蒸压参数与杂质对磷石膏制备α-半水石膏的影响

通过分析磷石膏蒸压后样品的物相组成、相对结晶度、烘干抗压强度、微观形貌,研究了蒸压温度、保温时间、液固比、杂质等因素对磷石膏蒸压制备α-半水石膏的影响。结果表明：磷石膏蒸压后所得样品的烘干抗压强度与α-半水石膏晶体的相对结晶度呈正相关关系;在蒸压温度为130 ℃、保温时间为3~5 h、液固质量比为0.25条件下,所得α-半水石膏的相对结晶度高、烘干抗压强度大、晶体微观形貌完整且长径比小;磷石膏中的杂质会对蒸压样品的力学强度产生影响,将磷石膏水洗处理后,在蒸压温度为130 ℃、保温时间为3 h、液固质量比为0.25条件下,可制得2 h抗折强度为7.3 MPa、烘干抗压强度为32.8 MPa的α-半水石膏,该α-半水石膏符合JC/T 2038—2010《α型高强石膏》α30强度等级的要求。     

β石膏相组成和杂质含量对其性能的影响

为更好地利用磷石膏资源,发挥磷石膏的最大价值,以磷建筑石膏粉为原料,通过化学成分计算,合理调配其中的二水石膏、硬石膏和半水石膏含量,引入可溶性五氧化二磷、氟化钠、氯化钠来调整其中的水溶性五氧化二磷、水溶性氟离子和氯离子含量,通过对凝结时间和力学性能的测试来研究相组成和杂质含量对其性能的影响。结果表明:二水石膏质量分数低于3%时会加速建筑石膏的水化反应、增强其早期强度,半水石膏质量分数在77%左右时建筑石膏的力学性能较好,无水石膏质量分数超过15%时建筑石膏的力学性能下降较大;当利用磷石膏制备建筑石膏粉时,水溶性五氧化二磷质量分数宜控制在0.2%以下,水溶性氟离子质量分数宜控制在0.3%以下,氯离子质量分数宜控制在0.04%以下。从相组成和杂质控制的角度,该研究为磷石膏的资源化利用提供了借鉴和参考,有助于提升中国磷石膏的利用水平。     

磷石膏主要杂质特性及对抗压强度的影响

介绍了磷石膏主要杂质及特性,研究了Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)、Mg~(2+)、F~-、PO_4~(3-)等离子以及水对磷石膏抗压强度的影响,通过响应面实验设计得到了杂质含量对磷石膏抗压强度影响的预测式,且实测值与预测值之间误差较小,这对磷石膏综合利用技术研发具有一定的理论指导意义。     

磷石膏中主要杂质对转晶制备的α高强石膏物理性能的影响

以渣场水洗净化后磷石膏为原料,采用蒸压法制备α高强石膏,通过单因素实验研究磷石膏中H₃PO₄、H₂PO₄^-、HPO₄^2-、Ca₃(PO₄)₂、F^-和有机质对转晶制备的α高强石膏物理性能的影响。结果表明,不同形态磷中,H₃PO₄对α高强石膏的影响最大,其含量越高,α高强石膏凝结时间越长、比表面积越大、标准稠度越大、抗折强度和抗压强度越低、晶体粒径越小;F^-对α高强石膏的凝结时间、抗折强度和抗压强度影响显著,水洗净化后磷石膏中w(F^-) 增加至0.050%,初凝时间缩短65%、终凝时间缩短60%,强度等级由JC/T 2038—2010 α50等级降至α30等级;有机质对α高强石膏的各指标及晶体形貌影响较小。     

磷石膏中有害杂质对环境影响的监测与评价

磷石膏是湿法生产磷酸的主要副产物,大量的磷石膏的堆存和排放不仅占用大量的土地,而且增加厂家的环保和管理压力,其中含有磷、氟、放射性元素和有机物等杂质的存在影响了对磷石膏资源的有效利用.文章旨在对磷石膏中的有害成分及其对环境的影响作阐述,以便寻求绿色生产路线、开发环境友好型产品.     

杂质对磷石膏碳粉还原分解的影响研究

本文研究了以碳为还原剂的条件下,杂质对磷石膏分解过程的影响.利用热力学软件FactSage对石膏分解过程中体系的物相变化进行模拟计算,其理论结果表明CaS会影响CaSO4的分解.结合XRD表征技术及化学分析方法对通过热重和管式炉实验所得的分解产物进行分析,结果验证了磷石膏的还原分解反应受到CaS含量的影响.SiO2、Fe2O3会抑制CaS的产生,从而促进磷石膏的分解;Al2O3则会促进CaS的生成,进而抑制磷石膏的分解.     

