天然气水合物储层渗透率研究进展

天然气水合物是清洁、高效、储量巨大的未来最具潜力资源之一,而储层的渗透率是影响水合物资源开采时产气效率的重要参数。目前,国内外对天然气水合物储层的渗透率进行了大量的研究并取得一定进展,本文从数值模拟、储层现场探井、实验研究等方面全面回溯,分析总结了孔隙度、饱和度、应力应变情况等对储层渗透率的影响,讨论目前储层渗透率研究存在人工合成水合物沉积物与自然储层存在差异,不同多孔介质形成的水合物沉积物应力敏感性不同,多相渗流研究不够充分,储层渗透率改造研究不足等问题,对未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

天然气水合物储层水力压裂研究进展

天然气水合物是一种广泛分布于海底地层中重要的未来战略能源,但在开采过程中,由于水合物储层介质颗粒粒径较小,孔隙多被固态水合物占据,储层渗透率低,制约着天然气水合物开采的产业化进程。当今水力压裂技术已广泛应用于低渗透油气藏的增产作业中,本文总结了近年来国内外对天然气水合物储层应用水力压裂技术的研究现状,从压裂实验、数值模拟和压裂液等方面进行了讨论。结果表明,水力压裂可以创造人工裂缝,扩大水合物解离面积,提高储层渗透率和天然气产量,有利于商业开发。储层的脆性响应问题、开发新型压裂液以及压裂对水合物储层地质安全的影响,都是水合物储层水力压裂研究亟待解决的问题。     

天然气水合物开采的关键地质参数敏感性研究

采用TOUGH+HYDRATE数值模拟工具,探讨降压开采方案下天然气水合物藏（无下伏游离气水层）开采的地质参数。以单次单因子敏感性分析方法为基础,在统一变化幅度范围内研究某一储层参数（温度、压力、孔隙度、渗透率、水合物饱和度、地层厚度）的变化在60天短期与5年长期开采中对水合物开采结果的定性影响关系,并以变量敏感度为依据,定量计算储层地质参数对水合物开采评价指标的敏感度值。结果发现,在整个开采周期内,储层温度与分解气体量及产气量之间有较强的相关性;当水合物储层压力增大时,水合物分解气体体积随之减小,而在60天开采中,储层压力增大使得产气量增大,在5年开采中,储层压力的变化对产气量基本无影响,另外,储层压力与产水量之间呈线性增加的关系;水合物总分解气体量、总产气量与孔隙度之间呈负相关关系,但对产气量的变化影响相对较小;渗透率对水合物开采有明显的影响;水合物前期分解气体体积与产水量随水合物饱和度的增大而减小;在60天开采中,水合物厚度越大反而不利于水合物分解,但5年开采中,地层厚度增大,水合物分解量增大。另外,通过对地质参数敏感度计算发现,无论是以哪一开采指标作为水合物开采潜力的评价标准,水合物地层温度、地层压力以及绝对渗透率是三个至关重要的地质参数。     

天然气水合物降压开采中渗透率对低压传递的影响

用降压法开采天然气水合物时,储层渗透率对井中低压的传递有十分重要的影响。在内边界定压,外边界封闭的情况下,建立一维径向数学模型,模拟不同渗透率对井中低压传递的影响。分析表明:当储层的渗透率较高时,储层的渗透性和流体疏导性较好,井中低压可以有效地向储层深部传递;离开采井越近,储层压力下降速率也越快;开采后期,储层压力的最大值接近开采井处的压力。通过数值分析,提出一种增压降压成对压裂作业的方法。通过该方法能够增大储层渗透率,使天然气水合物分解产生的甲烷气体有效的流向开采井。     

高压旋喷灌浆法改造近井储层对海洋天然气水合物降压开采潜力影响研究

该文采用高压旋喷灌浆技术对近井储层进行改造,通过在井壁周围形成高渗透泡沫砂浆旋喷桩,结合降压来提升水合物开采效率。以印度K-G盆地NGHP-02-16站位砂质水合物储层为研究对象,构建近井储层改造强化水合物降压开采模型,利用TOUGH+Hydrate对所提方法的增产效果进行数值分析和定量评价。结果表明：近井储层改造能有效提升水合物降压开采效率;水合物开采效率随旋喷桩改造半径和渗透率的增加而增加,但不受旋喷桩孔隙度的影响;降压幅度增大可进一步提升近井储层改造结合降压开采的增产效果。     

