城市Ⅴ形坡隧道火灾最高温度数值模拟

采用FDS数值模拟方法,对Ⅴ形坡隧道火灾时烟气运动特性及隧道纵向中心线上温度分布情况进行研究,并提出不同火灾位置时顶板最大温升参数经验预测模型。结果表明,火源位于变坡点右侧120 m时,隧道纵向中心线峰值温度点向下游偏移,偏移距离随坡度的增加而增加,隧道顶板最高温度随坡度的增加而减小。通过推导无量纲火源位置与变坡点距离不同时的最大温升参数预测模型得出,无量纲最大温升参数随无量纲火源位置的增大而增大、与无量纲热释放速率的0.8次幂成正比,且与隧道坡度呈非线性非单调关系。     

纵向通风与竖井自然排烟下隧道火灾烟气特性实验研究

中国逐渐发展成为世界上隧道和地下工程最多的国 家,其长隧道数量和长度跻身世界前列。据统计,火灾中85%的 人员死亡是由热烟气造成的,目前隧道中采用较为广泛的排烟系 统有纵向排烟系统、集中排烟系统和横向排烟系统,而针对长隧道 来说,我国广泛采用的是竖井式纵向通风,因此,研究纵向通风与 竖井排烟综合效应下隧道火灾烟气流动特性及温度分布规律具有 重要意义。本文建立了1：10 缩尺寸竖井隧道模型,主隧道长度 16.5 m,宽度1.3 m,高度0.65 m;竖井通过排烟横通道与主隧道 连接,排烟横通道设置在主隧道侧面中部,尺寸为1.2 m 长、0.6 m 宽、0.4 m 高;竖井横截面为半径0.6 m 的1/4 圆,高4.6 m。在 竖井隧道模型中开展了一系列油池火实验,选取2 种方形燃烧池 （20 cm×20 cm、23 cm×23 cm）作为火源,设置2 个纵向火源位置 （位置A：火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离0.375 m;位置B： 火源中心线与排烟横通道中心线距离1.375 m）,7 种纵向通风风 速（0,0.18,0.27,0.35,0.44,0.52,0.69 m/s）,定量分析不同工 况下温度分布及烟气逆流长度。研究结果表明：当无纵向通风时, 火焰与隧道地板垂直,且呈轴对称形态;当有纵向通风时,火焰向 下游偏移,且纵向通风风速越大,火焰向下游偏移越明显;当纵向 通风风速为0 m/s 时,由于竖井的存在,火源上、下游两侧烟气温 度分布并非对称,火源下游（竖井侧）烟气温度下降速度较快,与单 洞隧道烟气温度分布明显不同;随纵向通风风速增加,烟气逆流长 度和烟气温度减小,而最大温度偏移距离整体呈增加趋势;当无量 纲纵向通风风速v′＜0.19 时,主隧道最大温升△Tmax 与Q2/3/ Hef 5/3 呈正比,而当无量纲纵向通风风速v′＞0.19 时,主隧道最大 温升△Tmax 与Q? /(vb1/3Hef 5/3)呈正比,但常数系数均小于Li 等预 测模型中的常数系数;竖井隧道内无量纲纵向烟气温度分布符合 Fan 和Ji 等建立的纵向温度衰减模型,衰减系数k′在1.36~1.63 范围内变化,但其值明显大于单洞隧道纵向温度衰减系数k′;另 外,当火源位于位置A 时,最大烟气温度低于火源位于位置B 时 的最大烟气温度,无量纲纵向烟气温度衰减速度慢于火源位于位 置B 时衰减速度。     

隧道横向偏置火源顶棚温度纵向分布特性研究

为研究隧道横向火源位置对隧道顶棚温度沿纵向分布过程的影响,采用数值模拟与全尺寸模型实验相结合的方法,分析3 种火源功率多种横向偏移位置火源燃烧产生的顶棚温升与对应中心火源工况沿隧道纵向不同位置的温度分布特性。结果表明：对于多种横向偏置火源位置,火源所处纵向的顶棚温升衰减仍可用指数形式描述,越靠近隧道侧壁,温升衰减速度越快。火源与横向中心的偏距和纵向距离的耦合影响对温升衰减规律可以用相对独立的公式形式进行描述。火源功率越大,不同偏距火源下影响温升纵向衰减的范围越小。     

