厌氧氨氧化的启动特性研究

厌氧氨氧化是最具潜力的脱氮技术之一。为探究厌氧氨氧化反应器启动过程中物质降解和胞外聚合物的变化,实验利用SBR反应器启动了富集ANAMMOX污泥的实验装置,测试启动过程中氮素的降解特征,胞外聚合物的变化规律。实验结果如下:(1)随着培养的进行,颗粒逐渐增大;(2)到124天时,氮素去除能力达到166.53 mg/(L·d)NH_4~+-N和219.01 mg/(L·d) NO_2~--N;(3)污泥EPS中蛋白质为主要成分,蛋白质的浓度随负荷的增加而阶梯式增涨。多糖含量变化不大,维持在20 mg/g以下。PN/PS值随负荷的增加而波浪形上升。     

活性污泥EPS的影响因素及其对污泥絮凝性影响研究

胞外聚合物对生物絮凝体的结构、性质和生物去除效果等有重要的影响。试验主要通过连续进水和连续出水的方式,考察在常温条件下pH值和污水水质对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响;同时研究胞外聚合物及蛋白质/多糖的比值与污泥絮凝性的关系。试验结果表明:pH值和污水水质对胞外聚合物含量有重要的影响,胞外聚合物总量对污泥的絮凝性能有显著的影响。     

Fenton法预活化污泥制备磁性活性炭的实验研究

利用Fenton法预活化二沉池剩余污泥能够有效改善污泥活性炭的性质,制备性能良好的污泥磁性活性炭.通过考察H_2O_2投加量、H_2O_2/Fe~(2+)投加质量比、活化pH、预活化时间对污泥前驱体和污泥磁性活性炭的影响,探索Fenton法预活化污泥的作用机理.结果表明:Fenton试剂在酸性pH条件下产生羟基自由基,具有强氧化性的·OH破坏污泥胞外聚合物,同时将大分子有机物氧化成中间体和小分子有机物,少量孔隙随着CO_2和H_2O的逸出而形成;Fenton试剂的使用引入了铁,而铁盐是污泥热解的催化剂,能够促进焦油的裂解,加快有机物大分子键的断裂,从而促使更多孔隙的生成.     

电催化氧化+混凝沉淀+水解酸化+MBR联合处理松脂生产废水

松脂生产废水主要污染物是有机物、悬浮物和色度等,有机物主要是单宁酸、酚类、树脂酸、草酸及草酸盐、有机色素、乳化状松脂和松节油等,属难生化降解的高浓度有机废水,不能用生化处理工艺直接处理。采用电催化氧化+混凝沉淀+水解酸化+MBR为主体工艺处理该废水,实践表明,在进水COD平均浓度为5000~8000mg/L和色度≤250倍时,出水COD≤100mg/L,色度≤50倍,完全达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

福州市酸性降水现状研究

以近年来降水监测数据为基础,对福州市酸性降水的变化趋势和区域分布特征进行分析,并从环境空气质量、致酸污染物及气象条件等方面探讨了酸性降水的主要影响因素,认为福州市降水出现一定酸化,春季降水酸化较严重,福州市降水中主要阴离子为硫酸根,酸雨为硫酸型,但近年来硝酸根对酸性降水的贡献较大,酸雨污染逐步从硫酸型向硫酸硝酸混合型转变。     

渗滤工艺中蔬菜废弃物厌氧产酸过程研究

文章研究了甘蓝、土豆和西红柿藤蔓在渗滤床中的有机酸分布规律和产酸状况,并对产酸过程中的重要指标参数进行了监测。结果表明:甘蓝、土豆和西红柿藤蔓三者的产酸停留时间分别为4,5,8 d,酸化后主要有机酸的产量和分布有较大区别;土豆和甘蓝总产酸量远高于西红柿藤蔓,西红柿藤蔓由于纤维素含量较高,产酸率明显较低;有机酸主要以乙酸和丁酸为主。土豆和甘蓝最终所得渗滤液的COD浓度可达到10 150 mg/L,表明产酸过程较好地将蔬菜废弃物中的有机物水解酸化成了有机酸及其他组分。     