“CH4-CO2”置换法开采天然气水合物

天然气水合物作为一种储量巨大的清洁能源,其开采价值已引起越来越多的关注。当前天然气水合物开采技术仍不足以商业化应用,还需进一步的实验研究进行理论支撑。二氧化碳置换开采天然气水合物被认为是能同时实现天然气水合物开采与二氧化碳减排、封存的双赢技术,近年来得到了较广泛的研究。置换过程中,混合天然气水合物的热力学和结构性质是预测含水合物沉积物中的热流和水合物解离所需的热量以及评估水合物储层的CO₂储存能力的关键因素。本综述在调研国内外天然气水合物开采技术研究现状的基础上,围绕CO₂置换开采天然气水合物的热力学特性、微观机理与置换效率等,总结了各研究取得的成果,针对置换研究中存在的问题进行了分析,认为当前置换法开采天然气水合物最关键难点在于提高置换效率,而解决该问题的根本在于从热力学和动力学角度弄清楚置换反应的微观机理及控制性因素,明确置换机理,从而在未来的研究有的放矢。     

海洋天然气水合物开采的固相控制策略*

天然气水合物是一种潜在的洁净能源资源,我国南海有丰富的储量,被认为是后石油时代的重要战略资源之一,然而目前大部分的海洋天然气水合物开采都受到出砂影响。针对深水天然气水合物开采过程中易出砂的现象,通过前期的出砂实验、理论和数值模拟,提出了海洋天然气水合物开采过程中固相（砂和水合物）控制方案。总结了天然气水合物开采过程中出砂特性和防砂案例,提出大颗粒水合物对泥质粉砂具有挡砂作用,进而影响防砂设计精度。据此,根据开发角度的天然气水合物藏6类细分,提出了考虑水合物颗粒本身及其分解作用的固相控制方法。结合南海天然气水合物储层公开资料,设计出相应的固相控制精度,以期最终形成出砂/防砂/井筒携砂/水合物二次生成预防为一体的固相控制体系,为南海天然气水合物安全高效地商业开发提供参考。     

天然气水合物降压开采储层稳定性模型分析

储层稳定性是天然气水合物开采所面临的关键问题。本文基于多孔介质流体动力学和弹性力学,建立了天然气水合物降压开采储层稳定性数学模型,包括储层沉降和井壁稳定性分析两个方面,并以墨西哥湾某处水合物藏的基本参数为例,进行了水合物降压开采储层稳定性的模拟计算。结果表明,在水合物降压开采的过程中,孔隙流体压力降低导致了储层的沉降,最大的沉降发生在井壁附近,水合物分解会加剧储层的沉降;降低井孔压力会造成井壁破坏的潜在危险,在井壁附近,周向和垂向应力达到最大处容易发生失稳破坏,地层的水平应力差会增加井壁的不稳定性。     

天然气水合物气藏开发技术探讨

天然气水合物是本世纪最具开发前景的替代能源，开发天然气水合物资源，对我国宏观能源战略决策和可持续发展具有重大的现实意义。文章概述了天然气水合物气藏的特点和国外水合物气藏勘探项目的进展．对热激发技术、降压技术和化学试剂技术等3种技术进行了对比分析，并着重研究了微波加热技术和CO2置换技术。微波加热技术的优点是作用速度快、设备简单、灵活性高、不会对储层造成任何污染。CO2置换技术的优点是利用天然气水合物生成和分解的机理，不仅考虑了经济地开采资源，并且还提出了在开采后消除对海底环境产生有害影响的对策。     

垂直井压裂联合降压开采天然气水合物的产能数值模拟

为了探究高效的水合物开采工艺方法，建立压裂法联合降压开采水合物的基本物理模型和数学模型，应用2017年神狐海域试开采数据，验证并完善该模型计算结果的正确性。分析比较水合物储层在考虑压裂和不考虑压裂时，井中压力、水合物饱和度、分解过渡带的移动规律，研究开采井压力、裂缝长度、裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度对水合物产气速率和累计产气的影响。结果显示：开采井压力越低，水合物分解速度越快，累计产气量越高；当开采井压力一定时，水合物的产气速率、累计产气量随着裂缝长度、裂缝渗透率和孔隙度的增加而增加。压裂联合降压可以提高水合物的开采效率，为今后水合物实现商业化开采提供参考。     

Shear strength and pore pressure characteristics of methane hydrate-bearing soil under undrained condition