高海拔隧道全尺寸火灾烟气及温度场特征试验研究

通过对海拔为4100m的高海拔隧道进行全尺寸火灾试验,揭示高海拔隧道火灾烟气下沉及温度场变化特征。试验采用三种不同尺寸火源(0.8m2、1.0m2、2.0m2),对隧道火灾烟气蔓延特征、火区最高温度、隧道拱顶纵向温度分布进行研究。试验研究结果表明：隧道火灾试验初期及燃烧稳定阶段,火源附近隧道上层烟气与下层冷空气分界明显,火灾后期烟气下沉严重;较小风速有利于高海拔隧道小规模火灾烟气逆流层纵向和垂向蔓延的控制。隧道火灾温度场研究表明：隧道火灾温升速率随火源热释放率增大而增加;火源附近20m范围内温度衰减速率较快,远火源区域隧道拱顶纵向温度衰减较慢,趋于平缓;通过对火源上方拱顶烟气温度分析,发现隧道火灾探测采用差温报警模式较定温报警模式更加有效,并得出10℃/min的温升速率可基本满足高海拔隧道小规模火灾的初期报警;隧道拱顶纵向温度分布规律导致火源远场烟气下沉严重而近火源区域烟气层化较好的特征。高海拔隧道火灾温度分布特性试验研究,可为高海拔隧道火灾动力特性研究提供依据,为高海拔隧道人员疏散逃生提供指导及建议。     

纵向通风与侧壁开口竖井自然排烟协同作用下烟气运动模拟

为探究山岭隧道火灾烟气运移特性,采用数值模拟的方法,选取两种典型火源功率(20 MW及50 MW),分析不同纵向风速下火源位置对隧道顶棚下方沿程温度分布规律、烟气运移速率及竖井内烟气质量流量的影响规律.研究结果表明,纵向风速低于3m/s时,不同火源位置时,火源上游沿程温度均随纵向风速增加逐渐降低,而下游沿程温度随纵向风...     

海底公路隧道火灾数值模拟

利用FDS对某海底公路隧道进行研究,分析典型火灾条件下,纵向通风对热烟气逆流距离、隧道顶部温度以及隧道内横通道风流变化的影响。结果表明,在0.25 m/s的火灾初期通风条件下,热烟气逆流距离和火源附近拱顶温度超过安全临界温度的范围随火灾规模增大而增大;在3 m/s的灭火期通风条件下,两者随着纵向通风风速增加而减小;隧道内横通道风速先增大,后减小。     

无纵向通风曲线隧道和直线隧道火灾烟气特性数值模拟

基于数值模拟的方法,采用PyroSim 软件搭建半径分别为250、300、400、500、600 m 的曲线隧道模型及长度为130.8 m 的直线模型,模拟隧道火灾发生后无纵向通风时的烟气运动,对比分析两种模型中心线上不同高度的烟气温度。模拟分析得到：火灾前期,直线模型中烟气蔓延时基本关于隧道中心线对称,而曲线模型中烟气运动时在上游偏向凹壁下游偏向凸壁;达到稳定状态时,直线模型中火源正上方温度高于曲线模型,无论近火源区还是远火源区,直线模型温度纵向分布关于火源位置均具有很好的对称性,而曲线模型中表现为近火源区波动较大,远火源区温度衰减梯度大于直线模型,1.6 m 高度上游温度衰减梯度大于下游;提出曲线模型中顶棚温度纵向衰减指数模型。     

