利用基波相量变化率的快速选相方法

针对目前选相方法不能快速、可靠识别所有故障类型的问题,提出了利用基波相量变化率的故障选相方法。线路发生短路故障后,故障相基波电流相量变化率受衰减直流分量及工频故障分量影响,其值迅速增大,而非故障相基波电流相量变化率变化较小;如果发生接地故障,零序电流基波相量变化率受衰减直流分量及工频故障分量影响,其值也会迅速增大,否则其值在零附近波动。依据不同类型故障中基波电流相量变化率的特征能够快速、可靠识别故障相。利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真数据对算法进行测试,仿真结果表明:算法能够在故障后四分之一周波内准确判断故障相,具有较高可靠性。     

A discrete Fourier transform-based adaptive mimic phasor estimator for distance relaying applications

In protection relaying schemes, the digital filter unit plays the essential roles to calculate the accurate phasor. However, while the fault current contains plentiful decaying dc component, the over-reach of distance protection will cause sever problem. This work develops an adaptive mimic phasor estimator to remove the decaying dc oscillation between voltage and current and obtains the accurate apparent impedance. First, a discrete Fourier transform-based mimic phasor estimator is developed. Then, an adaptive scheme is proposed to obtain the decaying time constant. Unlike the fixed decaying dc time constant used in a digital mimic filter, the proposed algorithm adopts the transmission-line parameters information hiding in the voltage and current measurements to adaptively approximate the decaying dc time constant to the accurate value. Thus, the estimation error in the mimic filter due to the time constant mismatch can be eliminated. Both full-cycle and half-cycle versions are developed in this work. Simulations results illustrate the effectiveness of this new algorithm for distance relaying applications.     

Fourier Transform-Based Modified Phasor Estimation Method Immune to the Effect of the DC Offsets

This paper proposes a Fourier transform-based modified phasor estimation method to eliminate the adverse influence of the exponentially decaying dc offsets when discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used to calculate the phasor of the fundamental frequency component in a relaying signal. By subtracting the result of odd-sample-set DFT from the result of even-sample-set DFT, the information of dc offsets can be obtained. Two dc offsets in a secondary relaying signal are treated as one dc offset which is piecewise approximated in one cycle data window. The effect of the dc offsets can be eliminated by the approximated dc offset. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by using computer-simulated signals and Electromagnetic Transients Program-generated signals. The algorithm is also tested on a hardware board with TMS320C32 microprocessor. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can estimate the accurate phasor of the fundamental frequency component regardless of not only the primary decaying dc offset but also the secondary decaying dc offset caused by CT circuit itself including its burden.      

一种滤除衰减直流分量的全波傅氏改进算法研究

全波傅氏算法在提取故障电流中基波分量时受衰减直流分量的影响较大。针对此问题,提出了一种滤除衰减直流分量的全波傅氏改进算法,给出新型衰减直流分量参数估算方法的公式推导。首先利用一个周波内的采样值求出故障电流中衰减直流分量的初始幅值和衰减时间常数,用采样值减去衰减直流分量值得到修正后的采样值,再利用全波傅氏算法计算出基波分量。分别采用静态模型信号、PSCAD/EMTDC仿真信号检验了该算法的性能。仿真结果表明,所提出的算法能够有效地减少衰减直流分量的影响。与一般改进算法相比,所提算法仅需要一个周波的采样数据,计算量小,计算的基波分量准确性高。     

Application of combined adaptive Fourier filtering technique and fault detector to fast distance protection

This paper presents the application of a combined adaptive Fourier filtering technique and fault detector to fast distance protection of transmission lines. The filtering technique is extended from the Fourier filters and can be applied under arbitrary data window length. The proposed filtering technique possesses the advantage of recursive computing, and a decaying dc offset component is removed from fault signals by using an adaptive compensation method. A variable data window scheme is embedded in the technique to adaptively speed up its transient response under various system and fault conditions. A fault detector is developed to initiate the process of the technique. For the sake of speed and security, two phasor estimation methods based on the proposed technique are designed to achieve fast distance protection. An algorithm consisting of the two methods is used to detect internal faults by "OR" logic. Extensive simulation studies show that the algorithm significantly reduces tripping time of a distance relay and provides better protection performance than that of the conventional filters with fixed data windows.     

