油田发泡剂实验研究

由阴离子、两性离子表面活性剂配以非离子表面活性剂和一定的稳泡剂组成的新型油田发泡剂,具有较好的发泡能力和泡沫稳定性,同时,具有抗温、抗盐、抗Ca2+、抗Mg2+的优良性能.     

微泡钻井液技术研究

本文针对低压易漏地层,通过考察起泡剂和稳泡剂的起泡效果,优选出了微泡钻井液配方。该体系使用起泡剂CT 5-2和稳泡剂GHPG,它们的发泡能力强,泡沫细小,分布均匀,稳定性好。体系抗盐抗钙耐高温,具有良好的流变性、滤失性及抗污染能力,抗盐大于6000m g/L,抗钙大于3000m g/L,抗温大于100℃,抗煤油污染30%以上,对于低压易漏地层具有特殊的优势,并能提高钻井速度。     

纳米SiO_2强化阴/阳/非离子表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能实验研究

以阳离子双子表面活性剂为主,通过阴/阳/非离子表面活性剂复配(阴/阳/非离子表面活性剂体积比为2∶1∶3),获得了低界面张力体系ANO(界面张力为1.1×10-2 mN/m)。在高矿化度(60000mg/LNaCl+2000mg/LCaCl2)条件下,研究了纳米SiO_2对ANO界面张力与泡沫性能的影响。结果表明:纳米SiO_2对ANO界面张力并未产生明显的协同效应,但对ANO泡沫性能产生了较大的影响;70℃下,0.005%的纳米SiO_2显著增加了ANO的起泡稳泡性,在纳米SiO_2浓度大于0.1%时,体系呈现起泡性下降,稳泡性上升的趋势;80℃时已无法测定ANO起泡稳泡性,在加入了0.2%浓度的纳米SiO_2后,体系起泡高度为204mm,半衰期为35min。     

疏水型SiO_2纳米颗粒的稳泡性研究

针对泡沫驱油技术中存在的泡沫稳定性问题,对纳米颗粒部分取代表面活性剂发泡和稳泡,以提高泡沫稳定性进行了研究。将不同型号的亲水性和疏水性SiO_2纳米颗粒分别与表面活性剂α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)溶液复配,进行泡沫观察试验,考察了SiO_2纳米颗粒与AOS复配后对N_2泡沫稳定性的影响。结果表明:单独的亲水性纳米二氧化硅颗粒不能发泡稳泡,能在较低浓度的AOS溶液中起到一定的稳泡作用,但效果不理想;而疏水性纳米SiO_2颗粒虽不能单独发泡,但可以部分取代AOS表面活性剂,大大提高泡沫的稳定性。通过对不同浓度的纳米颗粒与AOS表面活性剂复配后的稳泡性能对比,得到泡沫驱油稳泡剂的最佳配比(质量分数)为0.04%AOS+0.10%SiO_2。研究结果对于泡沫驱油稳泡剂的优选具有一定的指导意义。     

肉豆蔻酰基氨基酸表面活性剂泡沫性能及其离子特异性效应

采用吊片法和鼓气法分别测定两类表面活性剂——肉豆蔻酰基 β-丙氨酸钾/钠(MAP/MAS)和肉豆蔻酰基牛磺酸钾/钠(MTP/MTS)的表面张力和泡沫性能,并研究添加无机盐和有机铵盐对MAS与MTS泡沫性能的影响.结果表明,两类表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)与反离子类型相关,MTP的起泡性弱于MTS但稳泡性高于MTS;除四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)外,盐的添加均可显著提升两种表面活性剂的稳泡性,而对起泡性的影响不明显;添加阳离子对两种表面活性剂的泡沫性能的影响与其亲水基类型相关,MTS/盐体系的离子特异性效应比MAS/盐体系更为显著,其稳泡性在添加K+时达到峰值,而MTS/TBAB的消泡性能最为显著.     