地铁区间列车火灾烟气特性及控制策略的数值模拟

为了探究火灾发生后风机启动时间对地铁区间烟气控制的影响,现以内径为5.5m圆形盾构地铁区间隧道为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究不同火源功率(5、7.5、10 MW)下隧道内烟气的温度分布,分析了4种火灾工况下隧道顶部最高温度值以及出现位置,研究了风机延迟启动时间对隧道内烟气温度分布的影响。结果表明,隧道顶部最高温度随火源功率增大而增高;纵向通风风速会造成隧道顶部最高烟气温度区域向通风方向偏移,但随着火源功率增加,排烟风速的影响会逐渐减弱;延迟启动风机会破坏烟气层的稳定性,导致烟气沉降到列车的车厢位置,从而会影响乘客安全疏散。     

纵向通风对隧道火灾烟气扩散的影响研究

为研究纵向通风对火灾及烟气蔓延的影响,搭建了缩尺寸隧道火灾试验台,分析隧道内拱顶温度及火焰倾斜角随风速和火源功率变化的一般规律。研究结果表明:在同一火源功率作用下,隧道内顶棚温度随着纵向通风速度的增加而降低;火焰的倾斜角随风速的增大而增大;火焰的倾斜程度与火源功率有关;火焰向下游偏斜加大了火焰触及下游可燃物的可能性;实验结果与Kurioka模型符合较好。     

火源位置对地下综合管廊温度场影响研究

为了研究火源位置对城市综合管廊电缆舱火灾温度场分布的影响,建立了1:1.9小尺寸综合管廊模型,在管廊圆截面上进行0°、45°、90°和135°四种火源位置的地下综合管廊电缆舱火灾实验。结果表明,火源角度越大,质量损失速率越大,热释放速率越高;管廊顶棚下方最高温升与火源距顶棚的距离和无量纲释热速率有关,对实验数据进行整合分析,给出了与火源位置有关的管廊顶棚下方最高温升模型;烟气层厚度和火源与顶板之间的距离正相关,并验证了热电偶树温升判别法测量烟气层厚度的可行性;顶棚温度沿纵向呈指数规律衰减,且火源角度越大,衰减趋势越大。     

The maximum temperature of buoyancy-driven smoke flow beneath the ceiling in tunnel fires

In order to detect a fire and provide adequate fire protection to a tunnel structure, the maximum gas temperature beneath the ceiling to which the structure is exposed needs to be estimated. Theoretical analysis of maximum gas temperature beneath a tunnel ceiling based on a plume theory is given. The heat release rate, longitudinal ventilation velocity and tunnel geometry are taken into account. Two series of model-scale experimental tests were also carried out. The results of both analysis and experiments show that the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the ceiling can be divided into two regions. When the dimensionless ventilation velocity is greater than 0.19, the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the tunnel ceiling increases linearly with the heat release rate and decreases linearly with the longitudinal ventilation velocity. When the dimensionless ventilation velocity is less than 0.19, the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the ceiling varies as the two-thirds power of the dimensionless heat release rate, independent of the longitudinal ventilation velocity. In both regions, the maximum excess gas temperature varies as the −5/3 power of the vertical distance between the fire source bottom and tunnel ceiling. The investigation presented here considers only the cases when the continuous flame region is lower than the ceiling height.     

低氧条件下综合管廊电缆舱火灾行为研究

为研究综合管廊电缆舱在低氧气浓度下的火灾行为,通过注入液氮的方式形成低氧环境,将电缆布置在距离中心0、30、60 cm 位置处,进行缩尺寸管廊实验,并与正常氧气浓度下的实验进行对比。研究发现,在低氧气浓度下,火焰面积减小,且在火源靠近侧壁的情况下,火焰的弯曲程度减小;对纵向温度作无量纲处理后进行拟合,得到两种氧气浓度下的纵向温度衰减经验公式;横向最高温度均出现在火焰垂直方向对应的顶棚位置附近,低氧气浓度下的最高温度低于正常氧气浓度下的最高温度,在火源靠近侧壁的情况下,受火焰温度影响,导致温度差增大。     

Smoke spreading characteristics during a fire in a shallow urban road tunnel with roof openings under a longitudinal external wind blowing

