微波处理羊毛的染色性能研究

通过扫描电镜和激光拉曼光谱等技术研究了预处理前后羊毛纤维表面形态结构和二硫键含量的变化。讨论了微波辐射功率和时间对羊毛织物回潮率的影响。采用微波对羊毛进行辐射处理,通过研究微波辐射功率和辐射时间对羊毛染色织物表观得色量的影响优化出了处理羊毛的最佳工艺条件。通过最佳处理条件对羊毛织物进行处理,并且采用毛用兰纳素活性染料和派拉丁1∶1金属络合染料对羊毛织物进行染色,通过上染速率曲线测试了处理前后羊毛的上染性能。对比分析了羊毛织物未经微波预处理和经微波预处理染色后的上染率、固着率和总固着率等染色性能。     

Surface modification of textiles by glow discharge technique: Part II: Low frequency plasma treatment of wool fabrics with acrylic acid

In this study, wool fibers are modified by low frequency plasma polymerization of acrylic acid regarding to its' hydrophobic character due to cuticular cells at their surfaces. Variables of the plasma glow discharge processes were power (40–100 W) and exposure time (5–45 min). The effect of plasma modification in the performance properties of wool were investigated on the basis of hydrophilicity of wool, average wrinkle recovery angle, and breaking strength. The surface chemical structures of fabrics were examined with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The hydrophobic wool fabric became hydrophilic after all plasma treatments except one (40W–5 min). Average wrinkle recovery angle of the treated fabrics were between 157 and 178°, while that of untreated fabric was 180°. The treated fabrics had a little bit lower angles according to the untreated fabric. However, even the lowest value as 157° means that the fabric has a good crease resistance property. The breaking strengths of fabrics were increased up to 26% after the plasma treatments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Application of a biopolymer chitosan-poly(propylene)imine dendrimer hybrid as an antimicrobial agent on the wool fabrics

In this research, chitosan-poly(propylene)imine dendrimer hybrid (CS-PPI) was applied to wool fabrics; and weight gain and antibacterial properties of the grafted wool fabric by CS-PPI were investigated. A response surface methodology employed for optimization of the important factors such as pH, processing time, and CS-PPI and cross-linking agent (CA) concentrations. The physical properties showed sensible changes regardless of weight gain. The maximum weight gain was obtained when the wool fabrics were treated with pH 5, processing time 24 h, CS-PPI 20 %(owf) and CA 5 % over weight of fiber (owf). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of foreign particles determinedly fixed to the surface of the wool fabric. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning colorimetry revealed the grafting of CS-PPI onto wool fabric by forming novel chemical bonds between the wool and CS-PPI molecules. The treated wool fabrics showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial activities of the treated wool by CS-PPI at a concentration of 20 % over weight of fiber (owf) demonstrated 100 % bacterial growth inhibition, which was preserved more than 84 % even after being washed in 12 various conditions repeatedly. The grafted wool fabrics have antibacterial potential due to the antibacterial property of CS-PPI molecules. The mechanism of CS-PPI grafting onto wool fabric using CA was proposed. The findings of this study support the potential production of the new environmentally friendly textile fibers.     

Pretreatment of wool/polyester blended fabrics to enhance titanium dioxide nanoparticle adsorption and self‐cleaning properties

This research aims to enhance the self‐cleaning properties of fibre‐blended fabric using surface pretreatment prior to the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. To this end, the polyester/wool fabric was modified, in that the wool fibres were oxidised with potassium permanganate and the polyester fibres were hydrolysed with lipase before nano processing. Butane tetracarboxylic acid was also used to enhance the adsorption of the nanoparticles and also to stabilise them on the fabric surface. The self‐cleaning properties of the fabric were examined through staining of the fabric with CI Basic Blue 9 and then discolouring by exposing to ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Some other properties of the treated fabrics, such as water drop absorption, crease recovery angle and bending were investigated and are discussed in detail. The colour changes of different samples indicated an appropriate discoloration on the titanium dioxide‐treated fabrics after ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Overall, the surface pretreatment of the wool and polyester fibres improved the self‐cleaning properties of the fabric significantly.     

Surface photografting: New application for flame retardant finishing of polyamide6.6 (PA6.6) fabric

Surface photografting modification with maleic anhydride (MAn) under UV irradiation in association with a post reaction with triethanolamine has been used to improve the flame retardancy of polyamide6.6 (PA6.6) fabric in this study. The effects of irradiation time and monomer concentration on the fabric surface grafting were investigated. The flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of the samples were characterized by limiting oxygen index test (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and the results indicate that flame retardancy of the treated PA6.6 fabric samples has been significantly improved. The chemical structures of the treated samples' surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), and the possible photochemical mechanisms were discussed. It is suggested that this could be the first time to use photografting technology to enhance the flame retardancy of PA6.6 fabric. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

The effect of corona treatments on the hygral expansion of wool worsted fabrics

The effect of dry corona and aqueous treatments on the hygral expansion of wool gabardine has been investigated. Increasing the severity of the corona treatment produced a concomitant reduction in the hygral expansion of the fabric. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the chemical modification of the wool fibre surface.     