考虑衰减直流分量的dq-120改进算法及其在混合仿真中的应用

该文分析了故障电流含有衰减直流分量时传统dq-120算法的误差形成机理及表现形式。在此基础上,结合Prony算法提出了一种dq-120改进算法,该算法基于故障电流中含有直流分量的假设条件,对故障电流的dq-120计算结果进行模型降阶,简化了传统Prony算法的计算量并提升了dq-120算法对直流分量的免疫水平。借助PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件,搭建了含有一回直流线路的IEEE 39节点系统机电-电磁暂态混合仿真模型。仿真结果表明,与传统的dq-120算法相比,改进算法明显提高了故障期间相量提取精度,从而有效提升了机电-电磁暂态混合仿真故障期间的仿真精度以及整个仿真过程的仿真精度。     

Transformer Differential Protection Using Principal Component Analysis

This paper describe a new algorithm for transformer differential protection, based on pattern recognition of the differential current obtained as the phasor sum of the current-transformer secondary currents. The algorithm uses principal component analysis to preprocess data from the power system in order to eliminate redundant information and enhance hidden pattern in differential current to discriminate between internal faults (transformer differential protection zone) from inrush and overexcitation conditions. The algorithm was proven using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations in a three-phase power system considering critical fault cases. The results show the feasibility to implement this algorithm for transformer differential protection.     

考虑衰减直流分量的动态相量强跟踪测量算法

故障电流信号的频率变化以及包含的衰减直流分量会严重影响基于傅里叶变换的相量测量算法的精度和动态响应速度。文中提出了一种利用强跟踪滤波器滤除衰减直流分量的动态相量测量算法。首先,将衰减直流分量用其二阶泰勒展开多项式来表示,在状态变量中添加衰减直流分量及其一阶导数和二阶导数,建立含有基波角频率、幅值等参数和衰减直流分量参数的故障电流的非线性状态空间模型,减小信号估计的模型误差。其次,为了提高扩展卡尔曼滤波器在系统达到稳定时对系统参数突变的跟踪能力,利用强跟踪滤波器递推估计各状态变量。所提方法能够有效抑制衰减直流分量对相量测量精度的影响,对时变故障电流信号具有良好的动态响应能力。采用所提算法对加噪声的数值信号以及ATP-EMTP故障仿真信号进行相量测量,结果验证了算法的正确性与有效性。     

Combined Wavelet-SVM Technique for Fault Zone Detection in a Series Compensated Transmission Line

This paper presents a combined wavelet-support vector machine (SVM) technique for fault zone identification in a series compensated transmission line. The proposed method uses the samples of three line currents for one cycle duration to accomplish this task. Initially, the features of the line currents are extracted by first level decomposition of the current samples using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Subsequently, the extracted features are applied as inputs to a SVM for determining the fault zone (whether the fault is before or after the series capacitor, as observed from the relay point). The feasibility of the proposed algorithm has been tested on a 300-km, 400-kV series compensated transmission line for all the ten types of faults through detailed digital simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC. Upon testing on more than 25000 fault cases with varying fault resistance, fault inception angle, prefault power transfer level, percentage compensation level, and source impedances, the performance of the developed method has been found to be quite promising.     

A novel scheme for current-only directional overcurrent relay

Overcurrent relays are widely used as main protection in sub-transmission and distribution systems. In mesh and multi-source networks, application of directional relay is unavoidable. Traditional directional overcurrent relays use the reference voltage phasor as the polarizing quantity to estimate the direction of the fault. Traditional direction distinguishing scheme is unreliable in the case of close-in faults. In this paper, a novel algorithm for directional overcurrent relay is proposed. The new algorithm uses only current signals for determining the fault direction. It uses superimposed component of the current signal and does not require phasor estimation. This new algorithm uses pre-fault current signal as the polarizing quantity. The proposed method is tested on simple power system in different situations. The results show it leads to fast and reliable directional protection.     

动态条件下的T形输电线路故障测距算法

当电力系统在功率低频振荡等动态情况下发生故障时,电力信号幅值和频率往往表现出一定的动态特性,影响了传统的T形输电线路故障测距算法的精度.因此,提出了动态条件下T形输电线路故障测距算法.该方法拓展了传统的静态信号模型,建立了时变的信号模型使其能正确表示信号的动态特性,并加入基于同步相量测量单元(PMU)的动态同步相量测量...     

Online algorithm for removal of decaying DC-offset from fault currents

This paper presents an efficient method for removing exponentially decaying DC offset from fault currents. Instantaneous value of the actual exponentially decaying DC offset is calculated by integrating the input signal. The DC component is removed by subtracting the DC value at each sampling instant. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is applied to the result to extract the phasor of the fundamental component. Different transient signals are investigated. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and easy to implement.     