一种低凝固点起泡剂的制备与性能评价

水基泡沫在石油钻井、驱油及矿物浮选等方面应用广泛,但泡沫本质上是热力学不稳定体系,良好的稳定性是其应用的前提。基于不同表面活性剂的协同作用,利用罗氏-迈尔斯法评价复配体系的起泡能力,由此筛选出一种高起泡性的起泡剂,用该起泡剂复配降低凝固点的辅剂和稳泡剂之后利用Waring Blender法评价最终复配体系的起泡及稳泡能力,由此筛选出一种低凝固点、闪点高、发泡能力强的起泡剂ZX-28,评价其表面张力和油水界面张力。实验结果表明,起泡剂ZX-28的组成为:28.2%LAES+1.4%CAB+5.6%HABS-2024+0.2%HPAM-1600+30%1,2-丙二醇(重量百分数),凝固点为-16℃,在104℃开始沸腾没有闪点,在20℃下,3 g/L起泡剂ZX-28的表面张力为28.5 m N/m,和原油的界面张力为2.5 m N/m,加入稳泡剂之后100 m L基液的发泡量为788 m L,气泡呈球形,属于典型的细小泡沫,半衰期长达3 720 min,稳定性高。该起泡剂成本低,同时也是一种环保型油气田工作液。     

抗高温、高矿化度、高凝析油起泡剂的实验评价

合成了一种特殊结构的表面活性剂作为主表面活性剂,与一定比例的泡沫增效剂和稳泡剂复配成了一种起泡剂.对该起泡剂在高含凝析油、高温的高矿化度水中进行了起泡力、携液量、与缓蚀剂的配伍性和抗高温分解性能的实验评价.     

季铵盐型双子表面活性剂的合成和性能

以烷基二甲基叔胺R(CH32N(R为C12H25、C14H29和C16H33)、盐酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料合成了系列季铵盐型双子表面活性剂GnCl2(n=12,14,16),样品经核磁共振及元素分析证实其结构.研究了其水溶液的表面活性、泡沫性能和杀菌性能.结果表明,所合成的双子阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性,烷基链越长,临界胶束浓度越小;不同链长的GnCl2体系中,G12Cl2溶液的起泡和稳泡效能最高,起泡和稳泡效率最低;通过纸片扩散法测定其杀菌性能表明,双季铵盐型表面活性剂具有优良的杀菌能力.     

泡沫排水剂配方的优选

泡沫排水剂是一种具有良好起泡、稳泡性能的表面活性剂,其组成包括发泡剂、稳泡剂。通过以三种发泡剂LAB-35,LAO-30,AES与俩种稳泡剂OP-10,十二醇分别进行组合并通过测定发泡体积,半衰期,发泡高度对泡沫排水剂进行优选从中选出最优配方。     

低碳醇对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能的影响

普通碳氢表面活性剂与磺基甜菜碱氟碳表面活性剂(FS)相比,泡沫性能和耐油性不好。醇通常强烈地影响表面活性剂的自组织行为,醇的加入能提高表面活性剂的泡沫性能。本文采用Ross-Miles法探讨了低碳醇对FS与阴离子碳氢表面活性剂(AOS)复配体系FS/AOS泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,当甲醇、无水乙醇、异丙醇浓度分别为5%、3%、3%,复配体系FS/AOS的起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好,在加入醇之后,煤油含量60%～80%时起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好。不同碳数的低碳醇对复配体系泡沫性能的影响规律为:发泡性能甲醇最好、异丙醇次之、无水乙醇最差,异丙醇的稳泡性能较甲醇和无水乙醇差。     

泡排井用起泡剂室内评价及影响因素研究

起泡剂作为泡排工艺的核心化学助剂,在现场实际应用前,对其各项性能的评价是必不可少的一个环节。本文对目前使用较为广泛的UT-11C型起泡剂开展了室内研究,采用经典的静态评价方法,并结合自行设计的泡沫管流可视化实验装置进行动态评价。研究结果表明:该型起泡剂起泡和稳泡性能良好,起泡基液浓度、温度和矿化度对起泡剂有较为明显的影响,起泡剂浓度5‰、温度40℃时起泡性能最佳,而在矿化度高于60 g/L的环境中泡沫稳定性极差。通过静态、动态评价实验方法的综合考查,能够更加全面的认识起泡剂性能。     

The development of heat-resistant and salt-tolerant foam with betaine surfactants