A2/O-MBR工艺强化处理高浓度生活污水的运行研究

使用小试反应器研究了不同温度下A~2/O-MBR工艺对于高浓度生活污水的处理效果,以及中空纤维膜的运行及污染情况。运行两套相同的反应器,在相同回流比和进水比的情况下横向对比不同泥龄对污染物去除的影响。运行结果表明,出水水质稳定低于《城镇污水厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准。中空纤维膜的运行观测表明,夏季膜污染较轻,冬季膜污染较重。膜污染主要是由于芳香族蛋白质物质、芳香族类蛋白低激发波长类色氨酸在膜上的累积引起的。离线清洗后膜表面依然存在部分丝状菌缠绕,无法恢复到初始状态。     

热处理对污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

通过对污泥进行热处理来提高污泥厌氧发酵产氢的能力.结果表明:热处理是一种有效的污泥融胞方法,热处理对糖和蛋白质的水解效果好,热处理后污泥中可溶蛋白质浓度为原污泥的6.4～8.9倍,可溶糖浓度为原污泥的1.6～7.9倍.75℃热处理10 min效果最好,最大累积产氢量可达20.3 ml,较原污泥提高了19倍;VS最大比产氢率为152.2 ml·(kg·h)-1.并用SGompertz方程对实验数据进行拟合,定量说明在不同的热处理温度和时间下,厌氧发酵的累积产氢量(y)和时间(x)的关系.污泥厌氧发酵产氢前后各指标都发生明显变化,NH4 -N和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)的浓度都增加了,而可溶糖和可溶蛋白质的浓度都降低了.热处理后的污泥在厌氧发酵产氢过程中,主要降解的有机物为蛋白质,发酵后蛋白质可降解20%～41%.     

催化湿式氧化处理HPPO污水模式研究

中国石化自主研发的以双氧水为原料直接氧化丙烯制取环氧丙烷(PO)的工艺(HPPO)是近几年刚刚实现工业化的一种经济、节能、绿色、环保的先进工艺,但其工艺污水中主要含有丙二醇单甲醚、甲醇、杂醇及异构体等物质。催化湿式氧化是在一定温度和压力下,通过催化剂的催化作用,利用氧气或空气可以将污水中的有机物和氨氮分别氧化为CO_2和N_2等无害物质的工艺过程,是一条行之有效的处理高污染化工污水的技术路线。通过以负载型贵金属催化剂对COD和氨氮含量分别为69250mg/L和3175mg/L的化工污水进行催化湿式氧化中试研究,结果表明,负载型贵金属催化剂用于催化湿式氧化工艺,处理高污染浓度的HPPO污水,具有良好的活性,在压力7.0MPa、温度230℃的条件下,出水的COD降到1520mg/L,氨氮≤5mg/L,去除率分别达到97.8%和99.8%,生化性能显著改善;同时,对出水的阴离子组成和尾气的组成进行了分析。     

焦化脱硫废液浓缩过程中COD的迁移规律和影响因素研究

对HPF （湿式氧化法）焦化脱硫废液在蒸发浓缩时冷凝液中COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand,化学需氧量)的分布规律及影响因素进行了考察。结果发现,在脱硫废液的蒸发浓缩处理过程中,冷凝液中的COD呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,在初期和末期冷凝液中的COD均高达10000mg/L以上,引起这种现象的物质在前期主要是酚类与含氮类等有机物,在后期主要是废水中分解产生的无机物。如何有效去除废水中的有机物及控制脱硫废液浓缩时的温度是降低其冷凝液中COD的关键。     

Treatment of oily sludge by two-stage wet air oxidation

Oily sludge produced in petrochemical industries contains a large amount of toxic and hazardous substances. High oil sludge yield and high treatment cost have become major obstacles to the development of the petrochemical industry. In this study, the treatment and disposal of oily sludge using the wet oxidation method was investigated. Firstly, the orthogonal optimization experiment was designed to discuss the influence of reaction time, reaction temperature, oxidant amount, and emulsion splitter amount on the removal efficiency of oil and sludge volume. On this basis, a two-stage wet air oxidation method was employed to treat oily sludge. The results show that the two-stage oxidation method could remove 93.1% oil from the oil sludge and reduce the volume of oil sludge by 85.4%. Furthermore, the oil sludge treated with wet oxidation could be more easily separated from water, and the waste oil could be recycled. The proposed two-stage wet oxidation method shows excellent performance in treating oily sludge, from which resources can be recycled while reducing the amount of sludge.     