改进Prony算法在输电线路单端故障测距中的应用

短路故障输电线路中衰减的非周期分量和高频分量会影响故障测距的精度,针对这种情况,提出了使用改进Prony算法,从故障后的电压与电流信号中提取其工频分量,并将其应用到单端故障测距中,从而提高了测距的精度。通过建立PSCAD仿真模型,将计算结果与傅里叶算法所得结果进行比较,证明了改进Prony算法可以有效提高测距的精度。     

接力式馈线自动化测试方法研究与应用

在现有馈线自动化仿真测试方案的基础上,引入电力系统暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC,通过PSCAD/EMTDC接口模块开发实现了其与现有馈线自动化测试平台的数据同步,进而构成了实时闭环的高保真仿真测试系统。通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真得到的电流电压可以实时地注入到配电自动化主站或配电终端中,同时被测系统的开关状态也同步地反馈到PSCAD/EMTDC中。新的测试方法可以逼真地模拟配网系统各种运行工况和故障形态,尤其是实现了对接地故障的仿真测试。应用新的测试方法对智能分布式馈线自动化系统进行了测试,实际验证了新方法的可行性。     

基于同步相量测量单元的串联补偿线路自适应故障定位算法

针对串联补偿线路提出了基于同步相量测量单元的自适应故障定位算法。基于串联补偿线路两侧同步相量,采用最小二乘法在线估计串联补偿线路实时参数。线路故障后,采用分布参数模型,基于故障通路电压、电流相位特性构造故障定位函数,无需串补模型。理论分析及仿真表明,所构造的故障定位函数在定位区间具有单调近似线性变化的特性,采用二分法或弦截求根法即可快速精确求解故障点。基于PSCAD/EMTDC和Matlab的仿真结果表明,故障定位方法实现简单,计算速度快、精度高,对不同的故障类型、过渡电阻和故障位置均有较好的适用性。     

超高速方向继电器新算法的研究(Ⅱ)——实现与仿真

讨论了高压输电线路超高速方向继电器新算法的实现方法包括数字低通滤波器的设计、正序分量的求取、综合相量的计算以及动作判据的实现,同时以我国第1条500 kV输电线路——平武线及其所在系统为算例对所提算法进行了仿真计算,结果表明该继电器的动作速度快于常规的基于工频电气量的方向性保护继电器,具有较好的性能。     

A New Approach Traveling-Wave Distance Protection—Part I: Algorithm

This paper describe a new ultra-high speed protection algorithm for traveling-wave distance protection for transmission lines, based on pattern recognition of the first wavefront that arrives at the relay location due to fault. The algorithm uses principal component analysis (PCA) to preprocess data from the power system in order to eliminate redundant information and enhance hidden patterns in the traveling waves for internal and external faults. The algorithm was proven using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations in a three-phase 400-kV power system considering critical fault cases. The results show the feasibility to implement this algorithm for transmission-line ultra-high speed protection     

PSCAD／EMTDC自定义模型在继电保护仿真中的应用

分析了PSCAD／EMTDC的软件结构,提出了基于PSCAD／EMTDC和C语言接口技术的自定义模型的实现方法,用C语言构建了以实际保护装置为原型的数字式距离保护模型。仿真结果表明,通过适当的接口技术可以实现自定义模型的功能,自定义模型的应用有效地提高了PSCAD／EMTDC在继电保护仿真中的灵活性。     

Improved Overcurrent Protection Using Symmetrical Components

Transient currents are quite common in power systems. They can be presented for both faults and switching events. In the case of switching events, such transients should not cause an overcurrent relay operation; therefore a dependable and secure relay response becomes a critical matter. Meanwhile, proper techniques must be used to prevent undesirable relay operations due to transient current and harmonics of current in the power system. This paper uses the concept of symmetrical components to discriminate fault from nonfault events. For this purpose, a criterion function is proposed using the above-mentioned components. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is shown by simulation of some typical transient currents due to transformer energizing and induction motor starting using EMTDC/PSCAD software     

PSCAD/EMTDC程序与继电保护仿真模型接口技术及应用

介绍了PSCAD/EMTDC程序与C语言接口技术的原理,并以PSCAD/EMTDCV3.0.8仿真平台为例,用C语言建立了完整的数字化继电保护装置模型,包含了保护装置及重合闸的主要配置与主要环节,运用PSCAD/EMTDC程序与C语言的接口技术建立了串补电网故障暂态行为与继电保护装置、重合闸装置动作行为的闭环动态仿真系统,用于可控串补电网继电保护的暂态动作行为研究。仿真结果表明,通过PSCAD/EMTDC程序与C语言接口能正确地完成继电保护装置模型与电网一次模型之间的动态闭环控制,实现保护动作行为与仿真程序的信息交互。