膜法电容去离子技术用于水溶液中单/多价阴离子的分离

将电容去离子技术（CDI）与单价阴离子选择性交换膜结合构建新型膜法电容去离子膜堆（PSMCDI）,并探索其在单/多价阴离子分离中的应用。采用自制的测试装置,以Cl^-/SO₄^2-水溶液为模拟体系,并选择现有的两种商业化单价阴离子选择性交换膜（ASV和ACS）作为膜元件,系统地研究了各参数（PSMCDI种类、阴离子组成和浓度、pH、操作时间、电压和流速）对单价离子选择性的影响。结果表明,总阴离子去除量随着阴离子浓度的增加而增加,但是对于单价离子（Cl^-）选择性降低。随着操作时间的增加,单价离子（Cl^-）选择性也降低。对于ASV膜,在1.2 V的直流电压、10 min吸附时间和30 ml·min^-1进料流速的条件下得到1.6的单价阴离子去除选择性。同时,在相同条件下,ACS膜的单价阴离子去除选择性为1.4。     

次氯酸钠消毒液在宽扎河净水处理中的应用

非洲安哥拉的罗安达水泥有限公司5000t／d生产线的水处理混凝剂采用了硫酸铝和氯化钠,但效果不佳。加碱可提高水处理效果,但设施复杂、运行成本高。经研究采用投加次氯酸钠消毒液办法,既经济且效果又好,使用后水质完全符合生活饮用水国家标准。但使用中应注意投加方法、投加量的掌控,且次氯酸钠消毒液不可久储,最好应现场配制。     

Ion and water transport characteristics of Nafion membranes as electrolytes

Transport characteristics of Nafion membranes, that have been published earlier, are re-evaluated. It is found that the specific conductivity of the membranes is not only determined by the mobility of the ions, but largely also by the interaction of ions with water and with microscopic membrane channel structures. Similarly, the water transference coefficient, defined as the number of moles of water transported per Faraday through the membrane, is governed by two effects: an electrostatic effect between ion and water dipoles, and an effect due to the size of the cation. Contributions to electro-osmotic water transfer are water of hydration to cations and hydrodynamically pushed water molecules. The size of the ion compared to the channel diameter, has a major impact on the electric conductivity, but also on water transport. It is shown that hydrophilic cations can promote an enlarged hydrophilic domain in the membrane, that is accompanied by a lower membrane resistance. Criteria for designing high performance ion conducting membranes are given based on this basis.     

Electrodialytic removal of nitrates and hardness from simulated mixtures using ion‐exchange membranes

A novel electrodialysis (ED) pilot plant unit coupled with a membrane stack containing 11 cation‐exchange and 10 anion‐exchange membranes is used for the removal of nitrates and hardness from simulated aqueous mixtures containing salts that are usually encountered in brackish water. The removal of high nitrates and water hardness is performed in 150 min of ED under three constant applied voltages at room temperature. The limiting current density is obtained for sodium nitrate and calcium chloride mixtures in dilute solution. In order to check the efficacy of the ED method, parameters like the applied potential are varied at constant flow rates. The efficiency of the ED method depends on the applied potential. Possible applications of ED are discussed for the removal of contaminants below the minimum contaminant level of drinking water. The ED method used here is satisfactory to produce good quality drinking water from a simulated mixture by removing the unwanted ions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1788–1794, 2006     

离子交换膜间水的电离及其应用

电渗析器中淡水室内阴阳离子交换膜间的纯水，可以在直流电场的作用下发生电离，产生H^ 和OH^-离子。通过分析纯水的电离，讨论了普通电渗析(ED)和填充床电渗析(EDI)中水的电离现象及其相关机理。EDI过程中水电离产生的H^ 和OH^-离子可以自再生离子交换树脂。简单介绍离子交换膜间水电离的应用，即已得到产业化的EDI技术和正在推广中的离子交换树脂的电再生技术。     

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND SULFATE IONS ON KCl CRYSTALLIZATION IN A CONTINUOUS COOLING MSMPR CRYSTALLI2:ER

Crystallizations of KCl from water and reagent grade potassium chloride solution with and without magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride as impurities were conducted in a one liter continuous MSMPR cooling crystallizer. A series of experiments at a constant operating temperature, various feed temperatures and magnesium and sulfate ions concentrations were carried out to investigate the effect of the type and concentration of impurities on the width of the meta-stable zone, crystal size distribution, crystal habit, crystal purity, growth rate, nucleation rate, and aggregation index. The width of the meta-stable zone increased with impurity concentrations of both magnesium and sulfate ions alike. Sulfate ion increased the mean crystal size at all concentrations, whereas the initial increase in mean crystal size at low magnesium concentrations was moderated at higher concentrations. Polycrystals formation was significant with and without impurities. The crystal surface became irregular at higher sulfate ion concentrations. The impurity incorporation within KCl crystals decreased with crystal size and was much higher in the case of magnesium sulfate. Secondary nucleation rate was unaffected and growth rate was altered in the presence of both impurities, and the influence was apparently independent of the effect upon the meta-stable zone width. The effect of impurities was suppressed with increase in suspension density.     