Study on wettability improvement and its uniformity of wool fabric treated by atmospheric pressure plasma jet

The influence of processing parameters on wettability improvement and its uniformity of wool fabric treated by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) was explored. A woven wool fabric was treated by APPJ under various treatment conditions such as different treatment time, different oxygen flow rate, and different jet‐to‐substrate distance. The water absorption time of wool fabric was measured to determine wettability improvement. The diffusion photo of water droplet on wool fabric surface was taken by digital camera to reflect wettability uniformity. After APPJ treatment, SEM observation showed that the scales on the wool fiber surface directly facing plasma jet pores were destroyed than those on the other fiber surface. XPS analysis showed that the carbon concentration substantially decreased. The concentration of oxygen and nitrogen significantly increased and but the concentration of sulfur and silicon did not obviously changed. With the addition of oxygen gas, more polar groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl produced on wool fiber surface. The water absorption time of wool fabric greatly reduced indicating wettability improvement. The diffusion of water droplet on wool fabric surface was also larger and more homogenous suggesting uniform plasma treatment. It was concluded that the wettability improvement and its uniformity of the treated wool fabric increased and then decreased with the increasing oxygen flow rate and jet‐to‐substrate distance, and increased with the increasing treatment time. Therefore to achieve reasonable wettability and its uniformity of the wool fabric treated by APPJ, plasma treatment conditions have to be carefully chosen. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Properties of wool fibers treated under high-temperature water and steam

In this study, we investigated the hygroscopicity and the extension properties of wool fibers treated under high-temperature steam and water. The scale structure and the crystallinity of the treated wool fibers were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results show that the hygroscopicity of the wool fibers treated under high-temperature steam was higher than that of the wool fibers treated under high-temperature water. The strength, the breaking elongation, and the breaking work of the treated wool fibers decreased obviously compared with the untreated wool fibers. The scale surface became rough and the crystallization index decreased for the treated wool fibers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Differential dyeing of wool fabric with metal‐complex dyes after ultraviolet irradiation

Experiments were conducted to investigate the ultraviolet irradiation of wool fabric as a pretreatment for differential dyeing. Wool fabric was irradiated using a medium‐pressure mercury lamp in order to obtain, on the irradiated area, increased dye uptake under the same dyeing conditions as untreated wool. The chemical modification of the fibre surface as a result of ultraviolet irradiation was confirmed by an increase in metal ion absorption and hydrophilicity, in agreement with Fourier Transform‐infrared–attenuated total reflectance spectra, although scanning electron microscopy showed that the fibre morphology was unaffected. A selection of 1:1 metal‐complex dyes was used to show the maximum colour difference between irradiated and untreated areas of the fabric. The experiments focused on two effects: a double face with the same shade but different depths (greater depth on the treated side), and a double face with different shades. The latter effect was achieved by dyeing the irradiated fabrics with mixtures of acid and metal‐complex dyes. Rubbing and washing fastness evaluations at 50 °C confirmed that the dyeings after irradiation with the selected 1:1 metal‐complex dyes scored identically to conventional dyeings.     

Dyeing behaviors of ionic liquid treated wool

In this article, a new class of “green” solvent—ionic liquid (IL) was employed to improve the dyeability of wool. The physical and chemical properties of the IL‐treated wool, such as surface morphology, wettability, and tensile strength were first analyzed, and then the dyeing properties of IL‐treated wool were investigated in terms of dyeing rate, dyeing exhaustion at equilibrium, color depth, and color fastnesses. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed eroded marks on IL‐treated wool fiber surfaces. The water contact angle of the fabric treated with IL at 100°C decreased from 118.6° to 106.4°. The tensile strength of IL‐treated wool fibers was slightly decreased when the treating temperature was less than 100°C. Dyeing kinetics experiments revealed that the IL treatments greatly increased initial dyeing rate, shortened half‐dyeing time, and time to reach dyeing equilibrium. The final exhaustion and color depth of IL‐treated wool were also increased accompanying with slightly decreased color fastness. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Functionalization of wool fabric with phase‐change materials microcapsules after plasma surface modification

