Complexation of Surfactant/β‐Cyclodextrin to Inhibit Surfactant Adsorption onto Sand,Kaolin, and Shale for Applications in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes. Part III: Oil Displacement Evaluation

This proof of concept research evaluates the performance of a surfactant/β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) inclusion complex during chemical flooding for enhanced oil recovery. It was hypothesized that the encapsulated surfactant propagates well through the porous media. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to study the surfactant/β‐CD complexations. Phase behavior analysis was carried out to prepare the most favorable chemical slug formulation. A series of core flooding tests were conducted to determine the efficiency of the SDS/β‐CD inclusion complex in displacing residual oil. Surfactant flooding was conducted as tertiary oil recovery mode (after mature water flooding) by injecting 0.3 pore volume (PV) of the optimum surfactant slug that was chased by 0.3 PV of a polymer slug; followed by continuous water flooding until oil production stopped. The experimental results indicate that the encapsulated surfactant propagates well through the sandpack system and consistently produces higher incremental oil recoveries that range from 40 to 82 % over the incremental oil recovery achieved by conventional surfactant flooding.     

聚/表二元体系注入时机对驱油效果影响研究

随着化学驱技术的进一步发展,聚驱后仍有大量的剩余油存在地下,需要进一步对剩余油进行挖潜。聚/表二元驱作为聚驱后进一步提高采收率的方法,能有效的提高驱油效果。对于聚驱后储层非均质性更加严重的储层,聚/表二元驱能够进一步扩大波及体积,提高洗油效率,进而达到提高采收率的目的。以室内物理模拟为技术手段,分析了不同聚/表二元注入段塞尺寸对岩心驱油效果的影响。     

From Phase Behavior to Understand the Dominant Mechanism of Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding in Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery

The primary objective of this work was to understand the dominant mechanism(s) of alkali‐surfactant‐polymer (ASP) flooding in enhancing heavy oil recovery. Chemical formulations were first optimized based on phase behavior studies. The data indicated that alkali and surfactant created a synergistic effect at the oil/water interface, which further decreased the interfacial tension (IFT) and improved the emulsification. However, it was also found that the addition of alkali was detrimental to the viscous properties of the chemical systems and caused the ultimate oil recovery to decrease. In other words, the macroscopic sweep efficiency as a result of viscosity was the primary factor determining the overall recovery of heavy oil followed by emulsification, which was verified by the phase behavior of the effluent. Based on the experimental results, we found that for this targeted heavy oil reservoir, surfactant‐polymer (SP) flooding was more appropriate than ASP flooding and it was not necessary to decrease the IFT to the ultralow level (10^?3 mN/m) using alkali. Through chemical flooding, the incremental oil recovery was increased up to 27% of original oil in place, indicating the potential of this technique in heavy oil reservoirs.     

二氧化氯氧化降解三元采出液技术研究

三元复合驱采出液由于聚合物、碱、表面活性剂的存在,使采出液的粘度增加,乳化严重,油水分离困难,传统的应用于水驱、聚驱采出液的处理技术不能满足三元复合驱采出液的处理要求。本文研究了ClO2氧化降解三元采出液的效果,并且找出了ClO2的最优反应条件,结果表明,反应温度为45℃,采出液中ClO2浓度40mg·L-1,加酸量为0.5%,反应2h以上,采出液粘度可由16.65mPa·s下降到2.9mPa·s,阴离子表面活性剂浓度可由0.16mg·L-1下降到0.10mg·L-1。处理后的三元采出液的腐蚀率在腐蚀三级标准的范围内。     

驱油剂对O／W型弱碱体系三元复合驱采出液分离特性的影响

自上世纪90年代进入高含水开发期以来.为提高原油采收率和稳定原油产量,大庆油田工业化应用了聚合物驱技术,并相继开展了若干个三元复合驱矿藏试验,均取得了显著的提高原油采收率的效果.     

