镁合金激光-TIG复合热源焊接热源模型的建立及其数值模拟

根据YAG激光-TIG复合热源焊接的物理特征,建立了基于旋转高斯体热源与高斯面热源相结合的新型复合热源焊接模型。该模型的建立并非简单的热源叠加,而要考虑材料本身特性与复合焊接特点。在此基础上,针对镁合金AZ31B进行了复合热源焊接温度场、焊缝断面形状的数值模拟,提出了热源模型建立过程中的参数修改建议。与实测结果比较表明建立在双热源基础上的复合热源模型能准确地模拟镁合金的复合焊接过程;数值模拟结果验证了镁合金复合热源焊接高速、能量增强和热影响区窄的特点。     

双丝焊热源模型

利用经典的双椭球形热源模型进行双丝焊温度场的计算,模拟结果与测量结果的对比表明此模型应用在双丝焊温度场的数值模拟中存在很大误差。通过对双丝焊电弧形态及熔滴过渡路径进行分析,发现双丝焊时前丝和后丝的电弧均向两丝中间偏转,利用此现象解释了模拟结果误差产生的原因。并以此为基础,对双椭球形热源模型进行修正,提出了双丝焊的热源模型,利用提出的模型进行计算得到的结果和测量结果吻合良好。     

铝合金LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型

激光-变极性等离子弧(Laser beam-variable polarity plasma arc,LB-VPPA)属双高能束新型复合焊接热源。采用Y4-S2型高速摄像检测了LB-VPPA复合焊接热源形态,在理论分析复合热源产热机理的基础上,利用Fortran语言对SYSWELD软件热源模型进行二次开发,建立能够实现正、反极性循环加载的LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型。经与实际焊接熔池形状对比研究发现,熔池上部采用双椭球体热源,下部采用三维锥体热源,同时在小孔根部植入圆柱体热源的组合式热源模型与实际LB-VPPA复合焊接热源吻合。从模拟6 mm厚7A52铝合金板的VPPA焊和LB-VPPA复合焊接温度场分布结果发现,LB-VPPA复合焊能量更为集中,可以在平焊位置下实现穿孔型焊接。经实际焊接工艺试验验证了上述模拟结果的准确性。因此建立精确的LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型对开展厚板铝合金LB-VPPA复合高效焊接提供强有力的理论支持。     

激光深熔焊熔池形成过程的数值模拟

建立了用于激光深熔焊数值模拟的新型移动热源模型——圆锥体热源模型,用圆锥体热源模型模拟激光深熔焊时熔池的形成过程。结果显示圆锥体热源模型能够很好地描述能量在试件厚度和试件表面上的传导情况,准确地模拟了熔池的形成过程,得到了与实际焊接很相符的温度场分布。     

分体式捣镐的焊接有限元模拟

介绍了铁路捣固车的工作原理、捣镐的失效形式以及国内外捣镐的特点和使用寿命。选择分体式捣镐为研究对象,运用ANSYS对捣镐的焊接过程进行模拟。采用高斯热源模型进行了焊接温度场数值模拟,通过ANSYS的APDL命令流、动态填充热流密度表,方便地实现了移动热源的加载,得到了焊接温度场和残余应力场分布数据,较好地模拟了实际焊接过程。仿真结果符合已有的焊接过程残余应力产生理论,验证了仿真过程的正确性。     

Adaptive volumetric heat source models for laser beam and laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding processes

Laser + pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) hybrid welding process is an attractive joining technology in industry due to its synergy of the two processes. It is of great significance to conduct fundamental investigations involving mathematical modeling and understanding of the hybrid welding process. In this study, an adaptive heat source model is first developed for laser beam welding. Through combining the ray-tracing method with the keyhole profile determination technique based on the local energy balance, the keyhole shape and size are calculated and correlated to the distribution parameters of the volumetric heat source model. Then, thermal action characteristics in laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding are considered from viewpoint of macro-heat transfer, and a combined volumetric heat source model for hybrid welding is developed to take consideration of heat input from laser, pulsed gas metal arc, and overheated droplets. Numerical analysis of thermal conduction in hybrid welding is conducted. The shape and size of fusion zone and weld dimension in the quasi-steady state are calculated for various hybrid welding conditions, which have a fair agreement with the experimental results.     