The use of microcapsules has increased in several different areas, namely, textile applications. They have been used as a possible means of introducing new properties, namely, in medical care by antibiotics, skin moisturizers, and other drugs and for thermal comfort. In this study, we examined the influence of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment on the adhesion of phase‐change material (PCM) microcapsules on wool fabric. Several experimental techniques were used to evaluate the wool surface modification after plasma treatment and the influence of the microcapsules' resistance to washing conditions, namely, the determination of the static and dynamic contact angles, surface energy, and adhesion work; X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; differential scanning calorimetry; and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical and physical characterization of the wool fiber in the fabric confirmed significant surface modification. The plasma treatment greatly increased the hydrophilicity, surface energy, and adhesion work of the wool fabric; this proved that more microcapsules were adsorbed on the fabric and more microcapsules remained on the fabric surface after the washing procedures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Chemical modification of nylon 6 and polyester fabrics by ozone‐gas treatment

In a previous article, we reported on the ozone‐gas treatment of wool and silk fabrics in relation to the gas‐phase processing of textile fabrics. The treatment incorporated an oxygen element into the fiber surface and contributed to an increase in water penetration into the fabric. In this study, nylon 6 and polyester fabrics were treated with ozone gas in the same way as that of the wool and silk fabrics. The treatment incorporated much more oxygen into the fiber surface in the form of ? COH and ? COOH, as shown by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Water penetration increased considerably with treatment, and the apparent dyeing rate and equilibrium dye uptake were also improved, especially for the polyester fabric, despite an increase in the crystallinity. Therefore, it seemed that the treatment brought about a change not only in the fiber surface but also in the internal structure of the fibers (the crystalline and amorphous regions) with regard to the dyeing behavior. Further, the mechanical characteristics of the ozone‐gas‐treated polyester and nylon 6 fabrics were measured with a Kawabata evaluation system apparatus. The shearing modulus and hysteresis widths increased with treatment, especially for the polyester fabric. Therefore, it was clear that the treatment caused a change in the fabric hand to crisp. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1344–1348, 2006     

棉织物轧染微波固色工艺研究

采用HE型活性染料对棉织物进行轧染微波固色,研究了微波辐射功率、固色时间和电解质用量对表观得色量K/S值的影响.与传统的棉轧染堆置固色、常规浸染工艺进行了对比,研究了棉织物经微波固色后的匀染性、染色牢度和断裂强力等.实验结果表明:微波固色能得到接近常规染色的染色效果,且微波固色耗时短、工艺流程简单.     

The effect of glucose oxidase enzyme on wool fibres

Glucose oxidase is a type of enzyme that converts glucose into hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid by enzymatic reaction. Glucose oxidase is widely used in industry; however, in the textile industry, glucose oxidase has only received academic interest. Previously, wool was bleached by some reducing agents; however, currently in industry, hydrogen peroxide dominates the bleaching of wool fibres. In this study, the effect of glucose oxidase enzyme treatment on wool merino fibres and dyeability properties was investigated. Wool fibres were treated with glucose oxidase enzyme, after which the whiteness index (Stensby) and yellowness index (ASTM D 1925 and ASTM E 313) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to identify the morphological structure of wool fibres and their atomic content. The chemical damage caused by enzyme was investigated using a fluorescence and a light microscope, and the alkali solubility (ASTM D 1283) was determined. After enzymatic treatment, the wool fibres were dyed at a 2.0% concentration with reactive dyes. Dyeability (K/S) and CIELab values were assessed with a Minolta CM 3600 D spectrophotometer (D65, 10°). The washing fastness of wool fibres was investigated according to TS EN ISO 105-C06 (A1S).     

Surface modification of TiO2/SiO2 composite hydrosol stabilized with polycarboxylic acid on Kroy-process wool fabric

Self-cleaning of wool fabric has been of increasing interest due to availability and practicability. In this paper, two kinds of wool fabrics, including raw wool and Kroy-process wool fabric, were successfully modified by TiO₂/SiO₂ gel stabilized by 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA), respectively. The optimum concentration of carboxylic acids and TiO₂/SiO₂ gel was decided by the crease recovery angles and total color difference (ΔE) values, respectively. The results revealed that wool fabrics treated with BTCA and TiO₂/SiO₂ had better wrinkle resistance in comparison with CA and TiO₂/SiO₂ treated samples. The decomposition of stains was studied using UV irradiation and the presence of TiO₂/SiO₂ gel demonstrated obvious self-cleaning property, in which the color of wool fabric was unchangeable. The hydrophilicity of Kroy-process wool fabric increased relative to raw ones. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope images demonstrated the layer of TiO₂/SiO₂ nanoparticles coated on treated samples. In general, the adhesion properties coated to the fabric surface showed a slight loss even at harsh processing conditions, however, the anti-UV properties obviously increased due to the decrease in the fabric porosity. And the linkages between carboxylic acid and wool fibers were illustrated using FTIR pattern.     