PMS协同介质阻挡放电对污泥水解及厌氧产酸效果的影响

鉴于强化污泥水解对于改善厌氧产酸效果的重要作用,在分析介质阻挡放电(DBD)、过一硫酸盐(PMS)单独破解污泥的反应参数及结果后,将两者进行联合,探讨联合反应后污泥水解及厌氧产酸效果的变化。结果表明,DBD放电或PMS单独处理对于污泥水解效果有限,当两者联合后,污泥的水解效果显著提高,说明PMS能被放电活化从而产生协同作用,其最佳反应条件为放电电压11kV、频率10kHz、时间20min、PMS投加量n(HSO_5~-)=1.0mmol/gTS;HO·、SO_4~-·为参与反应的重要活性物质;剩余污泥经预处理后能显著提高厌氧发酵系统中挥发酸的产量,并促进多碳酸向乙酸转化。     

Enzymatic characterization of acid tolerance response (ATR) during the enhanced biohydrogen production process from Taihu cyanobacteria via anaerobic digestion

Enhancement of biohydrogen production via anaerobic digestion from Taihu cyanobacteria (blue algae) after acid stress on anaerobic sludge, and the enzymatic characterization of the acid tolerance response (ATR) during the enhanced biohydrogen production process were investigated in this study. Comparing to those of the control, biohydrogen accumulation and hydrogen content increased by 1.9 and 1.7 times, when 12.5 and 7.5 g/L of acid stress on anaerobic sludge were performed respectively. Other than that, activities of hydrolytic enzymes, such as β-glucosidase, BAA-proteolytic enzyme and phosphatase were all improved during the enhanced biohydrogen process after appropriate acid stress. Significantly, activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the main microbial ATR stimulated by excessive acids, was increased consistently with the biohydrogen accumulation. Therefore, acid stress might be a practical approach to improving the biochemical traits of the anaerobic sludge. In turn, improved hydrolysis of organic substances would help the anaerobic sludge better survive excessive organic acids, and then enhance biohydrogen production from Taihu cyanobacteria.     

CaO低温预处理作用下市政污泥有机物迁移规律及与粘滞性的关联

通过向机械脱水后污泥中添加CaO粉末,在不同预处理时间和温度条件下,测量污泥提取液中蛋白质和多糖的含量,探究不同预处理条件对污泥上清液中有机物含量变化的影响,以及对污泥表面粘附性的影响。测量结果表明,预处理时间的延长会提高污泥上清液中有机物含量；预处理温度的升高也会提高有机物含量；CaO粉末的添加能提高有机物含量,但是添加剂含量过高反而会降低有机物含量,如10%CaO添加量时有机物含量反而减少。研究发现,随着CaO引入,污泥表面粘性有明显增加,并推断这和CaO导致的胞内高粘性有机物大量释放密切相关。采用旋转粘度计测量不同CaO含量污泥的粘度值,结果表明,随着CaO添加量的增加,污泥粘性明显降低,但CaO含量达到8%和10%时,污泥混合物的粘度则随时间延长开始增加。     

A comprehensive review on the proton conductivity of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) under anhydrous conditions: Proton conductivity upper bound

The present study aims to assess the proton conductivities of the most investigated proton exchange membranes (PEMs) used in PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). Specifically, PEMs are analyzed for their use in anhydrous fuel cells and proton conductivity upper bounds were provided for them. Considering the direct relationship between proton conductivity and temperature, an upper bound is presented. Based on the obtained upper bounds, suitable membranes for high-temperature performance are determined, and the average range of proton conductivity for each polymer group is discussed. By comparing the available proton conductivity data with upper bound, it was demonstrated that some of poly (ionic liquid)s have provided the highest proton conductivities, however aromatic polymers such as polybenzimidazole (PBI) are found more suitable choices for application at anhydrous conditions and high temperatures. The proton conductivity upper bound for anhydrous PEMs demonstrates the availability of promising polymer options for the deployment of anhydrous fuel cells.     

