利用高分二号数据提取香蕉林信息及精度分析

针对海南农田地块细碎以及多云多雨气候条件下获取多时相的高质量卫星影像往往存在困难等问题,提出了一种利用单时相高分二号高分辨率卫星影像和随机森林算法的香蕉林信息提取方法。主要通过从高分辨率遥感影像中提取香蕉林的光谱和纹理等特征变量,然后利用综合不同光谱与纹理特征变量的随机森林分类算法进行香蕉林信息提取,并与以往的支持向量机分类算法进行了精度对比。结果表明,综合光谱和纹理信息的随机森林分类算法提取香蕉林空间分布结果最优,提取的香蕉林制图精度(PA)达到93.56%,用户精度(UA)达到87.43%;相比于支持向量机分类算法,PA和UA分别提高了11.99%和7.55%;相比只考虑光谱信息的随机森林分类算法,考虑纹理信息的随机森林分类算法提取的香蕉林PA提高了7.41%,UA提高了16.80%。研究结果可为人工园林的遥感信息提取提供技术参考。     

基于CNN和农作物光谱纹理特征进行作物分布制图

以卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network, CNN）为代表的深度学习技术,在农作物遥感分类制图领域具有广阔的应用前景。以多时相Landsat 8 多光谱遥感影像为数据源,搭建CNN模型对农作物进行光谱特征提取与分类,并与支撑向量机（SVM）常规分类方法进行对比。进一步引入影像纹理信息,利用CNN对农作物光谱和纹理特征进行提取,优化作物分布提取结果。实验表明：① 基于光谱特征的农作物分布提取,验证结果对比显示,CNN对应各类别精度、总体精度均优于SVM,其中二者总体精度分别为95.14%和91.77%;② 引入影像纹理信息后,基于光谱和纹理特征的CNN农作物分类总体精度提高至96.43%,Kappa系数0.952,且分类结果的空间分布更为合理,可有效区分花生、道路等精细地物,说明纹理特征可用于识别不同作物。基于光谱和纹理信息的CNN特征提取,可面向种植结构复杂区域实现农作物精准分类与分布制图。     

基于CNN和农作物光谱纹理特征进行作物分布制图

以卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network, CNN）为代表的深度学习技术，在农作物遥感分类制图领域具有广阔的应用前景。以多时相Landsat 8 多光谱遥感影像为数据源，搭建CNN模型对农作物进行光谱特征提取与分类，并与支撑向量机（SVM）常规分类方法进行对比。进一步引入影像纹理信息，利用CNN对农作物光谱和纹理特征进行提取，优化作物分布提取结果。实验表明：① 基于光谱特征的农作物分布提取，验证结果对比显示，CNN对应各类别精度、总体精度均优于SVM，其中二者总体精度分别为95.14%和91.77%；② 引入影像纹理信息后，基于光谱和纹理特征的CNN农作物分类总体精度提高至96.43%，Kappa系数0.952，且分类结果的空间分布更为合理，可有效区分花生、道路等精细地物，说明纹理特征可用于识别不同作物。基于光谱和纹理信息的CNN特征提取，可面向种植结构复杂区域实现农作物精准分类与分布制图。     

基于CNN和农作物光谱纹理特征进行作物分布制图

以卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)为代表的深度学习技术,在农作物遥感分类制图领域具有广阔的应用前景。以多时相Landsat 8多光谱遥感影像为数据源,搭建CNN模型对农作物进行光谱特征提取与分类,并与支撑向量机(SVM)常规分类方法进行对比。进一步引入影像纹理信息,利用CNN对农作物光谱和纹理特征进行提取,优化作物分布提取结果。实验表明:①基于光谱特征的农作物分布提取,验证结果对比显示,CNN对应各类别精度、总体精度均优于SVM,其中二者总体精度分别为95.14%和91.77%;②引入影像纹理信息后,基于光谱和纹理特征的CNN农作物分类总体精度提高至96.43%,Kappa系数0.952,且分类结果的空间分布更为合理,可有效区分花生、道路等精细地物,说明纹理特征可用于识别不同作物。基于光谱和纹理信息的CNN特征提取,可面向种植结构复杂区域实现农作物精准分类与分布制图。     

