电磁场对换热表面CaCO3结垢行为及其形态影响的实验研究

基于水处理技术抑垢及缓蚀效果在线监测实验台,进行了换热器表面污垢在电磁处理下生长特性的半工业性实验研究。通过污垢热阻的在线监测跟踪换热器表面碳酸钙的结垢过程。利用Quanta 200扫描电子显微镜及X'Pert Pro X射线衍射仪对污垢样本的晶型、晶貌进行了定性和定量分析,表述了电磁场对碳酸钙晶型及晶貌的影响。实验结果表明:电磁场能降低换热器表面的结垢速率,垢样中方解石质量分数由100%降低为40.55%,文石质量分数增加为59.45%。     

Isothermal crystallization of high density polyethylene and nanoscale calcium carbonate composites

High density polyethylene (HDPE) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) nanocomposites with maleic anhydride grafted HDPE (manPE) as a compatibilizer were prepared via compounding in a twin‐screw extruder. The CaCO₃ are well dispersed in the HDPE matrix from the observation of transmission electron microscope. The isothermal crystallization kinetics was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and simulated by Avrami and Tobin models. The nucleation constants and fold surface free energy were estimated from Lauritzen–Hoffman relation. The results indicate that both manPE and well‐dispersed CaCO₃ particles would act as nuclei to induce heterogeneous nucleation and enhance crystallization rate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

聚乙二醇对聚甲醛结晶行为及其纤维性能的影响

在聚甲醛(POM)中添加少量的聚乙二醇(PEG),熔融纺丝制得POM/PEG共混纤维。通过光学解偏振法、偏光显微镜观察(PLM)研究了POM与不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇(PEG)的不同比例共混物的等温结晶行为,通过单纤强力测试仪、差示扫描量热(DSC)测试分析了共混纤维的力学性能。结果表明:PEG的加入能够加快POM的结晶,结晶温度升高,晶粒生长尺寸减小;随着PEG加入比例的增加,纤维断裂强度先降低后升高;相对分子质量为2 000的PEG与POM质量比为99/1时,纤维断裂强度比纯POM纤维提高约7%。     

碳酸钙对氯化聚乙烯发泡性能及发泡体微观形貌的影响

以氯化聚乙烯(CM)为基体、偶氮二甲酰胺为发泡剂、碳酸钙为填料,采用模压法制备了发泡CM,研究了CM的最佳硫化和发泡温度,考察了碳酸钙种类及用量对CM发泡性能及发泡CM微观形貌的影响.结果表明,制备发泡CM的最佳硫化发泡温度为170℃.不同种类碳酸钙对CM发泡性能及发泡CM微观形貌的影响不同,填充量较低(20 份)时,...     

Crystallization and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites with a stratified distribution of calcium carbonate

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) nanocomposites with a stratified distribution of CaCO₃ were prepared by two‐step molding. The iPP and CaCO₃ nanoparticles were first mixed by a batch mixer and then compressed into thin layers. Thin iPP/CaCO₃ layers alternating with thin neat iPP layers were finally compressed together to form the stratified samples. The transcrystals were observed in the stratified samples by polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The transcrystals grew from the surfaces of the filled layers and occupied most of the space in the neat iPP layers. The β‐form crystals were found in the stratified samples with thick transcrystalline layers, whereas the thickness of the transcrystalline layer was dependent on the content of CaCO₃ nanoparticles and the cooling rate of the processing. The relative crystallinity index of the conventional samples first increased and then decreased with the content of CaCO₃ nanoparticles. However, the relative crystallinity index of the stratified samples deceased slightly with the content of CaCO₃ nanoparticles because of the stratified distribution of the CaCO₃ nanoparticles. The stratified samples, except for the samples with high β‐form contents, became more brittle than the conventional samples because of the transcrystal formation in the iPP layers. The stratified samples with high β‐form contents showed much better mechanical properties than the conventional samples. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39632.     

Reactive crystallization of calcium carbonate by gas-liquid and liquid-liquid reactions

Crystallization of calcium carbonate by gas-liquid and liquid-liquid reactions in a continuous MSMPR crystallizer was conducted over a wide range of suspension densities. The effects of operating factors and reaction mechanism on the cyrstallization kinetics were investigated. The crystallization kinetics for both reaction systems are correlated by the power law model and these correlations depend on the suspension density regions. The kinetic orders in the power law model are correlated with carbonate alkalinity irrespective of the reaction mechanism and the suspension density.     

