Comminution of pharmaceutical substances by the adiabatic expansion of supercritical fluid solutions

The adiabatic expansion of supercritical fluid solutions and solubility in pharmaceutical substance–carbon dioxide systems have been investigated. The solubility and average particle size of pharmaceutical substances depend on thermodynamic and geometric parameters of the process. Experimental data on the solubility of pharmaceutical substances in supercritical carbon dioxide have been gained, and empirical binary molecular interaction parameters for the Peng–Robinson equation have been derived. A numerical solution has been obtained for the unified model of nucleation and particle growth (in the drop theory approximation) in the expansion of a steady-state, two-dimensional, viscous, axisymmetric, compressible, supercritical carbon dioxide–pharmaceutical substance flow in a channel with a constant cross section and in a free jet. The correlation parameter of the condensation function, which characterizes the particle growth kinetics, has been determined.     

超声速气体浸没射流的数值计算和实验

从实验和数值计算两方面研究了超声速气体射流在水中的喷射过程.用高速摄影机拍摄了三维水下超声速气体射流的流场.针对实验工况,基于VOF方法,建立水下超声速气体射流的二维轴对称数值计算模型,并开展了相关数值模拟.成功模拟了射流初期气泡运动演化的复杂过程;分析了水下超声速气体欠膨胀射流的流场结构,包括流场的压力和速度等参数分布以及变化规律.数值结果与实验结果对比得知数值计算结果不仅与实验数据吻合较好,而且给出了实验中没有发现的激波、膨胀波等流场结构.     

The transition to turbulence of buoyant near-critical water jets

Observations of near-critical water jets are reported in the injection Reynolds number range of approximately 300–3000 to characterize their transition to turbulence. Three types of cases are described: (i) subcritical jet injected into subcritical water, (ii) supercritical jet injected into supercritical water, and (iii) supercritical jet injected into subcritical water. In each case, the working pressure was kept above the critical value to eliminate two-phase effects. For cases (i) and (ii), the transition behavior follows well known characteristics with transition to turbulence initially occurring near the tip of the jet with the transition location moving upstream nearer to the nozzle exit with an increase in injection Reynolds number. However, the transition behavior for case (iii) is quite different with significant buoyant effects leading to turbulent behavior at lower Reynolds numbers. Consideration of the pseudocritical region with strongly varying fluid properties, which is established in the mixing region between the jet and the cell fluid, yields an effective Froude number that is useful to elucidate this difference. The effective Froude number incorporates the Prandtl number of the mixing region to account for the large disparity between viscous and thermal length scales.     

Numerical investigation of influence of non-condensable gas on steam jet condensation

The influence of non-condensable gas on the direct contact condensing behavior and heat transfer characteristics of steam jet in subcooled water is investigated by two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model. Based on Euler-Euler two-fluid model in CFX, the steam condensation is calculated with thermal phase change model. The composition variation of steam-air mixture is realized using species transport equation for the gas phase. The gas mass flow at nozzle outlet is 300 kg/(m²·s), and non-condensable gas is within 15%. The results show that non-condensable gas obstructs the direct contact between steam and subcooled water, forming the thermal resistance and deteriorating the condensation heat transfer. The thermal resistance and the length of jet region increase with the increase of non-condensable gas. While the condensation rate decreases with the increase of non-condensable gas. The presence of non-condensable gas prevents vapor from being condensed completely, and the remaining vapor is independent of the original non-condensable gas.     

不凝气体对蒸汽射流冷凝影响的数值研究

通过二维轴对称数值模型研究了空气等不凝性气体对蒸汽射流与过冷水直接接触冷凝行为和传热特性的影响。采用CFX中的欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,结合热相变模型计算蒸汽的冷凝量、组分传递模型计算混合气体中组分的变化量;喷嘴出口的气体质量流量为300 kg/(m²·s),不凝气体含量在15%以内。结果表明,不凝气体阻碍了蒸汽与过冷水直接接触,形成热阻,恶化了冷凝传热,且热阻随不凝气体含量增加而增加;冷凝速率随不凝气体含量增加而减小;射流区长度随不凝气体含量增加而增加;不凝气体的存在,使水蒸气不能被完全冷凝,而剩余水蒸气的含量与初始不凝气体含量无关。     

Impact force of water jets in the hydroentanglement nonwoven process: Numerical simulation and experimental verification

The water jet flow model in the hydroentanglement nonwoven process is established and solved numerically. The impact force of water jets is calculated with aid of the model and verified with the experimental data. The numerical simulation results of the impact force coincide with the experimental data, which confirms the effectiveness of the two‐dimensional model established. Computer simulations and experiments show that higher water jet pressure, smaller water jet inclination angle, and smaller standoff distance will yield larger impact force. The results show that there is great potential for this research in field of computer‐assisted design in hydroentanglement technology and equipment. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Extraction of Fatty Acids from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boletus edulis</Emphasis> by Subcritical and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Mushrooms contain many valuable compounds such as fatty acids, carbohydrates, lycopene, lovastatin, trace elements etc. As they are currently valued for biologically active substances, and as high pressure carbon dioxide fluid extraction has been documented as an effective method for preparing bioactive products from plant materials, subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Boletus edulis mushroom was performed. In the extracts obtained, the fatty acids were determined. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effect of pressure and extraction time on the extraction yield. The analysis of variance showed that pressure and extraction time had a significant effect on the extraction yield in both investigated process. The interaction between pressure and extraction time had a significant effect only in supercritical extraction process of B. edulis. Higher extraction yields have been obtained by subcritical carbon dioxide, and higher linoleic acid content has been determined in extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide.     