基于多时相Landsat 8 OLI影像的农作物遥感分类研究

时序遥感数据及地物细微光谱特征对于提取作物分布有重要作用,基于此,利用多时相Landsat 8 OLI影像,结合光谱角填图和决策树分类提取大同市新荣区东部地区主要农作物分布情况,并与最大似然法提取的分布结果进行对比。研究发现:①研究区内春玉米、谷物、大豆和马铃薯种植面积依次减小并呈镶嵌式分布;②结合光谱角填图与决策树分类总体精度为85.34%,Kappa系数为0.76,与最大似然法结果相比,总体精度提高22.51%,Kappa系数增加0.31,分类结果与实际作物分布具有更好的一致性;③利用时序遥感影像进行作物分类的精度明显高于单时相遥感影像的分类精度,且从光谱角差异的角度分析时序数据可有效削弱中高分辨率影像物谱不一致现象的影响。研究结果验证了多时相遥感影像对农作物分类研究的积极作用,并发展了光谱角填图法结合决策树分类在中高分辨率遥感影像中进行农作物分类的用法,具有一定的应用前景。     

巴基斯坦土地覆盖数据产品季节性精度评价

GlobeLand30-2010（30 m）、FROM-GLC-2010（30 m）和GlobCover-2009（300 m）是3套应用广泛的全球高精度土地覆盖数据产品。以巴基斯坦为研究区,从2009~2011年30 m Landsat-5、Landsat-7多光谱遥感影像共122景选取了夏冬两季各1 000个样本点,评价了3套土地覆盖数据产品的季节性分类精度。结果表明：3套产品在巴基斯坦地区夏冬两季总分类精度差异不大,总体来说GlobeLand30-2010（63.9% vs. 65.6%）与FROM-GLC-2010（59.0% vs. 61.2%）的总精度夏季略高于冬季,GlobCover-2009的总精度冬季略高于夏季（59.5% vs. 59.1%）。此外,3套产品中GlobeLand30-2010对耕地、人造地表和水体有更好的分类效果,FROM-GLC-2010对植被和冰川积雪的分类更为准确,GlobCover-2009对裸地的分类更为准确;3套产品对耕地、裸地和冰川积雪分类更符合冬季的真实情况,对植被、水体分类更符合夏季的真实情况,人造地表分类无明显的季节差异。巴基斯坦土地覆盖精度评价的样本点密度应达到1个/1 000 km²。     

基于POLSAR极化散射特征与光学归一化指数的农村居民点用地提取

准确提取农村居民点用地规模及分布,对合理利用土地资源、改善农村生态环境及促进城市化发展具有重要意义。根据农村居民点用地的POLSAR散射特性及光谱特征,提出一种基于POLSAR极化散射特征与光学归一化差异指数的农村居民点用地提取方法,并结合实验分析了POLSAR极化相关系数在区分农村居民点用地与林地的不适用性。所述方法可有效解决单一数据源在农村居民点用地提取中裸地(光学数据)、林地(POLSAR数据)与农村居民点用地混分的问题,精确提取农村居民点用地(用户精度为91.7%,制图精度为95.2%,总体精度为95.9%)。相比基于POLSAR极化目标分解的H/α/Wishart迭代分类,该方法用户精度提高了34.9%,制图精度提高了14.4%,总体精度提高了16.2%;相比基于归一化植被指数和归一化建筑指数的监督分类,本文的用户精度提高了24.3%。     

基于多源多时相遥感影像的山地森林分类决策树模型研究

山地是森林重要的分布区,然而山地多样的森林类型、高度异质化的景观格局、突出的地形效应以及云、雾的干扰均不同程度地影响了山地森林类型的遥感自动制图。多源多时相遥感影像提供的季相节律信息是当前提高土地覆被遥感制图精度的重要信息源之一。以岷江上游地区为研究区,以国产环境减灾卫星多光谱CCD(简称HJ CCD)影像和美国Landsat TM影像为数据源,以决策树为分类方法,根据参与分类影像的时相差异设计了5组对比实验(生长季单时相组、非生长季单时相组、生长季多时相组、非生长季多时相组、全时相组),对比论证多源多时相遥感影像对山地森林类型自动制图的贡献和作用。对比结果表明:生长季和非生长季相结合的多时相遥感影像较单时相或单一类型(生长季或非生长季)多时相遥感影像,更能显著提高山地森林类型自动制图精度,且能降低分类决策树的复杂程度,更有利于山地森林类型的自动提取。     