Pollutant removal-oriented yeast biomass production from high-organic-strength industrial wastewater: A review

Microbial single-cell-protein (SCP) production from high-organic-strength industrial wastewaters is considered an attractive method for both wastewater purification and resource utilization. In the last two decades, pollutant removal-oriented yeast SCP production processes, i.e., yeast treatment processes, have attracted a great deal of attention from a variety of research groups worldwide. Different from conventional SCP production processes, yeast treatment processes are characterized by higher pollutant removal rates, lower production costs, highly adaptive yeast isolates from nature, no excess nutrient supplements, and are performed under non-sterile conditions. Furthermore, yeast treatment processes are similar to bacteria-dominated conventional activated sludge processes, which offer more choices for yeast SCP production and industrial wastewater treatment. This review discusses why highly adaptive yeast species isolated from nature are used in the yeast treatment process rather than commercial SCP producers. It also describes the application of yeast treatment processes for treating high-carboxyhydrate, oil-rich and high-salinity industrial wastewater, focusing primarily on high-strength biodegradable organic substances, which usually account for the major fraction of biochemical oxygen demand. Also discussed is the biodegradation of xenobiotics, such as color (including dye and pigment) and toxic substances (including phenols, chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.), present in industrial wastewater. Based on molecular information of yeast community structures and their regulation in yeast treatment systems, we also discuss how to maintain efficient yeast species in yeast biomass and how to control bacterial and mold proliferation in yeast treatment systems.     

Biogas production from the sludge of the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Adrar city (southwest of Algeria)

This study deals with the treatment and valorization of sludge issued from the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Adrar city (southwest of Algeria). The sludge considered was a complex mixture of substances, essentially organic matters with a rate of 54%. An acute biological activity of the crude substrate was noted (1.67 10⁶ germs/1 ml). The diluted sludge with a content of 16 g/l of total solids (TS) was fermented in a digester of one litter capacity under anaerobic conditions during 33 days. The quantity of biogas produced was 280.31 Nml with a yield of 30 Nml of biogas/mg of COD removed. The COD, BOD and TS reduction yields were 88, 90 and 81% respectively, followed by a complete destruction of the pathogenic flora particularly Escherichia coli. This study presented an important energetic opportunity by producing 30,950 KWh.     

含聚油泥处理技术及研究进展

油泥是石油开采中伴随着油水一起从地层带出的,随着采出程度的提高,油泥的累积量越来越多,已经成为油田开发中的主要污染源之一。我国每年得到的含油污泥总量很大,按其来源分为三种类型,分别是：油田开采,特别是油井采油生产和井下作业过程中产生的含油污泥,比较典型的有落地油泥和钻井泥;油气储运过程产生的含油污泥;炼厂污水处理场产生的含油污泥,一般称为＂炼油厂三泥＂。所谓含聚油泥,顾名思义,就是含有大量聚合物和原油的污泥。海上注聚油田开发过程中,含聚油泥随采出液系统排出量逐渐增大,影响到流程的正常运行。含聚油泥一般含油约30%~50%,成分复杂,黏度更大,乳化程度更高,固相难以彻底沉降,处理起来更加困难。处理含聚油泥的工艺技术主要有调质-机械分离处理技术、高温处理技术、萃取处理技术、化学处理技术、生物处理技术以及电处理技术等。对各种技术原理、特点及适用情况进行分析,对含聚油泥处理技术的研究进展给予展望。     

Organic conjugated polymers and polymer dots as photocatalysts for hydrogen production

Owing to the outstanding characteristics of tailorable electronic and optical properties, semiconducting polymers have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Among them, organic polymer dots process large breadth of potential synthetic diversity are the representative of photocatalysts for hydrogen production, which presents both an opportunity and a challenge. In this mini-review, first, the organic polymer photocatalysts were introduced. Then, recent reports on polymer dots which showed a superior photocatalytic activity and a robust stability under visible-light irradiation, for hydrogen production were summarized. Finally, challenges and outlook on using organic polymer dots-based photocatalysts from hydrogen production were discussed.