Equilibrium,Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Studies on Trichoderma viride Biomass as Biosorbent for the Removal of Cu(II) from Water

Equilibrium, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies on the biosorption of Cu(II) using biomass, Trichoderma viride were carried out. The biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to describe the biosorption process. The influence of pH, the biomass dosage, the contact time, the initial metal ion concentration, and the temperature of the solution on the biosorption was studied. The maximum Cu(II) biosorption was attained at pH 5. The equilibrium data were better fit by the Langmuir isotherm model than by the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity of T. viride biomass was found to be 19.6 mg/g for Cu(II). The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption of Cu(II) followed the pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs-free energy (ΔG^o), enthalpy (ΔH^o), and entropy (ΔS^o) showed that the biosorption of Cu(II) onto T. viride biomass was spontaneous and endothermic. It can be concluded that the T. viride biomass has the potential as an effective and low-cost biosorbent for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions.     

Biosorption of thorium from aqueous solution by Ca-pretreated brown algae Cystoseira indica

The potential use of a biosorbent, Cystoseira indica, obtained from the Persian Gulf was investigated for the removal of Th (IV) ions from aqueous solutions by considering equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. The FT-IR spectra of unloaded and Th-loaded biomass indicated various functionalities on the biomass surface including hydroxyl, amide and carboxyl groups, which are responsible for the binding of thorium ions. Th (IV) uptake by C. indica was pH dependent. An increase in biosorbent dosage up to 1 g/L caused an increase in the Th (IV) percentage removal. Biosorption process at all studied initial Th (IV) ion concentrations follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption data could be well described by Redlich-Peterson isotherm in comparison to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum sorption capacity of Th (IV) by Langmuir isotherm was estimated to be 169.49 mg/g at 45 °C with pH of 3. The thermodynamic parameters indicated the biosorption of Th on the biomass was a feasible, spontaneous and endothermic process. Th sorption capacity remained unaffected or slightly affected (<10% inhibition) in the presence of several interfering ions such as uranium (VI), nickel (II) and copper (II). The reusability of the biomass was also determined after five sorption-desorption cycles.     

Cadmium(II) biosorption from aqueous solutions using Hydrilla verticillata

The kinetics and equilibrium of cadmium biosorption from aqueous solutions were investigated using fresh tissues of Hydrilla verticillata. The biosorptive characteristics of cadmium ions were studied with respect to well‐established effective parameters, including pH, temperature and contact time. The biosorptive capacity of H. verticillata for cadmium increased with increasing pH. In addition, the resulting isotherms were well‐described by Langmuir and extended Langmuir models (R² = 0.9794–0.9957 and 0.9880, respectively). The comparison between calculated and experimental q_e values showed that the extended Langmuir model had a better simulation for the cadmium biosorption by H. verticillata than the Langmuir isotherm model. The equilibrium biosorption data at a constant temperature were well‐interpreted by the Langmuir model. The maximum biosorptive capacity increased from 33.54 to 37.46 mg/g when the solution temperature was increased from 278 to 298 K. Other various thermodynamic parameters were also estimated. Biosorptive equilibrium was established within approximately 20 min. Moreover, the pseudo‐second‐order equation was more appropriate in predicting biosorptive capacity than the pseudo‐first‐order equation. In practical viewpoints, the abundant and inexpensive plant biomass H. verticillata can be used as an effective and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the detoxification of cadmium from aqueous solutions. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Biosorption potential of the mediterranean plant (Posidonia oceanica) for the removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous media : Equilibrium,kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanism analysis

The biosorption characteristics of copper(II) ions using Posidonia oceanica biomass were investigated. Experimental parameters affecting the biosorption process such as pH level, contact time, biosorbent dosage and temperature were studied. The equilibrium data were applied to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. The Langmuir model fitted very well the equilibrium data, and the maximum uptake of Cu(II) by Posidonia oceanica was found to be 76.92 mg/g. The mean free energy E (10.78 kJ/mol) from the D-R isotherm indicated a chemical ion-exchange mechanism. Kinetic results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was well fitted to the experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters depicted the exothermic nature of biosorption and the process was feasible and spontaneous. The results of FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) revealed that carboxyl, amine, and hydroxyl groups on the biomass surface were involved in the biosorption of Cu(II) ions.     

Heavy metal resistances and biosorptive behaviors of Paenibacillus polymyxa: Batch and column studies

Continuous fixed-bed column and batch biosorption studies were conducted to examine the effectiveness of Paenibacillus polymyxa as an adsorbent for the removal of copper and nickel from aqueous solutions. Experimental data obtained has been fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model and also exhibited very high correlation coefficients which confirmed suitability of the model and biosorption process. Differences among batch and continuous isotherms were observed; the maximum uptake capacity of Cu(II) and Ni(II) in batch system was about 49.8 (mg/g) and 35.02 (mg/g), respectively. Furthermore, the effects of heavy metals on micro-organism growth were studied.     