减水剂对磷石膏基建筑石膏性能的影响

以云南安宁某磷肥厂的磷石膏为原料,制备了磷石膏基建筑石膏.采用四种不同类型的减水剂,即木质素磺酸钙(MG)、萘系减水剂(FDN)、三聚氰胺减水剂(SMF)、聚羧酸减水剂(PS)四种物质,考察了不同减水剂的掺量对磷石膏基建筑石膏的标准稠度用水量、减水率、凝结时间与抗折、抗压强度的影响.结果表明,MG不适合作石膏减水剂,改性效果较好的是SMF减水剂,掺入量为0.3wt％.通过对掺杂减水剂后石膏试件的SEM表征,初步对石膏减水改性过程进行了机理分析.发现减水剂主要是通过物理方法进行改性,当其加入建筑石膏水化体系中时,会使石膏内部结构变得更为致密,从而降低标准稠度用水量,最终增加石膏试件的强度.     

脱硫石膏和磷石膏作调凝剂对水泥性能影响的对比研究

使用工业副产脱硫石膏和磷石膏替代天然石膏作水泥调凝剂,是大量消纳这些固废的有效途径之一。有鉴于此,本文在对硫石膏和磷石膏理化性质研究的基础上,系统对比研究了两类石膏作调凝剂对水泥性能的影响,结果表明：脱硫石膏呈中性,但磷石膏来源不同,可呈强酸性、中性和强碱性。试验所用四种石膏的F、P、重金属浸出特性和反射性均满足一类建材的要求。脱硫石膏所配水泥的性能稳定性较好,掺量波动对水泥性能影响也较小,但磷石膏杂质成分复杂,所配水泥的凝结时间较长,一般为脱硫石膏所配水泥凝结时间的二倍以上。磷石膏产地和掺量变化对所配水泥的凝结时间和强度影响较大,使用过程中需严格控制掺量,否则会导致水泥不合格。     

增强剂对磷石膏基建筑石膏性能的影响

以云南安宁某磷肥厂的磷石膏为原料,以此来制备磷石膏基建筑石膏.采用Na2SO4、尿素(CO(NH2)2)、Al2(SO4)3、Al(OH)3四种增强剂,考察不同增强剂的掺量对磷石膏基建筑石膏的凝结时间、抗折抗压强度的影响.结果表明:当Na2SO4掺入量为0.5wt％时,试件整体强度最高,改性建筑石膏试件2h抗压强度提升7.84％,绝干抗压强度提升11.78％;当Al(OH)3掺入量为0.7wt％时,试件整体强度最高,改性磷石膏基建筑石膏试件2h抗压强度提升11.32％,绝干抗压强度提升12.36％;当CO(NH2)2掺入量为0.5wt％时,试件整体强度最高,改性磷石膏基建筑石膏砌块2h抗压强度提升12.34％,绝干抗压强度提升14.22％;当Al2(SO4)3掺入量为1.5wt％时,试件整体强度最高,改性磷石膏基建筑石膏试件抗折强度提升较小,2h抗压强度提升17.62％,绝干抗压强度提升19.29％.改性效果最好的增强剂为硫酸铝,掺入量为1.5wt％;通过对掺杂增强剂后石膏试件SEM表征,初步对石膏改性过程进行了机理分析,为磷石膏基建筑石膏改性提供了理论依据,研究成果具有较好的应用价值.     

黏土的杂质含量对堇青石-莫来石复合材料相组成及性能的影响

以滑石细粉、高铝矾土细粉和两种不同杂质含量的黏土细粉为原料,经配料、加水混练成型后,分别于1300、1350和1400℃保温3h制备了堇青石-莫来石复合材料的试样,用XRD、SEM等研究了黏土中杂质含量对堇青石-莫来石复合材料相组成及性能的影响。结果表明:1)使用高杂质含量的黏土能有效降低试样的烧结温度,促进堇青石和莫来石晶体的生成发育,提高试样的体积密度与常温抗折强度,但对其抗热震性损害较大。2)使用高杂质含量的黏土时,提高MgO含量虽然可增加堇青石的含量,但玻璃相含量增加且黏度降低,不能有效提高材料的抗热震性;而使用低杂质含量的黏土时,通过控制引入MgO的含量与煅烧温度,可调节试样中晶相的含量与组成,从而可提高材料的抗热震性。     

Recombinant Reg3α Prevents Islet β-Cell Apoptosis and Promotes β-Cell Regeneration