A modified instrument was designed to evaluate foam properties under high temperature and pressure. The type and molar ratio of betaine surfactants were screened to develop the heat-resistant and salt-tolerant foam for Tahe oilfield (130°C, 220 g/L), and the effects of temperature and pressure on foam properties were also investigated. The synergism between surfactants and the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanism of foam flooding in fractured-vuggy reservoirs were studied. Experimental results showed the developed foam had excellent foaming ability and foam stability when the lauramidopropyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine (LHSB): erucic amide propyl betaine (EAB) molar ratio ranged from 1:1 to 1:2 (initial foam volume was 392 ml when the molar ratio was 1:1, drainage half-time was 5.75 min and foam half-time was 72 min when the molar ratio was 1:2 at 130°C and 2 MPa). The synergistic effect was found to reach its maximum when the LHSB:EAB molar ratio ranged from 1:1 to 1:2 according to interaction parameters, which agreed with the results of foam properties. Foam stability was found to considerably increase with increasing pressure, but decrease with increasing temperature. However, temperature and pressure were found to have consistent effects on foaming ability, that is, the foaming ability increased with increasing temperature and pressure. The flooding test showed foam flooding exhibited better sweep efficiency and higher recovery ratio in the fractured-vuggy model than gas flooding and water flooding. This could be because injected foam did not channel through the top (or bottom) path due to its high viscosity and moderate density.     

Screening of Surfactant Foaming Properties Using the Gas-Sparging Method: Design of an Optimal Protocol

Foaming properties of five model surfactants, namely, sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij L23), polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), have been compared as a function of experimental conditions using the gas-sparging method. The influence of surfactant concentration relative to the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and three process parameters—frit porosity, gas flow rate, and preset volume of foam (or bubbling time)—was studied by means of a 2^4–1 factorial design. Three foaming properties were considered: foam capacity, foam stability, and maximal foam density. At the CMC, SLES, SDS, Tween 20, and Brij L23 were indistinguishable, all having very high foaming capacity and stability, regardless of process conditions. At 0.1 CMC, differences among them were highlighted especially at the lowest frit porosity coupled to the highest gas flow rate. Those conditions are thus recommended when a rapid screening of surfactant foaming performances is needed.     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚系列磺酸盐的泡沫性能研究

磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂在采油工业中应用广泛,其泡沫性能(起泡性和泡沫稳定性)对采收率影响很大。采用改进的Ross-Miles法对烷基碳数为14、16、18的脂肪醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚磺酸钠(CnH2n 1O(EO)2CH2CH2SO3Na,n=14、16、18)在不同条件下的泡沫性能进行了研究。结果表明,随着疏水基长度增加,表面活性剂起泡性降低,稳泡性增强;十四醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚磺酸钠起泡性最好,十八醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚磺酸钠稳泡性最优;随着温度的上升,3种表面活性剂起泡性增强,稳泡性降低。     

4种阴离子表面活性剂易漂洗性能的比较研究

采用实验室建立的同时测定模拟漂洗硬水条件下泡沫衰减性和织物上表面活性剂的初始/残留吸附量的方法,对家居织物洗涤剂中常用的4种典型的阴离子表面活性剂的易漂洗性能进行了比较研究,并考察了易漂洗性能与表面活性剂的钙离子稳定性之间的关系。实验结果表明,表面活性剂的钙离子稳定性与硬水漂洗液的泡沫性正相关,而与表面活性剂在织物上的初始/残留吸附量负相关。具有适中钙离子稳定性的改性羧酸盐(N-月桂酰基肌氨酸钠)具有最佳易漂洗性,磺酸盐(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)次之,而钙离子稳定性极低的皂类(月桂酸钠)或钙离子稳定性极高的阴-非离子型硫酸酯盐(十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠)均不属于易漂洗表面活性剂。这一研究结果对易漂洗阴离子表面活性剂的分子结构设计以及节水型洗涤剂的研发具有理论指导意义和应用价值。     

Effect of Temperature on Foaming Ability and Foam Stability of Typical Surfactants Used for Foaming Agent

Foam has extensive applications in a wide range of industrial fields. Some surfactants are used as foaming agents in the preparation of foam. The performance of the foaming agent directly affects the application of the foam. In this paper, experiments were designed and conducted to reveal the influence of temperature on foaming performance of 10 typical anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphiprotic surfactants. They were exposed to different temperature conditions to measure the foaming capacity (FC), foaming expansion (FE), and foam’s half-life. FC and FE represent foaming ability (FA), and half-life represents foam stability (FS). The results show that the FC increased at elevated foaming temperature, while FS decreased with rising temperature. Anionic surfactants are less affected by temperature and have better FA and longer FS. It seems that 20–30 °C is an ideal foaming temperature. This study lays an important foundation for the efficient preparation and utilization of foam in industrial fields.     