Selective Competitive Biosorption of Au(III) and Cu(II) in Binary Systems by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

The biosorption of Au(III) and Cu(II) ions in both single and binary systems by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense (MSR-1) was investigated. For comparison with the selective reinforced competitive biosorption process in a binary system, the experimental research first explored the biosorption of Au(III) and Cu(II) in a single system under various conditions. The biomass exhibited the highest single Au(III) and Cu(II) ion adsorption yields at room temperature (25°C), pH values of 2.5 and 5.0, respectively, and a biomass concentration of 10 g · L^?1 (3.83 g · L^?1, dry basis). The experimental data from the single component system for the two metallic ions fitted well to a Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo second-order kinetic models. In the Au(III)-Cu(II) binary system, the coexistence of Cu(II) cations promoted the adsorption of Au(III) within a certain range of ratios. A new sigmoidal Cu(II) biosorption isotherm was determined specifically to reveal the Cu(II) adsorption behavior in this case.     

Pecan Nutshell as Biosorbent to Remove Toxic Metals from Aqueous Solution

Abstract

In the present study we reported for the first time, the feasibility of pecan nutshell (PNS-Carya illinoensis) as an alternative biosorbent to remove Cr(III), Fe(III) and Zn(II) metallic ions from aqueous solutions. The ability of PNS to remove these metallic ions was investigated by using batch biosorption procedure. The effects, such as pH and the biosorbent dosage on the adsorption capacities of PNS were studied. Five kinetic models were tested, the adsorption kinetics being the better fitted one to the fractionary-order kinetic model.

The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. Taking into account a statistical error function, the data were best fitted to Sips isotherm models. The maximum biosorption capacity of PNS were 93.01, 76.59, and 107.9 mg g^?1 for Cr(III), Fe(III), and Zn(II), respectively.     

Biosorptive Removal of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution by Caesalpinia bonducella Seed Powder

The present work deals with the use of Caesalpinia bonducella seed powder (CBSP) as a biosorbent for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution. The nature and morphology of the sorbent were determined using FTIR spectral, SEM, and EDX analysis. The biosorption characteristics of Ni(II) onto CBSP was investigated as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the experimental data. The best interpretation for the equilibrium data was given by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 188.7 mg/g for Ni(II) at pH 5.0 and at 323 K. The equilibrium biosorption data were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG^o, ΔH^o, and ΔS^o) indicated that the biosorption of Ni(II) onto CBSP was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The FTIR results revealed that hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, and carbonyl functional groups are responsible for Ni(II) biosorption onto CBSP.     

Dead immobilized Rhizopus Arrhizus as a potential biosorbent for copper removal

The contemporary study reveals the potential of dead immobilized Rhizopus Arrhizus (DIRA) by studying the effects of initial pH of solution, contact time, initial Cu(II) concentration, co-ion, desorption and biosorbent reuse on the uptake of Cu(II) from synthetic solution. Optimum pH for Cu(II) biosorption on DIRA was 6.5. Pseudo secondorder kinetic most suitably elucidated the kinetic trend. Removal of Cu(II) by DIRA followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Experiments on effect of temperature revealed endothermic nature of Cu(II) biosorption upon DIRA. Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ showed synergetic effect, while Mg⁺⁺ and Zn⁺⁺ revealed antagonistic effect on the biosorption of Cu(II). It was shown that reuse of DIRA was possible by means of 0.1 M HCl as an eluent.     

Bioaccumulation and biosorption of copper(II) and chromium(III) from aqueous solutions by Pichia stipitis yeast