新型两性表面活性剂的驱油体系界面特性变化规律研究

随着三次采油技术的不断发展,复合体系的表面活性性能和含量是在提高采收率技术研究中日趋重要。本文针对新型两性表面活性剂一元及聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系同油的界面特性展开了研究。结果表明：一元体系中表面活性剂质量浓度越高,界面张力达到稳定所需时间越短;随着体系中表面活性剂质量浓度的增加,稳定界面张力值越低。聚合物对两性表面活性剂同模拟油之间的界面张力有影响,且有利于体系同模拟油间的界面张力的降低;但界面张力并不是随着聚合物质量浓度的增加一直单纯降低,当质量浓度为1.0g/L时界面张力最低。     

Viscoelastic Surfactants with High Salt Tolerance,Fast‐Dissolving Property,and Ultralow Interfacial Tension for Chemical Flooding in Offshore Oilfields

Injected chemical flooding systems with high salinity tolerance and fast‐dissolving performance are specially required for enhancing oil recovery in offshore oilfields. In this work, a new type of viscoelastic‐surfactant (VES) solution, which meets these criteria, was prepared by simply mixing the zwitterionic surfactant N‐hexadecyl‐N,N‐dimethyl‐3‐ammonio‐1‐propane sulfonate (HDPS) or N‐octyldecyl‐N,N‐dimethyl‐3‐ammonio‐1‐propane sulfonate (ODPS) with anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Various properties of the surfactant system, including viscoelasticity, dissolution properties, reduction of oil/water interfacial tension (IFT), and oil‐displacement efficiency of the mixed surfactant system, have been studied systematically. A rheology study proves that at high salinity, 0.73 wt.% HDPS/SDS‐ and 0.39 wt.% ODPS/SDS‐mixed surfactant systems formed worm‐like micelles with viscosity reaching 42.3 and 23.8 mPa s at a shear rate of 6 s^?1, respectively. Additionally, the HDPS/SDS and ODPS/SDS surfactant mixtures also exhibit a fast‐dissolving property (dissolution time <25 min) in brine. More importantly, those surfactant mixtures can significantly reduce the IFT of oil–water interfaces. As an example, the minimum of dynamic‐IFT (IFT_min) could reach 1.17 × 10^?2 mN m^?1 between the Bohai Oilfield crude oil and 0.39 wt.% ODPS/SDS solution. Another interesting finding is that polyelectrolytes such as sodium of polyepoxysuccinic acid can be used as a regulator for adjusting IFT_min to an ultralow level (<10^?2 mN m^?1). Taking advantage of the mobility control and reducing the oil/water IFT of those surfactant mixtures, the VES flooding demonstrates excellent oil‐displacement efficiency, which is close to that of polymer/surfactant flooding or polymer/surfactant/alkali flooding. Our work provides a new type of VES flooding system with excellent performances for chemical flooding in offshore oilfields.     

新型表面活性剂疏水缔合聚合物提高原油采收率的性能研究

介绍了渤海海上油田二元复合驱驱油的设计与开发方案,以新型表面活性剂(非离子型表面活性剂:DMES-14、TX-100)和疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)为主。二元复合驱驱油体系主要需要双子表面活性剂双十四酸乙二酯双磺酸盐型表面活性剂(DMES-14),疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺以及取自海上油田平台的回注水。该体系同时对粘度和表面张力进行了研究。结果表明,该体系在不要求浓度的情况下可以达到超低界面张力2.48×10~(-3) m N/m,在油藏中粘度可达到55 m Pa;随后的岩心驱替试验表明,在水驱含水75%的状况下进行二元复合驱驱油效果可提高至38.6%以上。总之,该实验研究提供了非离子表面活性剂与疏水缔合水溶性聚合物驱油体系的实用信息以及可以在渤海海上油田进行大规模应用HAPAM。     

纳米聚合物微球的封堵性及驱油性能

聚合物纳米微球因其对水、温度和矿化度具有良好抵抗力以及较低的使用成本而受到更多关注,作为一项新型调驱技术,可大幅提高油田采油效率。为了更好地认识聚合物纳米微球的驱油效果,开展了聚合物纳米微球的封堵及驱油研究。进行了微通道驱替实验,透过滤膜实验,通过激光粒度仪分析了溶胀后微球的尺寸变化,通过透射电镜观察了微球乳液,并研究了空气中微球乳液与干粉的表面张力。结果显示,在50和100 nm微球的微通道实验中都观察到了微米级别的团聚物,扩大了水分散体系的波及体积,2种纳米聚合物微球都会出现一定程度的团聚行为,具有溶胀性能,还发现了微球和乳化剂、油滴之间的缠结现象。微球乳液中含有的表面活性剂使其表面张力降低,从而提高了驱油效率。对纳米微球的封堵性能和驱油性能进行了研究,对揭示纳米微球的驱油机理和产品的可持续发展与创新具有显著意义。     