Progressive loss and dysfunction of islet β-cells has not yet been solved in the treatment of diabetes. Regenerating protein (Reg) has been identified as a trophic factor which is demonstrated to be associated with pancreatic tissue regeneration. We previously produced recombinant Reg3α protein (rReg3α) and proved that it protects against acute pancreatitis in mice. Whether rReg3α protects islet β-cells in diabetes has been elusive. In the present study, rReg3α stimulated MIN6 cell proliferation and resisted STZ-caused cell death. The protective effect of rReg3α was also found in mouse primary islets. In BALB/c mice, rReg3α administration largely alleviated STZ-induced diabetes by the preservation of β-cell mass. The protective mechanism could be attributed to Akt/Bcl-2/-xL activation and GRP78 upregulation. Scattered insulin-expressing cells and clusters with small size, low insulin density, and exocrine distribution were observed and considered to be neogenic. In isolated acinar cells with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) labeling, rReg3α treatment generated insulin-producing cells through Stat3/Ngn3 signaling, but these cells were not fully functional in response to glucose stimulation. Our results demonstrated that rReg3α resists STZ-induced β-cell death and promotes β-cell regeneration. rReg3α could serve as a potential drug for β-cell maintenance in anti-diabetic treatment.     

有机化工与催化 酰胺型β成核剂对聚丙烯性能的影响

通过在抗冲聚丙烯基础树脂中添加自主研制的酰胺型高效β成核剂FB-1,在提高聚丙烯耐热温度的同时有效提高聚丙烯的冲击强度,介绍β成核剂的复配及超细化,研究β成核剂含量对共聚聚丙烯EPS30R冲击强度的影响,考察β成核剂改性聚丙烯的加工稳定性及β成核剂改性共聚聚丙烯的结晶行为。结果表明,加入成核剂后,聚丙烯冲击性能显著提高,β晶型聚丙烯的热稳定性及反复加工性能良好, FB-1成核剂能有效促进聚丙烯中β晶型的形成,而且β成核剂只改变β晶型含量,不改变其微观结构,β成核剂对聚丙烯中的α晶型没有影响。     

β成核剂与无机填料对聚丙烯力学性能的影响

无机填料可以提高聚丙烯的刚性、硬度、抗化学性、尺寸稳定性和气体阻隔性,同时减少聚合物的用量,降低产品成本。滑石粉和碳酸钙是聚丙烯复合材料中大量使用的两种填料。主要研究β成核剂和无机填料对聚丙烯成核效应的协同作用,考察经β成核剂FB-1分别与无机填料滑石粉和碳酸钙共同改性的聚丙烯力学性能。     

Penicillin-Binding Proteins, β-Lactamases,and β-Lactamase Inhibitors in β-Lactam-Producing Actinobacteria: Self-Resistance Mechanisms

The human society faces a serious problem due to the widespread resistance to antibiotics in clinical practice. Most antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters in actinobacteria contain genes for intrinsic self-resistance to the produced antibiotics, and it has been proposed that the antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria originated in antibiotic-producing microorganisms. The model actinobacteria Streptomyces clavuligerus produces the β-lactam antibiotic cephamycin C, a class A β-lactamase, and the β lactamases inhibitor clavulanic acid, all of which are encoded in a gene supercluster; in addition, it synthesizes the β-lactamase inhibitory protein BLIP. The secreted clavulanic acid has a synergistic effect with the cephamycin produced by the same strain in the fight against competing microorganisms in its natural habitat. High levels of resistance to cephamycin/cephalosporin in actinobacteria are due to the presence (in their β-lactam clusters) of genes encoding PBPs which bind penicillins but not cephalosporins. We have revised the previously reported cephamycin C and clavulanic acid gene clusters and, in addition, we have searched for novel β-lactam gene clusters in protein databases. Notably, in S. clavuligerus and Nocardia lactamdurans, the β-lactamases are retained in the cell wall and do not affect the intracellular formation of isopenicillin N/penicillin N. The activity of the β-lactamase in S. clavuligerus may be modulated by the β-lactamase inhibitory protein BLIP at the cell-wall level. Analysis of the β-lactam cluster in actinobacteria suggests that these clusters have been moved by horizontal gene transfer between different actinobacteria and have culminated in S. clavuligerus with the organization of an elaborated set of genes designed for fine tuning of antibiotic resistance and cell wall remodeling for the survival of this Streptomyces species. This article is focused specifically on the enigmatic connection between β-lactam biosynthesis and β-lactam resistance mechanisms in the producer actinobacteria.     