微胶囊化聚乙二醇非等温结晶动力学研究

采用微胶囊化的方法制备出聚乙二醇(PEG)微胶囊粒子,研究其在三维受限条件下的非等温结晶行为。微胶囊化后的Avrami指数(n)小于未微胶囊化颗粒;未微胶囊化体系中,n随相对分子质量增加而增大,而微胶囊化后,n随相对分子质量的增加而减小;n在微胶囊化前后都随降温速率的降低而增大。     

On the structure of holographic polymer-dispersed polyethylene glycol

Holographic polymerization (H-P) has been used to fabricate polymer-dispersed liquid crystals and pattern inert nanoparticles. In this article, one-dimensional grating structures of Norland resin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were achieved using the H-P technique. Both reflection and transmission grating structures were fabricated. The optical properties of the reflection grating structures (also known as Bragg reflectors, BRs) are thermosensitive, which is attributed to the formation and crystallization of PEG crystals. The thermal switching temperature of the BR can be tuned by using different molecular weight PEG samples. The hierarchical structure and morphology of the BR were studied using synchrotron X-ray, polarized light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. PEG crystals were found to be confined in ∼60 nm thick layers in the BR. Upon crystallization, the PEG lamellae were parallel to the BR surfaces and PEG chains were parallel to the BR normal, resembling the confined crystallization behavior of polyethylene oxide (PEO) in PEO-block-polystyrene (PEO-b-PS) block copolymers. This observation suggests that the tethering effect in the block copolymer systems does not play a major role in PEG chain orientation in the confined nanoenvironment.     

Effect of calcium fluoride concentration on nylon 6,6 crystallization behavior and morphology

Nylon 6,6 (polyamide 6,6) heterogeneously nucleated with ca. 65 ppm calcium fluoride exhibits crystallization behavior and morphology characteristic of much higher levels of nucleating agent. This is shown using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 1675–1678, 1998     

Studies on thermal activities of fabrics treated by polyethylene glycol

In this study, the special adjusting‐temperature function of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with low molecular weight was introduced. PEGs and a two‐group mixing system of PEGs of different molecular weights were added to fabrics, respectively, and the thermal activities of modified fabrics were studied. In addition, the thermal stability of PEG and fabric at a higher curing temperature was also discussed in detail. The results showed that the thermal properties of PEG decreased after being crosslinked to fabrics and the thermal activity parameters of treated fabrics could be changed and adjusted by selecting an appropriate two‐group mixing system. Some thermolysis and thermooxidative degradation of PEG and fabric used in the investigations might take place at higher curing temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2288–2292, 2003     

超声波对开水器内CaCO3结垢行为及其形态的影响

对超声波防垢法应用于商用开水器的防垢效果进行了实验研究, 对产生的水垢进行扫描电镜分析, 结果发现, 超声波具有加速生成微小水垢晶核的作用;超声波处理方法促进了商用开水器内温度较高的加热管结垢, 但对水箱壁面等低温壁面, 则具有明显的防垢效果, 而商用开水器结垢主要发生在加热管上, 因此超声波处理法不能运用于商用开水器的防垢。     

剪切流场中聚乙烯结晶过程的建模与模拟

基于Eder模型推导了剪切流场中球晶、串晶形态演化的数学模型,将第一法向应力差作为串晶成核的驱动,并引入两相悬浮模型描述体系,认为其由无定形相和半结晶相组成,分别用FENE-P模型和刚性哑铃模型描述。基于上述数学模型,分别构造了捕捉球晶、串晶生长的Monte Carlo法与体系控制方程求解的有限差分法,成功模拟了二维剪切流场中聚乙烯的结晶过程,给出了球晶、串晶的形态演化,分析了剪切时间、剪切速率对串晶成核密度、结晶速率、流体黏度等的影响。数值结果表明:所构造的Monte Carlo法合理有效,不仅成功捕捉了晶体的生长与碰撞,而且较为准确地预测了结晶速率。此外,提高剪切时间或剪切速率,将增加串晶成核密度、提高结晶速率、使流体黏度突增的时间点提前。     

Composites based on high-density polyethylene,polylactide and calcium carbonate: effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles as co-compatibilizers

Polymer Bulletin - Investigating the compatibility mechanism of hybrid composites based on two polymers and one mineral nanofiller is a challenge that needs to be better understood. This study...     