BACKGROUND: Bioaccumulation and biosorption by Pichia stipitis yeast has not yet been explored. This paper evaluates, for the first time, the use of both viable and nonviable P. stipitis yeast to eliminate Cu(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous solutions. The effect of Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions on the growth and bioaccumulation properties of adapted and nonadapted biomass is investigated as a function of initial metal concentration. Binding capacity experiments using nonviable biomass are also performed as a function of temperature. RESULTS: The addition of Cu(II) and Cr(III) had a significant negative effect on the growth of yeast. Nonadapted cells could tolerate Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions up to a concentration of 75 ppm. The growth rate of nonadapted and adapted cells decreased with the increase in Cu(II) and Cr(III) concentration. Adapted P. stipitis biomass was capable of removing Cu(II) and Cr(III) with a maximum specific uptake capacity of 15.85 and 9.10 mg g⁻¹, respectively, at 100 ppm initial Cu(II) and Cr(III) concentration at pH 4.5. Adsorption data on nonviable cells were found to be well modeled by the Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The maximum loading capacity of dry biomass predicted from Langmuir isotherm for Cu(II) and Cr(III) at 20 °C were 16.89 and 19.2 mg g⁻¹, respectively, at pH 4.5. Biosorptive capacities were dependent on temperature for Cu(II) and Cr(III) solutions. CONCLUSION: Cu(II)‐ and Cr(III)‐adapted cells grow and accumulate these ions at high ratios. On the other hand, nonviable P. stipitis was found to be an effective biosorbent for Cu(II) and Cr(III) biosorption. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption properties of dried Neurospora crassa for the removal of Burazol Blue ED dye

Biosorption potential of dried Neurospora crassa for Burazol Blue ED was studied with respect to pH, equilibrium time, biomass concentration and temperature to determine equilibrium and kinetic model parameters. The most suitable pH, equilibrium time and biomass concentration were determined as 1 ± 0.2, 60 min and 1.6 g L^− 1, respectively, at 20 °C ± 1.0. The equilibrium data was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum biosorption capacity (q_m) of biomass obtained from the Langmuir fit was 110.1 mg g^− 1 biomass at 30 °C. The overall biosorption process was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The biosorption process was found to be favored at higher temperatures.     

Cadmium biosorption by a glyphosate-degrading bacterium,a novel biosorbent isolated from pesticide-contaminated agricultural soils

In this study, biosorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solutions by a glyphosate degrading bacterium, Ochrobactrum sp. GDOS, was investigated in batch conditions. The isolate was able to utilize 3 mM GP as the sole phosphorous source, favorable to bacterium growth and survival. The effect of different basic parameters such as initial pH, contact time, initial concentrations of cadmium ion and temperature on cadmium uptake was evaluated. The adsorption process for Cd (II) is well fitted with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Experimental data were also tested in terms of biosorption kinetics using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Maximum metal uptake q_max was obtained as 83.33 mg g⁻¹. The sorption process of cadmium onto the Ochrobactrum sp. GDOS biomass followed second-order rate kinetic (R² = 0.9986). A high desorption efficiency was obtained in pH 2. Reusability of the biomass was examined under successive biosorption–desorption cycle repeated thrice. The characteristics of the possible interactions between biosorbent and metal ions were also evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction analysis.     

A comparative study of removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by locally low-cost materials: marine macroalgae and agricultural by-products

In this study, adsorption of Cu(II) onto the five locally abundantly low-cost biosorbents (Laminaria japonica, P. yezoensis Ueda, rice bran, wheat bran and walnut hull) was investigated depending on initial solution pH, contact time, adsorbent concentration and reaction temperature. Cu(II) removal was pH-dependent for various biosorbents investigated. For P. yezoensis Ueda, rice bran, wheat bran and walnut hull, the batch equilibrium data were correlated to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the data fitted better to the Langmuir isotherm equation and yielded Langmuir monolayer capacity of 5.04, 10.41, 6.85 and 3.52 mg/g at the temperature of 20°C, respectively. In the case of Laminaria japonica, the equilibrium data obeyed the Hill-der Boer equation for the whole initial concentration ranges of 0–200 mg/L examined, but only to Langmuir and Freundlich equations for the initial concentration less than 120 mg/L at various temperatures. The apparent thermodynamic parameters were calculated for each of the five biosorbents (ΔH = 9.25–40.04 kJ/mol; ΔG = –17.60 to –24.16 kJ/mol and ΔS = 85.81–228 J/mol K). The numerical values obtained showed that Cu(II) adsorption is a spontaneous, entropy-driven and endothermic process. The batch kinetic data were correlated to the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models and the data fitted better to the pseudo-second order equation (the pseudo-second order rate constants, k_2,e = 0.1059–0.9453 g/(mg min); the correlation coefficients, r = 0.9816–0.9993).     

Biosorption Potential of Coco-Peat in the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions

An agro-waste, coco-peat was investigated as a biosorbent for methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The practicability of biosorption process was examined by varying the experimental parameters such as pH (2-9), initial concentration (50-200 mg/L), contact time (2-240 min), and temperature (298-318 K). Maximum uptake of 212.8 mg/g was observed at pH 8 based on the Langmuir model. Among different isotherm models examined (Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Sips), the Redlich-Peterson model described the experimental isotherms well. Coco-peat was characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and their morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.     