基于多季相Sentinel-2影像的白洋淀湿地信息提取

白洋淀湿地是华北平原上重要的浅水湖泊湿地,对雄安新区绿色发展具有重要的生态价值。对白洋淀高度异质化的景观格局进行分类,能够为白洋淀湿地资源的遥感监测提供指导意义。针对湿地季节变化的特点,对白洋淀每个季节选取一期具有代表性的Sentinel-2影像,采用分类与回归树（CART）、支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（RF）3种常用的机器学习分类器对15种季相组合实验方案进行分类,分析不同季相遥感影像及其组合对白洋淀湿地信息提取的优劣。结果表明：相较于使用单一季相影像分类,多季相影像的组合能够显著提高分类精度,春&夏季相组合能够得到最优的分类效果,相对单季影像总体分类精度提高了10.9%~25.5%,Kappa系数提高了0.09~0.29;SVM分类器的分类表现较为稳定,能够得到最高的平均分类精度,CART分类器在处理高维特征的能力不如随机森林和SVM;不同特征类型对湿地信息提取的贡献度从高到底依次是红边光谱特征、传统光谱特征、缨帽变换特征、主成分分析特征、纹理特征。实验成果能为湿地信息的遥感识别提供依据。     

利用多时相ASTER数据研究城市植被覆盖

植被是城市环境的基本组分之一,其覆盖状况对城市气候、地表能量通量具有举足轻重的作用,进而影响城市人居环境质量.以北京市西城、东城、宣武和崇文四个中心城区为研究区,利用2004年四个季节的ASTER影像,分析了城市实际植被覆盖度的季节性变化.研究结果表明,线性光谱混合模型估算城市植被覆盖度能够达到较高精度.北京中心城区城市植被覆盖景观在夏季破碎且复杂多样,春秋季节次之,冬季最为单一.本研究为有效评估城市植被覆盖状况并分析其季节分布格局提供了一条有效的途径.     

Moso bamboo forest extraction and aboveground carbon storage estimation based on multi-source remotely sensed images

Using a combination of moso bamboo forest thematic maps derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images, field inventory data, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images, moso bamboo forest was extracted using the matched filtering (MF) technique and its aboveground carbon storage (AGC) was then estimated. This study presents a feasible method for extracting large-scale moso bamboo forests and for estimating moso bamboo forest AGC based on low-spatial resolution MODIS images. The results showed that moso bamboo forests in the majority of counties can be accurately estimated between actual area and estimates, with an R ² of 0.8453. The fitted accuracy of the AGC model was high (R ² = 0.491). The prediction accuracy of the AGC model was also evaluated using validation samples collected from Lin'an City, with an R ² and root mean square error prediction of 0.4778 and 3.06 Mg C ha^?1, respectively. The AGC in the majority of counties or cities in Zhejiang Province was between 0 and 15 Mg C ha^?1, and to a certain extent the predicted AGC estimates were close to observed ground truth data and representative of the study area.     

Satellite-based detection of bamboo expansion over the past 30 years in Mount Tianmushan,China

The present work aims to detect bamboo expansion and its impact on carbon storage in a thick forest in the most recent 30 years. The research area is the national nature reserve of Tianmushan, Zhejiang Province, China, and the present paper monitored bamboo expansion from 1984 to 2015. Multi-spectral band and vegetation indices from Landsat images in summer and winter are used combined to improve the accuracy of detection using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Expansion of bamboo over this period is evident. Total expansion is 161%, the fastest annual rate being 11.6%. However, over recent decades the growth of bamboo has been inhibited by human activity and the total area has decreased by 21%. Evergreen broadleaf forest is the most vulnerable to invasion by bamboo at a ratio of about 65%, and this expanding trend has been brought under effective control. Carbon storage was estimated using sample plot surveys and modelling based on key ecological forests. According to our estimation using carbon storage models, the total carbon storage of Tianmushan has declined by circa 4.7% due to bamboo expansion in the past three decades.     