α/β-Hydrolase D16B Truncation Results in Premature Sperm Capacitation in Cattle

Recently it was shown that a specific form of male infertility in Holstein cattle was caused by a nonsense variant in the α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 16B (ABHD16B) gene resulting in a protein truncation at amino acid position 218 (p.218Q*) and loss of function. Lipidomics showed that the absence of ABHD16B influenced the content of phosphatidylcholine (PC), ceramide (Cer), diacylglycerol (DAG), and sphingomyelin (SM) in variant carrier sperm membranes. However, the exact cause of infertility in affected sires has remained unclear until now. To elucidate the cause of infertility, we analyzed (i) standard sperm parameters (i.e., total sperm number, morphological intact sperm, total sperm motility), (ii) in vitro fertilizability and effects on early embryonic development, and (iii) sperm survival rates (i.e., capacitation time). The affected spermatozoa showed no changes in the usual sperm parameters and were also capable of fertilization in vitro. Furthermore, the absence of ABHD16B did not affect early embryonic development. Based on these results, it was concluded that the affected spermatozoa appeared to be fertilizable per se. Consequently, the actual cause of the inability to fertilize could only be due to a time- and/or place-dependent process after artificial insemination and before fertilization. A process fundamental to the ability to fertilize after insemination is capacitation. Capacitation is a biochemical maturation process that spermatozoa undergo in the female genital tract and is inevitable for the successful fertilization of the oocyte. It is known that the presence and concentration of certain sperm membrane lipids are essential for the correct course of capacitation. However, precisely these lipids are absent in the membrane of spermatozoa affected by the ABHD16B truncation. Since all other causes of fertilization inability were excluded in the previous experiments, consequently, the only remaining hypothesis was that the loss of function of ABHD16B leads to a capacitation disruption. We were able to show that heterozygous and homozygous affected spermatozoa exhibit premature capacitation and therefore decay before fertilization. This effect of the loss of function of ABHD16B has not been described before and our studies now revealed why sires harboring the variant in the ABHD16B gene are infertile.     

杂质对磷酸、磷铵生产的影响及控制措施

阐述磷矿中氧化钙、倍半氧化物、氧化镁、氧化钾、氧化钠及酸不溶物对磷酸生产的影响,磷酸中镁与氟对磷铵生产过程的影响,以及磷酸中金属离子对磷铵产品质量的影响。介绍克服杂质对磷酸、磷铵生产影响的措施,包括一系列物理和化学净化除杂方法,可使产品质量符合标准要求。     

New Therapeutic Targets for Hepatic Fibrosis in the Integrin Family, α8β1 and α11β1, Induced Specifically on Activated Stellate Cells

A huge effort has been devoted to developing drugs targeting integrins over 30 years, because of the primary roles of integrins in the cell-matrix milieu. Five αv-containing integrins, in the 24 family members, have been a central target of fibrosis. Currently, a small molecule against αvβ1 is undergoing a clinical trial for NASH-associated fibrosis as a rare agent aiming at fibrogenesis. Latent TGFβ activation, a distinct talent of αv-integrins, has been intriguing as a therapeutic target. None of the αv-integrin inhibitors, however, has been in the clinical market. αv-integrins commonly recognize an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and thus the pharmacophore of inhibitors for the 5-integrins is based on the same RGD structure. The RGD preference of the integrins, at the same time, dilutes ligand specificity, as the 5-integrins share ligands containing RGD sequence such as fibronectin. With the inherent little specificity in both drugs and targets, “disease specificity” has become less important for the inhibitors than blocking as many αv-integrins. In fact, an almighty inhibitor for αv-integrins, pan-αv, was in a clinical trial. On the contrary, approved integrin inhibitors are all specific to target integrins, which are expressed in a cell-type specific manner: αIIbβ3 on platelets, α4β1, α4β7 and αLβ2 on leukocytes. Herein, “disease specific” integrins would serve as attractive targets. α8β1 and α11β1 are selectively expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and distinctively induced upon culture activation. The exceptional specificity to activated HSCs reflects a rather “pathology specific” nature of these new integrins. The monoclonal antibodies against α8β1 and α11β1 in preclinical examinations may illuminate the road to the first medical agents.     

Copper Foam as Active Catalysts for the Borylation of α, β-Unsaturated Compounds

The use of simple, inexpensive, and efficient methods to construct carbon–boron and carbon–oxygen bonds has been a hot research topic in organic synthesis. We demonstrated that the desired β-boronic acid products can be obtained under mild conditions using copper foam as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The structure of copper foam before and after the reaction was investigated by polarized light microscopy (PM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the results have shown that the structure of the catalyst copper foam remained unchanged before and after the reaction. The XPS test results showed that the Cu(0) content increased after the reaction, indicating that copper may be involved in the boron addition reaction. The specific optimization conditions were as follows: CH₃COCH₃ and H₂O were used as mixed solvents, 4-methoxychalcone was used as the raw material, 8 mg of catalyst was used and the reaction was carried out at room temperature and under air for 10 h. The yield of the product obtained was up to 92%, and the catalytic efficiency of the catalytic material remained largely unchanged after five cycles of use.