Assessment of Cu (II) removal from an aqueous solution by raw Gundelia tournefortii as a new low-cost biosorbent: Experiments and modelling

Lignocellulosic materials can be used as biosorbent for refinement of the wastewaters when they are available in large quantities. Many studies were conducted to uptake Cu (II) ion from aqueous solutions. In this paper, the biosorption efficiency of Cu (II) ions from a synthetic aqueous solution was investigated using Gundelia tournefortii (GT), without any pre-treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and determining the point of zero charge were employed to characterise the biosorbent. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, temperature and initial Cu (II) concentration on Cu (II) removal. The biosorption isotherms were investigated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and D-R isotherm models. The findings show that the biosorption isotherm was better fitted by the Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity of GT was found to be 38.7597 mg·g^-1. The kinetics data were analysed by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intra-particle diffusion equations. The results indicate that the pseudosecond-order model was found to explain the adsorption kinetics most effectively. The values of thermodynamic parameters including Gibbs free energy (△G°), enthalpy (△H°), and entropy (△S°) demonstrate that the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. The multiple nonlinear regression (MnLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) analyses were applied for the prediction of biosorption capacity. A relationship between the predicted and observed data was obtained and the results show that the MnLR and ANN models provided successful predictions.     

The integral capacitance,kinetics and mechanisms of the Cu/Cu(II) system in sulphuric acid media

Galvanostatic investigation has been carried out on the Cu/Cu(II) system 2 M H₂SO₄ + 0.7 M CuSO₄, at 298 K. The pseudo-capacitance (integral capacitance) has been extracted as a function of overvoltage from the portion of the charging curve prior to plateaux. It has been found that the pseudo-capacitance, for both anodic and cathodic processes depended upon the current density and time. On the basis of the above findings the reaction mechanism has been suggested to be Cu?Cu(I)_ad^v + ve^?, Cu(I)_ad^v?Cu(I) + (1 ? v)e^?, Cu(I)?Cu(II)e^?.     

Biosorption of chromium onto Erythrina Variegata Orientalis leaf powder

The biosorption of chromium from an aqueous solution onto Erythrina Variegata Orientalis leaf powder was investigated in batch operations. The equilibrium agitation time was 180 min. The extent of chromium biosorption increased from 74.2% to 86.4% with decrease in biosorbent size from 150 to 45 μm for a dosage of 30 g/L. The biosorption decreased from 99.1 (0.45 mg/g) to 45.5% (1.64 mg/g) with an increase in chromium initial concentration (C _o ) from 22.5 to 180 mg/L. The extent of biosorption was maximum at pH=3. The experimental data were well explained by Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. The biosorption data followed second-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.078 g/mg-min for 50 g/L of 45 μm size biosorbent. The biosorption was exothermic and feasible. The biosorption was tending towards irreversibility with increasing temperature.     

Biosorption studies of Cu(II) onto Mansonia sawdust: Process design to minimize biosorbent dose and contact time

The aim of this paper is to examine the various operating processes and determine the overall biosorption rate and how each of the processes influences biosorption. The results revealed that external mass transfer, film diffusion and ion exchange were predominant at the initial 5 min of biosorption and their rate constants were measured. The pseudo-second order model rate constants were determined and the relationship between these constants and the biosorption performance such as the approaching equilibrium factor, R_w, the rate factor k₂q_e, the biosorption half-life (t^0.5) and the operating time (t_x) were determined. The pore and film diffusion coefficients decreased with increasing copper(II) concentration. The values of initial biosorption factor, R_i, for the biosorption process showed that for all initial copper(II) concentrations, initial biosorption was faster than intraparticle diffusion. The activation energies, enthalpies, entropies and free energies for each of the operating processes were determined and the results showed that film diffusion had the highest activation energy and may be the overall rate limiting step. Mathematical models for the optimization of multistage process for minimum biosorbent mass and contact time were also developed.     

Kinetic and equilibrium studies of Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from aqueous solution onto colemanite ore waste

The adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Cd(II) onto colemanite ore waste (CW) from aqueous solution were investigated as a function of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied to describe the adsorption isotherms. Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption capacity of CW was found to be 33.6 mg/g and 29.7 mg/g for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively. Analyte ions were desorbed from CW using both 1 M HCl and 1 M HNO₃. The recovery for both metal ions was found to be higher than 95%. The mean adsorption energies evaluated using the D-R model indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) onto CW were taken place by chemisorption. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG^o, ΔH^o and ΔS^o) showed that the adsorption of both metal ions was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic at 20-50 °C. Adsorption mechanisms were also investigated using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The kinetic results showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) onto CW followed well pseudo-second order kinetics.