焊接电流影响GMAW双丝焊电弧等离子体的数值模拟研究

基于电磁学理论和流体力学理论,建立熔化极气体保护焊(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)双丝焊焊接电弧等离子体三维数学模型,利用流体力学软件Fluent对其进行求解。重点研究焊接电流对GMAW双丝焊电弧等离子体行为的影响规律,获得了电弧温度、电流密度、热通量、磁场分布等结果。研究发现,随着焊接电流的变化,电弧等离子体形状变化显著。随着焊接电流的增大,电弧最高温度和电弧偏转角随之增大,电流密度和工件表面热通量由双峰分布转变为单峰分布,并且热通量峰值随焊接电流的增大而增大。此外,随着焊接电流的增大,磁感应强度和磁场力随之最大,磁场分布由独立两个磁场向耦合磁场转变。为有效、定量地证明模拟结果准确性,开展焊接试验,利用高速摄像监测电弧行为,利用光谱测温测量电弧温度。结果表明模拟结果同试验结果吻合良好,研究结果为合理选择GMAW双丝焊焊接电流参数提供理论依据。     

Hybrid heat source model designing and parameter prediction on tandem submerged arc welding

In submerged arc welding simulation, the heat source parameters are always decided by experience, and it usually leads to a high simulation error. This work is aimed to develop a methodology for the estimation of the heat source in submerged arc welding. A hybrid heat source model was applied on submerged arc welding simulation. The new heat source model was combined by a surface heat source model and the double ellipsoid heat source model. The surface heat source model was designed based on the Gaussian heat source model. The width and penetration of the weld pool were simulated and compared with the measurement results, and the width at 2?mm depth from the top surface was also considered to describe the shape of the weld pool more accurately. In order to reduce the simulation complexity, the sensitivity of heat source parameters was discussed. The heat source parameter corresponding to different experimental processes was obtained by modified pattern search method. The artificial neural network algorithm and the support vector machine algorithm were applied to predict the relationship between all possible process and the heat source parameters. The validation experiment showed that the prediction model was accurate.     

焊接数值模拟中分段移动热源模型的建立及应用

针对焊接过程数值模拟计算效率低的难题，通过分析焊接热源的特点,在移动高斯热源的基础上，提出分段移动热源模型。该模型从宏观上体现焊接热源移动的特点，减少描述热源逐点移动所需的计算量，从而大幅度提高计算效率。经验证，该方法可在保持精度的同时大幅度地缩短计算时间，从而使实际构件工艺的模拟、优化成为可行。利用该模型分析了不同切割顺序对桥式起重机腹板变形的影响，并进行了实际测量。实际测量结果与数值模拟结果相当吻合。     

Numerical analysis of weld pool for galvanized steel with lap joint in GTAW

Galvanized steel is widely used and its demand is growing in automotive industry due to high quality requirement for corrosion resistance. Although there are a lot of demands on using galvanized steel as automotive parts especially for outer body, it has a grave flaw in its welding process. The difficulty is low weldability due to various defects such as porosities and blow holes in weldment, which occurred during welding. A solution to prevent these defects is using hybrid welding process, with two more welding processes. One of the hybrid solutions is using Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) as leading position in order to remove the zinc (Zn) coating on the surface before the followed practical fusion welding process. In this research, a numerical analysis model which can predict the eliminated Zn coated layers and the area of Fusion zone (FZ). Developed numerical analysis model was validated through comparing experiment to simulation. Basically, arc heat flux, arc pressure, electromagnetic force and Marangoni flow were employed as the boundary conditions and body force terms. Governing equations such as the continuity, momentum, Volume of fluid (VOF) and energy equations were adopted as usual. In addition to previous model, concentrated arc heat flux and contact thermal conductance models are newly suggested and showed successful result. They are adopted to realize edge concentrated arc and interfacial thermal conductance in lap joint fillet arc welding. Developed numerical analysis model successfully simulated the weld pool and temperature profile therefore the predicted Zn removed area considerably coincided with experimental result.

     

焊接过程数值模拟热源模型的研究进展

焊接数值模拟是当今材料加工领域的一个研究热点,并得到了越来越广泛的应用,本文介绍了焊接过程数值模拟热源加载模式的研究进展。高斯分布函数、半球能量密度分布函数、椭球、双椭球能量密度分布函数常应用在焊接过程数值模拟中,但计算量大,为了简化计算,开始采用分段移动高斯热源模型,高斯串热源,分段移动双椭球模型,在保证精度的情况下,提高了计算效率,应用生死单元技术可以处理复杂焊接模拟的热输入问题。     

复杂航天筒体结构件的焊接应力应变演变规律

采用有限元分析手段对复杂航天筒体结构件的纵向和环向焊缝温度场和应力场进行模拟。航天筒体焊接采用变极性等离子弧焊工艺,根据变极性等离子弧焊工艺特点使用面高斯热源和圆柱热源的组合热源模型作为变极性等离子弧焊的热源。采用ANSYS软件中ANSYS参数化设计语言(ANSYS parametric design language, APDL)编写程序,实现变极性等离子弧焊接热源在筒体结构上加载和移动,完成四道纵缝和两道环缝的焊接热力过程仿真。通过对模拟结果分析,解释复杂筒体焊接应力应变的演变过程。发现在焊接过程中纵缝两端有明显的应力-应变释放,交叉部位的变形直接影响到结构整体的尺寸精度。     

电子束焊接数值模拟中分段移动双椭球热源模型的建立

直接利用移动双椭球热源模型对电子束焊接过程进行数值模拟时,计算量庞大,计算效率低下。为此,在移动双椭球焊接热源模型的基础上,经分析推导得到了分段移动双椭球热源数学模型,并通过实际的物理试验和数值模拟对该模型进行了验证。结果表明,采用该热源模型可以在保持良好计算精度的基础上极大提高计算效率,使模拟实际复杂焊接构件的焊接过程成为可能。     