Transglutaminase‐mediated crosslinking of gelatin onto wool surfaces to improve the fabric properties

In this study, transglutaminase (TGase)‐mediated crosslinking of gelatin on the surface of wool and its effect on the properties of wool fabric were investigated. For the wool fabric used in this study, gelatin (3 g/L) treatment for 1 h combined with 20 U/g of fabric microbial TGase reduced the area shrinkage of KMnO₄‐pretreated wool fabric from 6.53 ± 0.06 to 1.92 ± 0.15%, which was more effective than that treated with gelatin alone (in which the area shrinkage was reduced to 4.02 ± 0.10%). At the same time, the tensile strength recovered from 267 ± 2.0 to 335 ± 2.1 N. The antifelting ability of treated wool fabric exhibited better washing durability. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the gelatin material smoothed the wool fiber surface by coating or filling the raised scales of the wool with TGase. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Surface modification and low temperature dyeing properties of wool treated by UV radiation

The surface modification and dyeing properties of wool treated by UV radiation have been investigated. Wool samples were exposed to UV radiation for 60 min and the surface modification of the wool fibre was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemical change caused by the UV treatment was identified as surface oxidation of cystine (disulphide bonds) and thereby induced changes in the dyeing properties of the wool. The dyeability of UV-treated and untreated wool samples was determined at temperatures of 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C using CI Acid Blue 7. The UV-treated wool samples showed greater levels of dye uptake compared with those of the untreated samples. The adsorption behaviour and diffusion coefficients were also studied. The dyeing properties of wool were enhanced by UV radiation due to the increased diffusion coefficient of the dyes in the treated wool fibres.     

Low‐temperature plasma processing for the enhancement of surface properties and dyeability of wool fabric

In the present investigation, wool fabric was treated with a low‐temperature air plasma. The plasma discharge power and treatment time were varied. The effect of plasma treatment on various fabric properties such as wettability, wickability, dyeability, crease recovery angle, breaking strength, and elongation at break was investigated. Surface morphology was studied using SEM micrographs. The fabric became substantially hydrophilic even with a short duration of air plasma treatment of 30 s with improvement in dye uptake and in the rate of dyeing when dyed at a lower temperature. Under these treatment conditions, aging was almost nil in a dry environment, even after 45 days, whereas some aging was observed in a humid (75% relative humidity) environment. A 20% increase in the breaking strength and 24% increase in the elongation at break were observed with reduction in wrinkle recovery angle to 133–144° from 169° for untreated fabric. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43097.     

Effect of polydopamine deposition on wool fibers on the construction of melanin

The use of dopamine to synthesize melanin as a natural dye on fabrics has the disadvantages of complicated processing, long processing time, and high cost. This study simplifies the processing conditions of the oxidative polymerization of dopamine and develops wool fabric melanin coatings with different finishing effects by adjusting the reaction time. The results of computer color matching, ultraviolet (UV) protection properties, and color fastness indicated that the treated wool fibers were effectively dyed, and they achieved UV resistance properties comparable to those realized in other studies in a relatively short time. The degree of lightness (L) and UV protection factor of the treated fabric reached up to 13.3 and 80+, respectively. Samples W/PDA 60 and W/PDA 120 absorbed more than 95% of the UV light. The color fastness was greater than Grade 4. The Fourier infrared spectrum and X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the chemical and crystalline structures of the wool fiber did not change significantly after the treatment. The breaking strength of samples W/PDA 60 and W/PDA 120 was about 50% higher than that of the original wool fabric. This efficient and simple method provides a feasible and promising solution for the color deepening and UV finishing of high value-added wool products. It can be a potential choice for upgrading the printing and dyeing industries from the perspective of ecological protection.     

Mothproofing of wool fabric utilizing ZnO nanoparticles optimized by statistical models

Wool with high strength, elasticity, and resiliency has good dye-ability and comfort however could be digested by keratinolytic enzymes. In this research, wool fabric pre-treated with BTCA and then treated with nano ZnO. The treated fabrics showed mothproofing activity against the larvae of carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci, as feeding protein fibers. The role of both BTCA and nano ZnO concentrations on mothproofing properties of the wool fabric were optimized using statistical model of response surface methodology (RSM). Mothproofing was investigated through assessing wool weight loss during feeding by A. verbasci. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to obtain the optimum models for wool with mothproofing properties. The damages on the wool surface confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and digital camera images. Further transmission and absorbance spectra approved the UV protection properties of the nano ZnO treated wool in both UVA and UVB.