein isolate showed a significant decrease in Cd concentration and the removal efficiency was more than 95% after 2 washings at optimized conditions. Rice proteins were not degraded at all and had very little loss during citric acid washing process. The study presents a promising way of depurating Cd‐contaminated rice, and meanwhile it reduces the risk of heavy metal causing food safety issues effectively.     

谷物磨粉工艺对其淀粉损伤及特性影响研究进展

谷物磨粉主要采用机械粉碎方式,在粉碎过程中必然造成淀粉颗粒不同程度的损伤,使其产品中的破损淀粉含量显著增加,而破损淀粉含量又直接影响着谷物的加工品质和食用品质。本综述系统阐述了不同磨粉工艺对谷物制品中淀粉损伤的影响及其产生原因,并对谷物制品品质改良进行了展望,以期为我国谷物加工技术及其品质改善提供参考。     

无机盐协同淀粉多层包覆OCC浆纤维对淀粉吸附量的影响

基于聚电解质层层沉积技术,通过在OCC浆纤维表面进行阳离子淀粉与阴离子淀粉交替包覆的方法,研究了无机盐种类、每次包覆的淀粉用量、纸浆浓度、每次包覆吸附时间、pH值和无机盐浓度对OCC浆纤维表面淀粉吸附量的影响。结果表明,无机盐协同淀粉3层包覆OCC浆纤维的适宜工艺条件为:AlCl3浓度108 mmol/L,纸浆浓度5.0%,每次包覆吸附时间10 min,每次淀粉用量9 mg/g纤维,pH值5.0。在适宜的工艺条件下,无机盐协同淀粉3层包覆OCC浆纤维表面淀粉吸附量为22.78 mg/g纤维,其纤维表面的淀粉保留率为84.4%,与吸附单层阳离子淀粉的试样相比较,AlCl3协同淀粉包覆OCC浆纤维表面淀粉吸附量增加了180.89%。     

辐射对淀粉作用的研究概况

介绍了近年来国内外研究辐射对淀粉作用的概况，总结了电离辐射对淀粉理化性质的影响，简单阐述了辐射对淀粉作用的机制。研究表明：淀粉经辐射后，淀粉链断裂，聚合度下降，对酶的作用敏感，辐射对淀粉的破坏程度与辐射剂量成正相关。     

超声辅助处理对乳清分离蛋白糖基化产物的理化特性影响

采用超声辅助技术对乳清分离蛋白(WPI)进行糖基化改性,并与水浴加热法进行比较,探究两种处理方式对糖基化反应产物理化性质的影响。结果表明,与水浴法相比,超声辅助法可以更快地促进糖基化反应的进行,且对糖基化产物的理化性质有较大改善;当超声温度为70℃,功率为300 W,超声时间为40min时,乳清分离蛋白和葡萄糖的接枝度达到48. 10%,且乳清分离蛋白—葡萄糖接枝物的乳化性、在等电点处溶解性均增大。乳化系数由23.67 m~2/g增大到40.84 m~2/g;等电点附近的溶解度由19.09%增大到47.95%。且以接枝物为基质的乳液的粒径更小,储藏稳定性更好。     

Methodologies for Increasing the Resistant Starch Content of Food Starches: A Review

Research involving resistant starch (RS) is becoming more prominent. RS has the ability to modulate postprandial blood‐glucose levels and can be fermented by the colonic microflora to produce short‐chain fatty acids, which exert positive health benefits on the consumer such as increased colonic blood flow to ease colonic inflammation and a decreased risk of colon and/or other cancers. This paper reviews the effects of genetic manipulation on amylose levels in plants, enzymatic hydrolysis, physical treatments, chemical modifications, exposure to γ‐rays, and the effects of lipid complexation on the RS content of starches from various botanical sources. All treatments reviewed increased the RS content; however, select treatments (namely genetic manipulation, enzymatic debranching, hydrothermal treatments, high hydrostatic pressure, most chemical modifications, γ‐irradiation exposure, as well as lipid complexation) were more effective to varying degrees than were extrusion and mineral acid treatments. Various methods commonly used for measuring RS were compared. Additionally, the effects of food matrix components were also examined to gauge their effectiveness at inhibiting or enhancing RS formation, with lipids and gums known to be the most effective at enhancing (or apparently enhancing) RS. This review draws largely, but not exclusively, from research published post 2009.