连铸二冷喷嘴内部雾化效果的数值模拟分析

连续铸造二次冷却(连铸二冷)中常用的喷嘴为内混式气水雾化喷嘴。其所喷射的二冷水对铸坯的质量有着重要的影响。根据某钢厂所用的内混式喷嘴数据,介绍了喷嘴雾化的原理,对常用工况下喷嘴内部的喷射芯喷出的液柱破碎情况进行了理论计算。采用CFD软件建立了喷嘴的物理模型,对其内部流场进行了数值模拟。根据模拟结果,分析了液柱在不同工况下的形态变化;计算了液柱We数的模拟值并与理论值进行了对比。综合考虑液柱形态及We数,表明增加进气压力能有效提升液柱破碎的程度,工况3(水压0.2 Mpa,气压0.2 Mpa)及工况4(水压0.2 Mpa,气压0.25 Mpa)具有较好的雾化效果。     

Prediction of Droplet Velocities and Rain Out in Horizontal Isothermal Free Jet Flows of Air and Viscous Liquid in Stagnant Ambient Air

Two‐dimensional phase Doppler anemometer measurements of droplet size and velocity conducted under several nozzle conditions and a systematic variation of the air mass flow quality and liquid phase viscosity show that the air entrainment process is enhanced when keeping all test conditions constant except for increasing the Newtonian liquid viscosity above of that of water. A two‐zone entrainment model based on a variable two‐phase entrainment coefficient is proposed with the normalized axial distance allowing for a change in the jet angle. Thus, the jet perimeter is lower and the breakup length is longer in the case of air/relatively higher viscosity liquid phase. It provides the most accurate reproduction of the experimental droplet velocity in comparison with that of other models in the literature and, hence, is recommended for the prediction of the droplet velocity in the case of two‐phase air/liquid phase free jet flow in stagnant ambient air. A model for predicting the droplet rain out, considering the droplet trajectories in the free jet flow, allows also for an adequate reproduction of the experimental data.     

湿蒸汽非平衡凝结流动的热力学特性

水蒸气凝结两相流动呈现高度的非平衡特性。目前,凝结参数都是利用半经验公式得出,很少考虑两相间传热温差以及耦合问题。在湿蒸汽两相流输运方程的基础上,建立了一种准确简单的凝结成核和水滴生长模型,采用具有较好激波捕获效果的高精度二阶TVD格式进行离散,计算了湿蒸汽非平衡凝结流动参数及凝结冲波分布。着重研究了湿蒸汽非平衡凝结流动的热力学特性,讨论了进口压力对凝结特性的影响,归纳了进口过冷度对成核率、水滴数、凝结冲波形态的变化规律。研究表明:进口压力增加,凝结位置逐渐向上游移动;进口过冷度降低,凝结位置向下游移动,达到较高的Mach数后,才会出现凝结成核;进口过冷度越高,非平衡凝结相变产生的湿度越高。凝结冲波出现后,湿蒸汽沿喷管继续高速流动,其流动规律与等熵流动相似。     

Simulation and analysis of group-hole nozzle sprays using a gas jet superposition model

A gas jet superposition model has been recently developed for computing group-hole nozzle sprays in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The objectives of this study are: (1) to perform a systematic validation of the comprehensive spray model for group-hole nozzles using a broad range of experimental data; (2) to analyze the dynamics and physical insight of group-hole nozzle sprays based on the simulation results; and (3) to further clarify the impact of included-angle on spray/mixture properties of group-hole nozzle sprays. An updated version of the KIVA-3V Release 2 code, which employs the Lagrangian-Drop Eulerian-Fluid (LDEF) methodology for numerical calculation of two-phase flows, was used in the simulations. Diverging group-hole nozzles with various included-angles were considered. The test conditions included non-evaporating and evaporating ambient conditions, free sprays and sprays impinging on a flat wall. Detailed comparisons were made between the experiments and computations in terms of spray/mixture characteristics. The results show that numerical parameter dependencies are significantly reduced with the new models, and good levels of agreement are obtained in terms of spray structure, liquid/vapor penetration, overall SMD and cumulative vaporized fuel mass. Both experimental measurements and simulations reveal the importance of included-angle in group-hole nozzle sprays. In particular, some important features of group-hole nozzle spray are captured in the computations by the present models: compared to the equivalent single-hole nozzle, smaller local droplet size can be achieved in the near nozzle field, indicating an enhanced fuel primary atomization; the ambient gas entrainment rate is increased during the injection period, implying the better mixing; the spray axis deflection is identified in the case of group-hole nozzles with smaller angles, which is caused by a negative relative pressure region that exists between the sprays; in addition, the asymmetric structure of wall-impinging group-hole nozzle spray is well predicted by the present models through applying the gas jet superposition model in the entire computational domain.     