化学驱替剂的研究进展

化学驱是一种重要的提高采收率方法,在国内外均有广泛应用。介绍了国内外化学驱油的研究与应用现状,根据使用化学驱替剂的不同,将化学驱油剂分为聚合物驱替剂、表面活性剂驱替剂、碱驱替剂以及复合驱替剂等。综述了各种方法驱替剂的特点,使用情况,以期为相关的研究提供借鉴。     

水驱后凝胶与表活剂交替注入驱油效果

针对裂缝性低渗透油藏注入水易沿裂缝突进、含水上升快、水驱效果不理想的情况,开展了水驱后凝胶与表活剂交替注入方式提高采收率室内实验研究。通过室内凝胶体系成胶特性和稳定性评价,筛选出与实际油藏区块注入水配伍的凝胶体系。选择甜菜碱两性表面活性剂用于活性剂驱,开展了双管并联岩心体系驱油效果研究。研究结果表明:凝胶与表活剂交替注入可明显提高注入压力,该体系的采收率平均值为12.03%,低渗岩心的采收率略高于高渗透岩心采收率。与表活剂驱、聚合物与表活剂交替注入相比,驱油效果更好,可以作为裂缝性低渗透油藏水驱后进一步提高采收率的技术。     

Adaptability of a hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide/mixed‐surfactant combination flooding system to the Shengli Chengdao oilfield

We investigated the performance of a combination flooding system composed of hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide (HAPAM) and a mixed surfactant [fatty acid disulfonate anionic gemini surfactant (DMES) plus the nonionic surfactant Triton X‐100 (TX‐100)] under the reservoir conditions of the Shengli Chengdao oilfield. With 1800 mg/L HAPAM and 300–3000 mg/L mixed surfactant, the surfactant–polymer (SP) flooding system reached an ultralow oil–water interfacial tension, and the viscosity of the system was greater than 40 mPa s. After the solution was aged for 120 days, its viscosity was still more than 40 mPa s; this indicated a good aging stability. The core flooding experiments with different porous media permeabilities showed that the SP flooding system created a higher resistance factor and residual resistance factor. In addition, the indoor flooding experiments indicated that the SP combination flooding system increased the enhanced oil recovery by more than 30% over that of the original oil in place compared with the water flooding system. Therefore, it was feasible to use an SP flooding system in the Chengdao oilfield. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40390.     

大庆油田三元复合驱采出液的油水分离特性

采用室内配制的模拟三元 (碱、表面活性剂、聚合物 )复合驱采出液研究了大庆油田三元复合驱采出液的油水分离特性 ,以模拟采出液为介质采用均匀设计方法研制了一种针对大庆油田三元复合驱采出液的破乳剂并测试了该破乳剂对模拟三元复合驱采出液和实际三元复合驱采出液的破乳效果。     

The effect and analysis on Cr3+ gel improving profile control in alkalescent alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding

The emulsification of produced fluid and the scaling along production system have always been one of the most difficult problems in NaOH/surfactant/polymer flooding. To decrease those influences on production, the pilot test of Na₂CO₃/surfactant/polymer flooding was developed in Daqing Oilfield. The results show fluid emulsification and scaling of production system were prevented effectively, but scaling along the injection system appeared and reservoir heterogeneity was aggravated. This is becoming a new technical problem. By analyzing scaling mechanism and the property of profile control agent, the author presents a technical solution that using Cr³⁺ polymer gel is improving fluid entry profile of injection well in Na₂CO₃/surfactant/polymer flooding. Optimization of formula and evaluation of its property and its compatibility with Na₂CO₃/surfactant/polymer flooding system were investigated and a pilot test was conducted in well B2‐1‐P56 of Daqing Oilfield. The results shows polymer gel has dual function, i.e., removing scale and plugging off high permeability zone. The scale in the instrument of injection, pipes and wellside of wellbore is thoroughly cleared up. The fluid entry into high permeability layer is decreased from 100 to 64.9%, and fluid entry in low and intermediate permeability layer is increased from 0 to 35.1%. The profile control of injection well is effectively improved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

三元复合驱污水的无机絮凝剂处理效果研究

采用模拟三元复合驱采出污水,选用硫酸铝、聚合硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铝铁4种无机絮凝剂,研究其对三元复合驱采出污水的处理效果。经4种絮凝剂处理后,污水的透光率均随加剂量的增加而先上升后下降;温度升高有利于提高絮凝效果;硫酸铝处理效果较聚合无机盐差,聚合氯化铝的絮凝效果最好,在温度为50℃时,最佳投加量为2750mg/L,最高透光率为84.1%。聚合氯化铝对聚合物驱污水、三元复合驱污水及仅含表面活性剂的污水处理试验表明,3种模拟污水处理难度由大到小依次为:三元复合驱污水、表面活性剂污水、聚合物驱污水。     