Rinsing effect of alkaline electrolyzed water on nickel surfaces

The improvement in the surface cleanliness of electroplated nickel by rinsing in alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) was determined. When the nickel plated sample was rinsed with the AEW, it was found that the amount of residual sulfate ion on the surface of a sample decreased approximately by half compared to one rinsed only with de-ionized pure water. Because nanosize hydrogen bubbles are present in the AEW, and the zeta-potential has a negative value, we then surmised that the mechanism of rinsing was as follows: The sulfate ions are selectively absorbed on the nanosize colloidal hydrogen bubbles, or substituted for anions absorbed on the hydrogen bubbles. The sulfate ions absorbed on the nickel surface then become detached. The detached sulfate ions are absorbed on the surface of the hydrogen bubbles, and negatively charge the hydrogen bubbles. It can be considered that any detached sulfate ions do not re-adhere due to the electrical repulsion force of the negatively charged nickel surface. Thus the sample is efficiently rinsed.     

Optimal design of an electrodialysis brackish water desalination plant

This paper considers the optimal design and operation of electrodialysis (ED) desalination plants. In general an ED plant aims to produce potable water from a high salinity source, like brackish water or high salinity water. The system is modelled mathematically as mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimization problem, determining the number of desalination stages, the membrane area, the total required energy so as to minimise the total annualised cost of the investment accounting for both infrastructure and operating costs. Two examples from the literature illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach and evaluate the quality of the results obtained.     

污水回用于循环冷却水系统腐蚀影响因素的研究

作者利用动态、静态等多种试验手段,对城市生活污水回用于循环冷却水系统中有机物、浊度、Cl^-、SO^2-4、含盐量等因素对腐蚀的影响进行了深入的研究,为城市生活污水回用于循环冷却水的水质控制标准提供了试验依据。     

含高氯根水的腐蚀控制

大宇空调(天津)有限公司冷却水是含氯离子高、腐蚀性强的水质,系统存在严重的腐蚀问题,一直没有很好解决,天津化工研究设计院通过一系列试验室研究,确定了适合该厂的水处理方案,并经现场应用证妥,主某五理技术方案经济可行。运行4年来,取得了良好的应用效果,获得了很好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Effect of Mineral-Balanced Deep-Sea Water on Kidney Function and Renal Oxidative Stress Markers in Rats Fed a High-Salt Diet

This study investigated the effect of mineral-balanced deep-sea water (DSW) on kidney health using an animal model of kidney injury due to a high-sodium diet. High magnesium/low sodium (HMLS) and high magnesium/high calcium (HMHC) DSW samples with different mineral contents were prepared. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed an 8% sodium chloride (NaCl) diet for four weeks to induce kidney injury, and each group was supplied with purified water or mineral water. Kidney injury was observed in the NaCl group according to increased kidney injury markers and malondialdehydes, providing evidence of oxidative stress. However, the kidney injury was repaired by the intake of mineral-balanced DSW. It was confirmed that the HMLS and HMHC groups showed improved Na⁺ excretion through the urine. Kidney injury markers in urine decreased and upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein2 mRNA expression was observed in the HMLS and HMHC groups. In addition, superoxide dismutase activity was increased in the HMHC groups. The gene expression patterns of the RNA sequencing were similar between the CON and HMLS groups. These results suggest that DSW has beneficial effects on kidney health due to the balanced magnesium and calcium levels in models of kidney injury caused by excessive sodium intake.     