A Numerical Study on the Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Pulsed Impingement Drying

Impinging jets issuing from the tailpipe of pulse combustors have been evaluated in recent studies for possible applications in rapid drying of continuous sheets such as grades of paper, textiles, etc. In order to further understand the effect of pulsed flows on the heat and mass transfer rates of impinging jets, a numerical study was performed on a two-dimensional pulsating impinging jet array. A computational fluid dynamics approach was used to examine the effect of periodic sinusoidal pulsation on the local Nusselt number distribution of the wet target surface being dried. Because a high temperature and large temperature difference between the jet flow and impingement surface are used to obtain high heat transfer rates in impingement drying, the thermophysical properties of jet flows were taken into account in the present mathematical model. A parametric study including phase angle and frequency as well as amplitude of pulsating flows was conducted for optimization and design of pulsating jet arrays. Examination of the velocity and thermal fields showed that the instantaneous heat transfer rate on the target surface was highly dependent on the mass transfer characteristic and development of the hydrodynamic boundary layer with time.     

铁路罐车高压水射流清洗数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件FLUENT对铁路罐车高压水射流清洗进行数值模拟,计算了速度场、压力场,为了解射流特性、改善喷嘴结构设计和提高罐车清洗效果起指导作用。     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

Schneiden und Bohren mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid

Water jet cutting is used for cutting various materials for decades. However, due to the disadvantages of this method not all materials can be processed. Many disadvantages can be avoided if CO₂ is used instead of water. Carbon dioxide evaporates after processing and allows a dry, residue‐free cutting process. A method for jet cutting with liquid carbon dioxide is presented and the first results of cutting tests on various materials are shown.     

Penetration length studies of supercritical water jets submerged in a subcritical water environment using a novel optical Schlieren method

In hydrothermal spallation deep drilling a high-velocity, hot, supercritical water jet is directed towards the rock to induce fragmentation. One major challenge in the realization of this novel technique is the entrainment of comparatively cool, aqueous drilling fluid by the hot water jet, which can lead to significant heat losses before the hot jet's energy can be transferred to the rock. The present work quantifies such entrainment effects by determining penetration lengths of supercritical water jets injected into a cool, subcritical environment using a novel optical Schlieren method. Penetration lengths of supercritical jets were found to be equal to the injector's nozzle diameter and almost independent of the jet's temperature at the nozzle exit and the jet's mass flow under almost all experimental conditions investigated. A semi-empirical model adapted from steam jet studies confirmed these findings and indicates that heat and mass transfer are primarily controlled by turbulent mixing.     

Self‐sustained oscillations in opposed impinging jets in an enclosure

The flow of jets in confining enclosures has significant application in many engineering processes. In particular, the impingement of axisymmetric jets in a confined space has been examined using flow visualization, laser Doppler anemometry, and numerical simulations. Several flow regions were found; stable steady, regular oscillatory, and irregular oscillatory. Initially, a steady flow field existed for all arrangements for Re_d < ?90 (based on the nozzle diameter d, the fluid kinematic viscosity v and the volumetric flow rate Q through the nozzle (Q = πd²/4U_avg)) but subsequent increments in the fluid velocity caused a regularly oscillating flow field to emerge. The onset of the oscillations and the upper limit of finite oscillations were found to be a function of the Re_d, and the nozzle diameter to chamber dimension ratio. Steady numerical simulations predicted the steady flow field well and good agreement was obtained in unsteady simulations of the oscillating flow field. The oscillating flow field is considered to be a class of self‐sustaining oscillations where instabilities in the jet shear layer are amplified because of feed back from pressure disturbances in the impingement region.     

Condensation en film entre deux plaques planes verticales: Comparaison des performances thermiques du R134a et du R12

This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the forced convection condensation of R134a between two vertical plates. The boundary layer equations for two phase flow are solved and take into account the parameters generally neglected in theoretical studies of condensation, namely: The pressure loss, the inertia, the enthalpy convection, the variation of thermophysical properties and the liquid and vapour turbulent viscosities and conductivities. The thermal performances of refrigerants R-134a and R-12 are compared. The results of the present analysis are compared with the experimental values of Shao and Granryd (1995). The influence of turbulence, gravity, vapour velocity, Jakob number, pressure force and shear stress is studied.     

植物活性成分提取新技术及最新研究进展

详细介绍了超声波提取、微波辅助提取、超临界流体提取、亚临界水提取等几种近年来植物活性成分提取方面的新技术,及超声强化超临界CO2提取技术、超声-微波协同提取技术、超声强化亚临界水提取等最新研究进展,重点阐述了这些新技术的原理、应用现状,指出了存在的问题,最后对这些新技术的应用及发展前景进行了探讨.