大庆油田三元复合驱采出水的稳定性及其反相破乳剂的应用

采用室内配制的模拟三元 (碱、表面活性剂、聚合物 )复合驱采出水研究了残留驱油剂含量对大庆油田三元复合驱采出水稳定性的影响规律 ,以模拟采出水为介质研制了一种针对大庆油田三元复合驱采出水的反相破乳剂FM - 3 ,FM - 3对北 1- 6 -P36井实际三元复合驱采出水 4h除油率 93 5 %。     

油酸钠蠕虫状胶束的性质及驱油效率研究

分别通过稳态、动态流变的方法和冷冻蚀刻透射电镜、室内模拟驱油实验和平板夹砂微观模型驱油实验,研究了由碳酸钠诱导形成的油酸钠蠕虫状胶束的流变学性质及形貌和蠕虫状胶束驱油配方的驱油效果及驱油微观机理。结果表明,在油酸钠(NaOA)溶液中,加入一定量的Na2CO3能够形成蠕虫状胶束;孤岛东区稠油注聚驱后,蠕虫状胶束驱油配方(w/%,1.83 NaOA 4.24 Na2CO3)的室内模拟驱油可提高采收率25%原始石油地质储量(OO IP);平板夹砂微观驱油模型显示蠕虫状胶束驱油体系进入模型中,能够使注聚后束缚残余油重新启动、变形,渐渐形成油墙向出口处运移,蠕虫状胶束驱油体系能够有效扩大波及体积,提高洗油效率,从而提高驱油效率。     

Acidic Heavy Oil Recovery Using a New Formulated Surfactant Accompanying Alkali–Polymer in High Salinity Brines

The strength of a newly formulated surfactant with an alkali and polymer (AS/ASP) to improve an acidic heavy oil recovery was laboratory evaluated by various flooding experiments. The comparative role of the parameters like chemical nature, surface wettability, salinity, temperature and injection scheme were explored at high temperature and pressure on Berea sandstone rocks. According to the results the anionic surfactant is capable of providing proper oil displacement under high salinity conditions around 15 wt%. Continuous monitoring of differential pressure response and effluents’ state clearly represented the formation of an emulsified oil in high saline solutions with both alkali and surfactant. Adding sodium metaborate to the surfactant solution reduced the interfacial tension (IFT) to ultra low values and decreased the surfactant emulsion generation capability at higher salinities. Besides, adding Flopaam AN113SH to the chemical slug increased the residual oil removal owing to lower mobility ratios. So, while high capillary number and an emulsion phase were generated by the A/S slug phases, adding polymer could further enhance the performance of these chemicals. On the other hand, chemical flooding through the oil-wet medium resulted in shorter break through time, lower differential pressure, finer emulsion formation, and lower oil recovery in comparison to the similar water-wet cases.     

大庆杏北油田腐蚀因素研究

在油田生产中,常因腐蚀而使部分采油、输油设备报废。大庆油田采用水驱、聚驱、三元复合驱采油,大庆杏北油田区块采用了这三种驱油方式。本文参照标准方法结合杏北油田现场实际,研究了pH值、Cl^～、SO4^2-、Ca^2＋、表面活性剂与聚合物和细菌等因素对腐蚀的影响。结果表明：随着pH的增大,腐蚀率下降;Cl^～浓度增大,腐蚀速度增大;Ca^2＋在一定浓度范围内,能阻碍腐蚀的进行;聚合物和表面活性剂具有一定的缓蚀作用;在中性介质中细菌增加,腐蚀加重。硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀性较大,在碱性条件下,细菌生存困难,对腐蚀几乎没有影响。     

改性烷醇酰胺类表面活性剂驱油体系研究

考察了改性烷醇酰胺阴-非离子表面活性剂（NBS）复合驱油体系的界面张力和驱油效果。实验表明,NBS的无碱二元驱油体系在较宽的表面活性剂及聚合物浓度范围内都具有较好的界面活性和稳定性。模拟驱油实验中,所选的NBS无碱二元驱油体系在水驱基础上可提高采收率18,73%以上,与相同条件下三元复合驱采收率相接近。此外,将NBS表面活性剂与现有重烷基苯磺酸盐（HABS）的三元复合体系进行复配后,可有效降低三元驱中强碱的使用浓度,且体系界面活性及稳定性等指标均满足油田要求。