紫铜板搅拌摩擦焊接温度场有限元分析

FSW传热过程直接决定工件所经历的热循环,进而影响焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能。同时温度场的分析对于预测接头残余应力和变形,以及焊缝区硬度都具有重要意义。本文在工艺研究基础上,分析了FSW的产热过程;根据搅拌头形状与尺寸,建立了FSW三维传热有限元模型。使用Ansys有限元分析软件,结合有限几个测量点温度变化的实验数据,对6 mm厚度紫铜板FSW焊接过程的温度场进行了有限元分析和计算,获得了该焊接过程的温度场分布与变化规律。计算过程中考虑了工件下表面与支撑板接触热传导对温度场的影响,以及温度对紫铜材料热传导系数的影响,有限元计算结果与实验测量结果接近。     

搅拌摩擦焊工具的研究现状

搅拌焊工具技术是搅拌摩擦焊工艺最重要的因素。搅拌焊工具主要由肩部和焊针组成，焊接薄板时，旋转的肩部和工件之间摩擦产生的热量是主要热源，而随着板厚的增加，更多的热量必须靠旋转的焊针和工件摩擦产生。焊接工具的主要作用是保证连接区材料产生足够的塑性变形，并控制焊针周围塑性体的流动，形成优质的焊接接头。     

压力容器窄间隙埋弧焊热处理脆化机理研究

用于制造高参数压力容器的低合金高强度铜采用窄间隙埋弧焊,为了消除焊接残余应力,在焊后需对焊接接头进行热处理,其冲击韧性大幅下降。为探讨其脆化机理,选用BHW-35钢为母材,H10Mn2NiMoA镀铜焊丝和SJ101焊剂为填充材料,焊后热处理工艺为920℃正火＋620℃和560℃二次回火。利用扫描透射电镜,对焊缝熔敷金属焊态和焊后热处理的显微组织变化进行了研究。结果表明,低合金高强度钢焊缝焊态时组织为针状铁素体,在晶内有细小碳化物弥散分布;经焊后热处理,由于回复作用板条状组织变粗或消失,在晶界磷元素的偏聚和大量的碳化物在晶界析出导致其冲击韧性下降。窄间隙埋弧焊是一种优质高效的焊接方法,焊接效率高,节约焊材,解决了大厚度工件焊接的技术问题。     

NUMERICAL CALCULATION FOR 2-DIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER IN KEYHOLE LASER WELDING

ＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＣＡＬＣＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＦＯＲ２ＤＩＭＥＮＳＩＯＮＡＬＨＥＡＴＴＲＡＮＳＦＥＲＩＮＫＥＹＨＯＬＥＬＡＳＥＲＷＥＬＤＩＮＧ①ＸｕＪｉｕｈｕａＺｈａｎｇＪｉｎｇｚｈｏｕＪｉａｎｇＣｈｅｎｇｙｕＬｕｏＹｕｍｅｉＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉ...     

TIG-MIG双面对称焊焊缝成形机理研究

就纯铝中薄板,通过单面TIG、MIG和TIG-MIG双面对称焊工艺试验对比,利用ANSYS有限元计算软件进行了TIG-MIG双面对称焊熔池的数值模拟,研究了TIG-MIG双面对称焊的熔池特征及焊缝成形规律。研究表明,TIG-MIG双面对称焊的热源静态累积效应和动态热阻效应使得此焊接方法熔深大大增加,TIG、MIG熔池在焊接过程中发生交汇并在电弧力、熔池表面张力和重力等作用下达到平衡,并由此形成焊缝反面成形。TIG-MIG交汇熔池的稳定性决定焊缝的反面成形特征。     

基于热-机耦合有限元法预测构架侧梁焊接变形

准确地数值模拟焊接构架侧梁在其生产过程中产生的焊接变形规律,是有效地控制焊接变形和减少焊后矫形工作的关键。本文基于热-机耦合热弹性有限元方法,采用Marc软件,创建了焊接构架侧梁有限元模型,并采用分段串热源进行焊接热源模拟,得出了侧梁在垂向弯曲、水平弯曲和纵向收缩变形的规律,最后利用合理的实验方法给出侧梁实际变形结果。研究表明:数值模拟计算与实验结果十分吻合,从而证明了此方法对其进行焊接变形预测的有效性。     

串热源模型及其在焊接数值模拟中的应用

通过分析焊接热源的特征要素 ,在高斯热源的基础上 ,根据输入热功率相当提出段热源模型 ,并与点热源结合 ,进一步提出更加灵活实用的串热源模型。经验证明 ,可在保持精度的同时大幅度地缩短计算时间 ,从而使实际构件工艺的模拟、优化成为可行。还利用该模型进行桥式起重机腹板切割工艺的模拟 ,得到与测量曲线很吻合的结果