Hydrate exploitation requires a deep understanding on the mechanical behavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediment (MHBS). Due to the low permeability of overlying strata, partial MHBS likely exhibit failure behavior under undrained condition. Therefore, it is essential to understand the undrained shear strength and excess pore pressure behavior of MHBS for facilitating the evaluation of the stability of hydrate-bearing layer during methane hydrate recovery. This study conducted several undrained triaxial compression and hydrate dissociation tests on methane hydrate-bearing sand specimen to analyze the shear strength and excess pore pressure characteristics of MHBS under undrained condition. The experimental result shows that hydrate saturation and initial effective confining pressure significantly affect the undrained mechanical behavior of MHBS. Hydrate saturation increases the shear strength and negative excess pore pressure. High initial effective confining pressure also enhances the shear strength but suppressed the negative excess pore pressure. Hydrate saturation has a minimal effect on the undrained internal friction angle but remarkably enhances the undrained cohesion. The effective internal friction angle and cohesion exhibits an increase with the increase in hydrate saturation. Notably, completely different from the common soil, the effective undrained strength indexes are not equivalent to the drained strength indexes for MHBS, which should be careful in evaluating the stability of methane hydrate-bearing layer. In addition, the hydrate dissociation test by thermal stimulation method concludes that hydrate dissociation induces the positive excess pore pressure, axial compression, and volume expansion under undrained condition. The large deviatoric stress enhances volume expansion of MHBS but hinders the generation in excess pore pressure during hydrate dissociation. These findings significantly contribute to the safe exploitation process of methane hydrate.     

天然气水合物沉积物分解过程中本构关系研究

天然气水合物具有储量大、分布广泛、清洁燃烧等优点,近年来受到研究人员的广泛关注。为了实现天然气水合物资源的安全高效开采,对其沉积层的力学稳定性进行系统评估是十分必要的。本研究在实验室内重塑了40%孔隙度的天然气水合物沉积物试样,并基于力学实验设备,对其在不同围压条件下分解过程中的力学强度及变形进行了一系列测试,获取了相应的应力应变数据。研究结果表明,水合物分解会造成沉积层强度的降低。此外,基于实验数据,在借鉴土力学邓肯-张本构模型的基础上,考虑了围压及分解时间对沉积物力学特性的影响,本文构建了适用于不同围压条件下天然气水合物沉积物分解过程中的本构模型,研究结果表明,该模型可以较好地模拟沉积物试样在分解过程中的应力应变关系,可为实现天然气水合物的安全开采提供一定的理论依据。     

Mechanical experiments and constitutive model of natural gas hydrate reservoirs

Natural gas hydrate is a new type of green energy resources and has great development prospects, and it has attracted worldwide attentions. The exploitation of natural gas hydrate may result in a series of geological disasters. Therefore, the constitutive model of natural gas hydrate bearing sediments needs to be established to reveal deformation laws of the reservoir sediments and accurately evaluate mechanical properties of hydrate reservoirs. This is the basic guarantees for the effective exploitation of natural gas hydrate resources. The triaxial compressive tests were conducted on samples of natural gas hydrate sediment. Furthermore, the Duncan-Chang hyperbolic model was modified by considering the influences of hydrate saturation based on the test results to obtain the constitutive model according with the deformation characteristics of natural gas hydrate reservoirs. The results show that the stress-strain curves of natural gas hydrate reservoirs show unobvious compaction stage and peak strength, short elastic stage, long yield stage, and significant strain hardening characteristics. After applying loads on natural gas hydrate bearing sediments, the internal solid particles were dislocated and slid. When the loads were small, the sediments demonstrated elastic deformation. With the increase of loads, plastic flows appeared in the interior, and the hydrate crystals were re-orientated, thus the sediments showing plastic deformation. Initial tangent elastic modulus increased with the effective confining pressures, which had little correlations with hydrate saturation. Furthermore, the damage ratio increases with the increase of effective confining pressures, while slightly decreases with the increase of natural gas hydrate saturation. The predicted results of stress-strain curves of sediments with different hydrate saturations well coincide with the results of triaxial compressive tests, indicting the feasibility and rationality of this model.     

Modeling the mechanical response of gas hydrate reservoirs in triaxial stress space