遥感图像森林类型小波纹理的SVM法分类

利用遥感图像对森林类型进行分类是大面积地调查、监测、分析森林资源的快速与经济的方法,但由于不同森林的光谱特征非常相近而较难准确分类。因此,在GPS数据和高分辨率遥感图像的支持下,对水源林Landsat TM遥感图像用窗口法获得阔叶林、针叶林和竹林样本图像,然后计算其小波分解后小波系数的l1范数纹理测度构成分类特征向量,利用支持向量基SVM进行分类。结果表明,利用SVM对图像中阔叶林、针叶林和竹林分类平均精度在80%以上,可较准确地识别森林类型,图像总体分类精度达到90.2%,Kappa系数0.77,均比利用小波纹理特征的神经网络法和最大似然法有所提高,森林分类错误产生的主要原因是混交林造成两类森林间存在交集。该方法可以较有效地提高遥感图像森林类型的分类精度。     

基于多时相遥感观测的板栗林分布提取研究

板栗林在欧亚、北美等地广泛分布,具有良好的生态价值和经济效益。我国板栗产量居世界首位,是重要的经济树种。使用遥感影像建立板栗林空间分布提取方法能够为其科学管理和高效经营提供定量数据,但树种分类是遥感分类的难点,并且针对板栗林的遥感提取研究较少。以河北省宽城满族自治县为研究区,结合MODIS高时间分辨率特征和Landsat数据较高空间分辨率的特征,研究板栗林提取的最佳时相以及分类特征,并采用多时相观测基于支持向量机算法实现板栗林的提取。结果表明：①4月至6月各地类光谱差异最大,是板栗林提取的关键物候期;②蓝、绿、红、近红外和短波红外波段地表反射率是分类的有效波段,NDI、NDVI、NDWI、RSI和RVI等植被指数增强了植被信息,是板栗林提取的有效分类特征;③单一时相板栗林分类中,生长季前期6月精度最高,生长季后期9月次之,非生长季1月分类结果较差;④结合生长季6月、9月和非生长季1月遥感影像的分类精度最佳,板栗林制图和用户精度分别为89.90%和87.25%。与林业局板栗林面积统计数据相比,精度可达93.45%。     

Circa 2014 African land-cover maps compatible with FROM-GLC and GLC2000 classification schemes based on multi-seasonal Landsat data

A new African land-cover data set has been developed using multi-seasonal Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery mainly acquired around 2014, supplemented by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Each path/row location was covered by five images, including one in the growing season of vegetation and the others in four meteorological seasons (i.e. spring, summer, autumn, and winter), choosing the image with the least cloud coverage. The data set has two classification schemes, i.e. Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring – Global Land Cover (FROM-GLC) and Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC2000), providing greater flexibility in product comparisons and applications. Random forest was used as the classifier in this project. Overall accuracies were 71% and 67% for the maps in the FROM-GLC classification scheme at level 1 and level 2, respectively, and 70% for the map in the GLC2000 classification scheme. The newly developed African land-cover map achieved a greater improvement in accuracy compared to previous products in the FROM-GLC project. Multi-seasonal imagery helped increase the mapping accuracy by better differentiating vegetation types with similar spectral features in one specific season and identifying vegetation with a shorter growing season. Night light data with 1 km resolution was used to identify the potential area of impervious surfaces to avoid overestimating the distribution of impervious surfaces without decreasing the spatial resolution. Stacking multi-seasonal mapping results could adequately minimize the disturbance of cloud and shade.     

Mapping of boreal vegetation of a temperate mountain in China by multitemporal Landsat TM imagery

The Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve (2000 km 2 ), north-east China, is a very important ecosystem representing the temperate biosphere. The cover types were derived by using multitemporal Landsat TM imagery, which was modified with DEM data on the relationship between vegetation distribution and elevation. It was classified into 20 groups by supervised classification. By comparing the results of the classification of different band combinations, bands 4 and 5 of an image from 18 July 1997 and band 3 of an image from 22 October 1997 were used to make a false colour image for the final output, a vegetation map, which showed the best in terms of classification accuracy. The overall accuracy by individual images was less than 70%, while that of the multitemporal classification was higher than 80%. Further, on the basis of the relationship of vegetation distribution and elevation, the accuracy of multitemporal classification was raised from 85.8 to 89.5% by using DEM. Bands 4 and 5 showed a high ability for discriminating cover types. Images acquired in late spring and mid-summer were recognized better than other seasons for cover type identification. NDVI and band ratio of B4/B3 proved useful for cover type discrimination, but were not superior to the original spectral bands. Other band ratios like B5/B4 and B7/B5 were less important for improving classification accuracy. The changes of spectral reflectance and NDVI with season were also analysed with 10 images ranging from 1984 to 1997. Seperability of images in terms of classification accuracy was high in late spring and summer, and decreased towards winter. There were five vegetation zones on the mountain, from the base to the peak: deciduous forest zone, mixed forest zone, conifer forest zone, birch forest zone and tundra zone. Spruce-fir conifer dominated forest was the most dominant vegetation (33%), followed by mixed forest (26%), Korean pine forest (8%) and mountain birch forest (5%).     