Synthesis and Surface Properties of a Novel Sodium 3‐(3‐Alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropoxy)‐3‐oxopropane‐1‐sulfonate at the Air–Water Interface

The present paper describes the synthesis and evaluation of surface properties of a novel series of anionic surfactant, namely sodium 3‐(3‐alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropoxy)‐3‐oxopropane‐1‐sulfonate with varying alkyl chain length (C8–C16). Synthesis involves initial formation of the 3‐alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropyl acrylate along with fatty acrylate during the direct esterification of fatty alcohol with acrylic acid in the presence of 0.5 % NaHSO₄ at 110 °C followed by sulfonation of the terminal double bond of the 3‐alkyloxy‐3‐oxopropyl acrylate. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for surface and thermodynamic properties such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at CMC (γ_cmc), efficiency of surface adsorption (pC₂₀), surface excess (Γ_max), minimum area per molecule at the air–water interface (A_min), free energy of adsorption (?G°_ads), free energy of micellization (?G°_mic), wetting time, emulsifying properties, foaming power and calcium tolerance. Effect of chain length on CMC follows the classic trend, i.e. decrease in CMC with the increase in alkyl chain length. High pC₂₀ (>3) value indicates higher hydrophobic character of the surfactant. These surfactants showed very poor wetting time and calcium tolerance, but exhibited good emulsion stability and excellent foamability. Foaming power and foam stability of C14‐sulfonate were found to be the best among the studied compounds. Foam stability of C14‐sulfonate was also studied at different concentrations over time and excellent foam stability was obtained at a concentration of 0.075 %. Thus this novel class of surfactant may find applications as foam boosters in combination with other suitable surfactants.     

Foaming properties of surfactin,a lipopeptide biosurfactant fromBacillus subtilis

Foaming properties of surfactin were investigated and compared to those of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Foams were formed by a bubbling technique. Evolution of the foam volume and the liquid in the foam was monitored with optical and conductimetric methods to characterize foam formation and stability. Excellent foaming properties of surfactin were shown by its higher ability to form and stabilize the foam at a concentration as low as 0.05 mg/mL, in comparison with SDS and BSA. Surfactin produced a foam with intermediate maximum density and stabilized the liquid in foam, as well as BSA.     

Gemini Surfactants Foam Formation Ability and Foam Stability Depends on Spacer Length

A series of cationic gemini surfactants containing different spacer length were synthesized and analyzed structurally. It was shown that the surface tension (σ) and critical micelle concentration (CMC), which had a maximum for the n-C₄H₈ spacer depended on the spacer length. The foaming ability and foam stability are high for the gemini surfactants with short spacers (C₂H₄ to n-C₄H₈), while longer spacers lead to a distinct decrease of these foam parameters. Foaming properties are discussed in terms of configuration and conformation of a surfactant molecule and in relation to micellization state kinetic.     

Mechanism Study on the Severe Foaming of Rhamnolipid in Fermentation

Although the biosurfactant rhamnolipid has been previously characterized as having low foam ability, its fermentation is largely impeded by severe foaming. Hence, the investigation of this paradox is critically important for improving the mass production of rhamnolipid. Unexpectedly, the hydrophobic cell, instead of rhamnolipid, has been claimed to explain such severe foaming in rhamnolipid fermentation. This study tried to systematically investigate the severe foaming in fermentation, aiming to propose an effective strategy for foam control. The overflowing foam sustained a super high stability in terms of half‐time for over 30 min. The major product of rhamnolipid largely contributed to the severe foaming in the fermentation process whereas other products like cells elicited much more limited effects. Furthermore, the foam stability of the fermentation broth increased with rhamnolipid concentration and noticeably increased with agitation speed. In the classic Bikerman foam test system without stirring, rhamnolipid showed foam stability as low as Tween 20 which is well known for its poor foam stability. However, in a stirring Bikerman system, rhamnolipid exhibited a foam stability almost as high as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 10 g/L and even surpassed SDS at a higher concentration of 20 g/L. Hence, the extraordinarily increased foam stability of rhamnolipid with both agitation and concentration could explain the severe foaming at its late‐stage fermentation when rhamnolipid‐rich solution is mechanically agitated.