Exploitation of gas from deep-sea methane hydrate-bearing layers might lead to some geological disasters, including marine landslides and excessive settlement of marine ground. The first offshore gas production tests for methane hydrate-bearing sediments were carried out in eastern Nankai Trough. However, knowledge on mechanical behavior of gas hydrate reservoirs with similar gradation and minerology component to the marine sediment is still insufficient. Consequently, proper modeling of geomechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediments is crucial for reservoir simulation and deep ocean ground stability analysis for long-term gas production in the future. This study conducted a series of triaxial shear tests to examine the shear response of methane hydrate-bearing sediments with a similar grading curve and minerology components to the hydrate-rich sediments in Nankai Trough. The test results demonstrated that the presence of hydrate mass between sand grains altered the stress-strain pattern from strain-hardening to postpeak strain-softening. A simple constitutive model based on several empirical relationships of granular materials is proposed to describe the stress-strain relationship of methane hydrate-bearing sediments under triaxial stress condition. This model can reproduce the enhancement of shear strength, initial stiffness, and dilation behavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediments containing different amounts of fines content with a rise in the methane hydrate saturation at a wide range of effective confining pressures. The numerical results indicate that the parameter A associated with initial stiffness of stress-strain curve and the parameter $\text{α}$ related with dilation properties are jointly governed by the confining pressure, fines content, and hydrate saturation.     

Experimental study on dynamic acoustic characteristics of natural gas hydrate sediments at different depths

Acoustic properties are important geophysical parameters, compared to resistivity, pore water and other parameters that need to be obtained through drilling, the acoustic wave velocity of hydrate deposits is much easier to obtain. Therefore, the study of acoustic characteristics of hydrate reservoir is the basis for geophysical exploration and resource evaluation for hydrates. In this study, an experimental apparatus was developed to measure dynamic P- and S-wave velocity of gas hydrate bearing sediment. The effect of sensitivity factors including hydrate saturation, confining pressure, and reservoir solid phase particle size on the acoustic characteristics of hydrate reservoir were explored. The experimental results showed that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of natural gas hydrate rock samples correlated positively with hydrate saturation and confining pressure and the particle size of the solid phase exhibited little effect on the vertical and horizontal wave velocity of the gas hydrate reservoir. The results of this study indicated that the compression factor of different rock samples is the main factor affecting the vertical and horizontal wave velocity of the reservoir through mechanical experiments. At the same time, acoustic experiments and computed tomography results revealed the existence of different contact modes between natural gas hydrate and sediment particles under different saturations. Furthermore, the possibility of detecting the microscopic distribution of hydrates in sediments by acoustic waves was verified. The data can be used in well logging to determine hydrate saturation and other properties of hydrate bearing formations.     

含甲烷水合物的石英砂渗透率实验和分形模型对比研究

含水合物的多孔介质渗透率是影响水合物开采的关键参数,多孔介质渗透率与水合物的饱和度密切相关。定量研究多孔介质渗透率随水合物饱和度的变化,对自然界中天然气水合物藏内渗流场的研究具有重要的理论价值。本文以平均粒径为139.612 μm的石英砂为多孔介质,采用稳态注水法测量在不同甲烷水合物饱和度（0 ~ 28.56%）下的石英砂渗透率,将实验数据与两种不同水合物赋存形式（颗粒包裹、孔隙填充）下的石英砂渗透率二维分形模型进行了对比。结果表明,石英砂渗透率比K_r随甲烷水合物饱和度S_h的增大呈现指数减小的趋势。当水合物饱和度低于11.83%时,渗透率比下降缓慢。而当水合物饱和度高于11.83%时,渗透率比下降迅速;当饱和度指数n = 12时,渗透率分形模型与实验数据吻合良好。通过分形模型与实验数据对比,发现当水合物饱和度低于11.83%时,甲烷水合物的赋存形式为颗粒包裹型。在11.83% ~ 28.56%水合物饱和度范围内,甲烷水合物的赋存形式为孔隙填充型。本研究成果量化了石英砂渗透率与甲烷水合物饱和度的关系,确定了含甲烷水合物的石英砂的渗透率分形模型的参数取值。     

多孔介质中甲烷水合物的生成特性研究进展

天然气水合物是一种清洁高效的能源,常常在自然界中的海底沉积物多孔介质孔隙中生成,同时水合物在工业上还能与多孔介质材料一起作为储存及分离气体的一种方式,因此开采利用水合物以及发挥水合物工业技术的前提都跟多孔介质有莫大的关系,对多孔介质中天然气水合物生成特性的研究进行总结与分析具有非常重要的意义。本文总结分析了国内外关于不同类型多孔介质中甲烷水合物的生成过程及特性的研究文献,将多孔介质根据其孔径大小进行划分。结果显示,在微孔介质中,甲烷水合物的生成侧重于气体的存储及运输方面;在介孔介质中,甲烷水合物的生成动力学受孔径影响较大;在大孔的沉积物中,甲烷水合物的生成及分布的机理性研究仍比较缺乏。因此,需要进一步的研究来丰富甲烷水合物在多孔介质中的生成动力学理论,本文将在文献调研的基础上为今后的研究方向提出一些展望和思路。