三元复合驱污水的无机絮凝剂处理效果研究

采用模拟三元复合驱采出污水,选用硫酸铝、聚合硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铝铁4种无机絮凝剂,研究其对三元复合驱采出污水的处理效果。经4种絮凝剂处理后,污水的透光率均随加剂量的增加而先上升后下降;温度升高有利于提高絮凝效果;硫酸铝处理效果较聚合无机盐差,聚合氯化铝的絮凝效果最好,在温度为50℃时,最佳投加量为2750mg/L,最高透光率为84.1%。聚合氯化铝对聚合物驱污水、三元复合驱污水及仅含表面活性剂的污水处理试验表明,3种模拟污水处理难度由大到小依次为:三元复合驱污水、表面活性剂污水、聚合物驱污水。     

炉水氢电导率偏高的原因分析及解决措施

某330 MW机组炉水氢电导率偏高,导致锅炉排污量大,造成水汽损失和热量损失,影响了机组运行的经济性。通过对机组的水汽品质和水处理药品进行检测分析,发现水汽系统加药用的氨水质量不合格,其中氯离子和硫酸根离子明显超标。此质量不合格氨水进入系统导致炉水氢电导率偏高,更换质量合格的氨水后炉水水质恢复正常。     

Propane and propene oxidation over platinum and palladium on alumina: Effects of chloride and water

The oxidation of propane and propene was investigated on palladium and platinum supported catalysts. Catalyst intrinsic activities, evaluated by light-off temperatures in slightly oxidizing reactant mixture (5% excess oxygen), show an optimum particle size which maximizes the catalytic activity for a given metal loading. On catalysts prepared from chloride containing precursor salts, chloride poisons the metallic activity whatever the particle size. Moreover, reaction isotherms under varying oxygen levels point out that the effect of chloride is more detrimental under oxidizing conditions. After successive oxidation cycles, this poisoning effect disappears as a consequence of the removal of chloride from the catalyst surface by water produced during propane and propene combustion. On the other hand, addition of relatively large quantities of water (equivalent to the content of the exhaust gas) inhibits the oxidation of hydrocarbon. Poisoning effects of chloride and water are explained by a decreasing active surface for the reactions under consideration.     

工业水中氯离子测定方法的进展

氯离子含量是评价锅炉给水、炉水、循环冷却水以及蒸汽品质的主要指标.作者综述了近年来工业水中氯离子的各种测定方法及应用.包括:分光光度法、比浊法、原子吸收法、极谱法、电导法、离子选择电极法、离子色谱法和流动注射分析法等.不仅对各种测定方法的基本原理进行了说明,而且对许多典型分析系统进行了阐述、比较和评论.     

Mechanisms behind pH changes during electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation is a promising method for removing pollutants from surface water and industrial wastewater. The coagulation efficiency is dependent on pH but it is not fully understood how electrocoagulation affects pH of the treated water. Three series of experiments have been conducted to study how (1) chloride and sulfate anions, (2) negatively charged organic macromolecules, and (3) carbonate influence pH during electrocoagulation. It is found that dissolved carbonate has a significant influence on the pH change as CO₂ is stripped off during electrocoagulation due to formation of H₂ microbubbles at the cathode. The pH increased by 1 pH unit, which may significantly affect coagulation efficiency of iron. The pH increase depended strongly on the initial pH and the concentration of carbonate in the water. A secondary contribution to pH change was found to be ion exchange by sulfate and chloride ions into Fe(OH)₃ flocs, whereby OH⁻ was released into solution but only minor pH change was observed, not enough to affect the coagulation. The presence of charged organic macromolecules did not have any significant effect on pH.     

云南晋宁磷矿选矿回水对浮选指标影响的研究

采用模拟回水对晋宁磷矿进行了浮选试验研究,研究了回水中钙镁离子、磷酸根离子、硫酸根离子等有害离子对浮选指标的影响,结果表明:钙镁离子对浮选指标影响较大,磷酸根离子、硫酸根离子等对浮选影响不大,用碳酸钠和磷酸钠处理模拟回水效果较好,其中碳酸钠的效果更好一些.     

聚乙烯醇-脲醛树脂堵水剂的改性研究

聚乙烯醇-脲醛树脂作为堵水剂,存在热稳定性差、强度低和固化时间难以控制等问题.通过加入稳定剂十二烷基磺酸钠、增韧剂超细碳酸钙、固化剂氯化铵对聚乙烯醇-脲醛树脂进行改性,得到一种稳定性好、强度高、固化时间可调的堵水剂,并对其性能进行了评价.结果表明,改性树脂堵水剂的堵水率达96.6％.     

高氯离子水样中COD的测定

根据氯离子和COD之间有较好的相关性，介绍了在不用硫酸汞掩蔽的状态下，按国家标准GB11914—89重铬酸盐法测出水样的表观COD值，减去水样中氯离子相对应的COD值，即得水样的真实COD值的操作方法。     

分析用水对陶瓷铅溶出量测定的影响

分析用水水质对日用陶瓷铅溶出量测定具有重要影响,CL-、SO42-、CO2等严重抑制铅的溶出,使测定结果偏低。