立方形纳米碳酸钙的工业制备

介绍了工业制备高品质立方形纳米碳酸钙普遍适用的工艺路线及化学原理，提出了新的碳化反应模型、速率方程和晶体形貌控制理论，并讨论了生产过程中影响碳酸钙粒径的各种因素。     

几种糖类物质对纳米碳酸钙结晶的影响

纳米碳酸钙是一种重要的新型纳米材料,在涂料、橡胶、造纸等领域有着广泛应用,制备不同类型的纳米碳酸钙颗粒一直是研究的重点。通过碳化法合成纳米碳酸钙,分别以葡萄糖、蔗糖和可溶性淀粉作为晶型控制剂,使用FT-IR、TEM、XRD等仪器对样品进行表征。实验结果表明,由于糖类物质结构中存在的极性—OH基团有较高的电负性,通过电荷匹配作用与Ca²⁺配位,从而对纳米碳酸钙颗粒的粒径大小、形貌和晶型起到调控作用。通过探究不同糖类物质对纳米碳酸钙结晶的影响,为同类研究提供了可靠的实验数据和经验。     

碳酸钙和淀粉对聚乙烯薄膜降解性能影响研究

目的:研究淀粉和CaCO3对塑料薄膜的降解影响。方法:将CaCO3填充膜和淀粉填充膜经自然曝露、紫外线照射和土埋处理,测试拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和分子量的变化。结果:自然曝露30d,CaCO3填充膜和淀粉填充薄膜的平均拉伸强度分别下降80.8%和54.4%,平均断裂伸长率分别下降99.4%和98.3%,分子量分别下降25.3%和13.8%;紫外光照120h,CaCO3填充薄膜和淀粉填充薄膜的平均拉伸强度分别下降14.7%和45.9%,断裂伸长率分别下降97.3%和97.0%,分子量分别下降66.7%和48.3%;土埋203d,CaCO3填充薄膜和淀粉填充薄膜的失重率分别为2.2%和15.0%。结论:CaCO3和淀粉均能加速聚乙烯塑料薄膜的降解,其中CaCO3的光降解性能方面优于淀粉,而淀粉的生物降解性能优于CaCO3。     

Structure and morphology of linear polyethylene extrudates induced by elongational flow

This study focuses on the structure, morphology, and properties of linear polyethylene (PE) profiles manufactured by continuous extrusion. High level of chain orientation was achieved using specific flow and processing conditions. An extrusion die with semihyperbolic convergency was used to generate high percentage of elongational flow and chain extension. Simultaneously, high extrusion pressure and relatively low melt temperature led to flow‐induced crystallization of PE extended chains. The structure of PE tapes consists of crystal aggregates with different level of orientation and crystallinity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

添加剂对纳米碳酸钙形貌与粒度的影响

采用碳化法和复分解法,通过选用不同添加剂及控制其添加量制备了不同形貌和粒径的纳米碳酸钙。用TEM、SEM对所得产物的形貌和尺寸进行了表征。结果表明,当柠檬酸的添加量为0.25%~0.75%（质量分数,下同）时,可实现对纳米碳酸钙颗粒粒径的调控,并选用硬脂酸钠作为表面改性剂对其进行改性,改性后的纳米碳酸钙颗粒更大,形状更规整,分散性更好;当季戊四醇添加量为0.1%~10%时,分别制备出了不同粒径的球形和立方形纳米碳酸钙颗粒。初步探讨了有机酸类、糖类和醇类对合成纳米碳酸钙的影响效果和作用机理。     

Control of crystalline phase and morphology of calcium carbonate by electrolysis: Effects of current and temperature

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) can show various properties related to its different crystalline phases and is therefore a useful material for various applications. Wet processes are known to be suitable for preparing metastable CaCO₃ polymorphs. Electrolysis has been proposed as a preparation method at ambient conditions. Although several electrolytic approaches have been reported, the effects of the applied current and temperature of the electrolyte on the crystalline phase and morphology of CaCO₃ remain unclear. In the present study, we attempted the electrochemical preparation of CaCO₃ particles under various electrolysis conditions and discuss the mechanism of CaCO₃ particle formation. The crystalline phases and morphologies of the CaCO₃ precipitates markedly changed depending on the applied current and method of cooling the electrolyte. We assume that these factors were governed by the degree of change in temperature, supersaturation, and pH of the electrolyte that were induced by differences in the electrolysis current.     

多种晶形超细碳酸钙的制备研究

采用鼓泡碳化法合成了片形、球形、链形、纺锤形、纤维状等几种晶形的超细碳酸钙粉体，并就碳化反应原料、碳化反应温度、添加剂等因素对碳酸钙晶形和粒度的影响进行了系统的探讨。