Issues related to delineation of forest boundaries on Landsat Thematic Mapper winter images

This paper describes an approach for estimating the effect of factors influencing the determination of forest boundaries on medium-resolution satellite images. Forest edges were delineated on a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image made in late winter under plain snow cover conditions. The study investigated the best Landsat TM spectral band and threshold value for the detection of forest edges in winter images. It was hypothesized that shadows cast by trees on forest edges on the bright snow of the surrounding open area make north- or north-west-facing forest edges less sharp than edges facing in other directions. If this holds true for medium-resolution Landsat TM satellite images, forest area change studies should carefully consider images taken under different atmospheric and solar elevation conditions in order to distinguish real changes at forest edges from those stemming from different conditions of solar illumination. The results of the study show that there is no significant shadow effect, as the reflectance contrast at forest edges exposed in different azimuthal directions does not differ on Landsat TM winter images under plain snow cover conditions. Landsat TM bands 2-4 are all equally good for the detection of the forest edge location at an average value of reflectance. These results are valid for forest edges that have remained stable for several decades.     

Land-cover classification in a moist tropical region of Brazil with Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery

This research aims to improve land-cover classification accuracy in a moist tropical region in Brazil by examining the use of different remote-sensing-derived variables and classification algorithms. Different scenarios based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) spectral data and derived vegetation indices and textural images and different classification algorithms, maximum likelihood classification (MLC), artificial neural network (ANN), classification tree analysis (CTA) and object-based classification (OBC), were explored. The results indicate that a combination of vegetation indices as extra bands into Landsat TM multi-spectral bands did not improve the overall classification performance, but the combination of textural images was valuable for improving vegetation classification accuracy. In particular, the combination of both vegetation indices and textural images into TM multi-spectral bands improved the overall classification accuracy (OCA) by 5.6% and the overall kappa coefficient (OKC) by 6.25%. Comparison of the different classification algorithms indicated that CTA and ANN have poor classification performance in this research, but OBC improved primary forest and pasture classification accuracies. This research indicates that use of textural images or use of OBC are especially valuable for improving the vegetation classes such as upland and liana forest classes that have complex stand structures and large patch sizes.     

Improving forest type classification using the vegetation local difference index

A spatial feature extraction method was applied to increase the accuracy of land-cover classification of forest type information extraction. Traditional spatial feature extraction applications use high-resolution images. However, improving the classification accuracy is difficult when using medium-resolution images, such as a 30 m resolution Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image. In this study, we demonstrated a novel method that used the vegetation local difference index (VLDI) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which were calculated based on the topographically corrected ETM+ image, to delineate spatial features. A simple maximum likelihood classifier and two different ways to use spatial information were introduced in this study as the frameworks to incorporate both spectral and spatial information for analysis. The results of the experiments, where Landsat ETM+ and digital elevation model (DEM) images, together with ground truth data acquired in the study area were used, show that combining the spatial information extracted from medium-resolution images and spectral information improved both classification accuracy and visual qualities. Moreover, the use of spatial information extracted through the proposed method greatly improved the classification performance of particular forest types, such as sparse woodlands.     

Estimation of tropical forest biomass using Landsat TM imagery and permanent plot data in Xishuangbanna,China

Because of its complexity, it is very difficult to obtain information about distribution of biomass in tropical forests. This article describes the estimation of tropical forest biomass by using Landsat TM and forest plot data in Xishuangbanna, PR China. The method includes several steps. First, the biomass for each forest permanent plot is calculated by using field inventory data. Second, Landsat TM images are geometrically corrected by using topographic maps. Third, a map of the tropical forest is obtained by using data from a variety of sources such as Landsat TM, digital elevation model (DEM), temperature and precipitation layers and expert knowledge. Finally, the biomass and carbon storage of each forest vegetation type in the forest map is calculated by using the tropical forest map and the forest plot biomass GIS database. In the study area, forest area accounts for 57% of the total 1.7?×?10⁶ hectares. The total forest biomass is 2.0?×?10⁸ tonne. It is shown that the forest vegetation map, the forest biomass and the forest carbon storage can be obtained by effectively integrating Landsat TM, ancillary data including DEM, temperature and precipitation, forest permanent plots and knowledge using the method proposed here.