A series of fire experiments was conducted using a 1:12 scale model of a shallow urban road tunnel with roof openings to clarify the flow structure of smoke and fresh air during a fire with a longitudinal external wind blowing above the roof openings. The model tunnel consisted of two road tubes separated by a pillar-type median structure. Five fire test cases were conducted by changing the heat release rate as the experimental parameter. When the smoke produced by a fire in the tunnel tube was exhausted by natural ventilation through the roof openings of the tunnel tube, fresh air was sucked in from the roof openings of the opposite tunnel tube. The flow of exhausted smoke and sucked-in fresh air created a complex three-dimensional flow structure inside the tunnel tubes. Stratified smoke that had formed under the ceiling of the tunnel tube was disturbed by the flow of sucked-in fresh air and was diffused on the upstream side of the fire. Compared to the condition without a longitudinal external wind, when a longitudinal external wind blew over the tunnel with the pillar median structure, the smoke spreading distance on the upstream side was longer than that without the external wind due to the diffusion of smoke. On the other hand, the smoke spreading distance on the downstream side of the fire was shorter than that without the external wind due to the improved smoke extraction performance by the Venturi effect of the longitudinal external wind. Furthermore, the smoke spreading distance on the downstream side was nearly constant and independent of the heat release rate of the fire, within the scope of our experimental conditions.     

Position of Maximum Ceiling Temperature in a Tunnel Fire

The position of the maximum ceiling gas temperature indicates how far the fire plum could be blown away by a ventilation flow. It could be applied to estimate the activation of a detection system or a sprinkler system, or to estimate the range of damage to the tunnel structure. An equation for predicting the position of the maximum ceiling gas temperature in a tunnel fire is proposed based on a theoretical analysis and validated using both laboratory test data and full scale test data. A flame angle has been defined based on the position of the maximum ceiling temperature in a tunnel fire. The flame angle is directly related to the dimensionless ventilation velocity, and it becomes insensitive to the heat release rate for a large tunnel fire. Further, it is found that a constant critical flame angle exists, defined as the flame angle under the critical condition when the backlayering just disappears. For a given tunnel and fire source, the flame angle under critical conditions is the same value, independent of heat release rate, and the maximum ceiling temperature under critical conditions always corresponds to the same position. Generally the horizontal distance between the position of the maximum ceiling temperature and the fire source centre is around 1.5 times the effective tunnel height under the critical condition.     

管廊中不同横向位置线性火源温度场分布研究

为研究不同横向位置线性火源在管廊内的温度分布，将线性火源分别设置在距管廊中心0、20、40、60 cm的横向位置，开展缩尺寸管廊模型试验。研究发现，各工况的纵向温度均随时间增加先增高后降低再升高；最高温度在线性火源距中心的横向距离增大过程中先下降后升高，达到最高温度的时间也先增加后缩短；弧形管壁对火源燃烧存在一定影响；在距管廊中心0 m横向截面处的各工况均在其垂直方向上的角度达到最高温度；在距管廊中心0.5 m横向截面中，各工况最高温度对应的角度均为15°；在火源距管廊中心的横向距离增大时，−45°~45°区间的温升差距增大。     

Experimental studies on smoke movement in a model tunnel with longitudinal ventilation

Results from a series of fire tests carried out in a horizontal model tunnel (1:10) with longitudinal ventilation are presented. Pool fire with methanol as the fuel was used to simulate the fire source. Temperature and velocity distribution in the model tunnel were measured. The heat release rate, maximum gas temperature under the ceiling, back-layering length and critical velocity were investigated and compared with models proposed previously. Predicted maximum gas temperature under tunnel ceiling by Kurioka’s model agreed well with the experimental data with maximum discrepancy less than 20%. Dimensionless back-layering length was found decreased with the increase of the dimensionless ventilation velocity nearly linearly. Due to the difference between the experimental conditions and validating conditions of models proposed previously, diversities were found between the experimental results and predicted values base on Froude modeling. Maximum discrepancy on critical velocity might be about 40%. Models considering the effect of boundaries and heat loss of smoke more detailedly remain to be further developed.