豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌污染情况分析

对来自武汉市售的50份豆豉样品进行微生物污染情况调查,主要检测豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌,以及菌落总数、霉菌与酵母和芽孢杆菌数.结果表明,豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌检出率很高,为94.0％,阳性样品含菌量为3.6c fu/g～1100cfu/g,几何均数为75.8cfu/g.不同地区的豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌的几何均数不同(21.2c fu/g～466.0cfu/g).本调查分析对我国豆豉中蜡样芽孢杆菌污染的溯源奠定基础.     

婴幼儿辅食中细菌总数及蜡样芽孢杆菌污染情况分析

通过平板菌落计算法和最大近似值（MPN）法检测市售婴儿辅食中细菌总数和蜡样芽孢杆菌污染情况,并对MPN法得到的疑似蜡样芽胞杆菌进行基因间隔序列（ITS）插入性序列分析和形态鉴定。结果表明,101份样品中只有30份样品菌落总数达标,合格率仅为29.7%,部分超标产品的细菌总数达105CFU/g~106CFU/g。市售3种婴幼儿辅食-米粉、奶伴侣和面条中细菌总数及食源性致病菌蜡样芽孢杆菌检出情况不容乐观。     

4种抑制剂对小麦在贮藏过程中的微生物及品质影响

研究了4种不同抑菌剂那他霉素、肿丁胺、山梨酸钾、Nisin对小麦处理后在20℃,相对湿度为75％条件下贮藏35 d的过程中,芽孢杆菌、霉菌菌落总数变化趋势及与小麦品质间的相关性.结果表明:在储藏过程中4种抑菌剂处理后小麦中芽孢杆菌菌落总数随着时间延长呈下降趋势,霉菌菌落总数呈上升趋势;与对照相比肿丁胺,Nisin和山梨酸钾处理的小麦中芽孢杆菌菌落总数均下降,分别下降了1.07倍,1.11倍,1.08倍,而那他霉素处理小麦芽孢杆菌菌落总数上升了1.3倍;那他霉素,肿丁胺,山梨酸钾,Nisin处理霉菌菌落总数与对照相比分别降低了1 643倍、348倍、32倍、9倍;相关性分析表明小麦脂肪酸值和总酸度值与霉菌菌落总数呈显著正相关,与芽孢杆菌菌落总数呈显著负相关,各处理沉淀值与芽孢杆菌呈显著正相关.     

武汉市售茶中2 种食源性致病菌的检测与分析

为了解市售茶叶中菌落总数和2 种食源性致病菌（蜡样芽孢杆菌和克罗诺杆菌）的检出情况,根据国标对武汉地区市售的46 份茶叶样品进行菌落总数和2 种食源性致病菌的初步分离和鉴定,分别用16S rDNA内转录间隔区-聚合酶链式反应方法鉴别蜡样芽孢杆菌,用16S rDNA和fusA序列分析对疑似克罗诺杆菌的分离株进行鉴定,进而比较和分析不同产地和类别间微生物的检出情况。结果发现,蜡样芽孢杆菌在市售茶叶中检出率极高,达97.9%,而且其数量约占细菌总数的6.0%。鉴定出3 株阪崎克罗诺杆菌（Cronobacter）,其检出率达6.5%,仅占细菌总数的0.1%～3.2%。花草茶中细菌总数最高,也是唯一检出克罗诺杆菌的茶类;发酵茶中蜡样芽孢杆菌数量最高,均超过1 100 MPN/g。不同产地茶叶在这3 个微生物指标上有显著差异。当茶及其深加工产品和其他食品原辅料混搭成新产品时,这2 种食源性致病菌可能带来风险隐患。     

食品中菌落总数检测方法的比较研究

本文比较了大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌3种标准菌株分别在平板计数琼脂、3M菌落总数测试片和MicroFast~?AC菌落总数测试片3种培养基中的菌落形态,并采用这3种方法对6类共60批次食品样品进行菌落总数测定。结果表明,3M菌落总数测试片在菌落辨识度上有明显优势,更适用于复杂基质样品的检测;3M菌落总数测试片和MicroFast~?AC菌落总数测试片测得的结果与平板计数法测得的结果无显著差异,菌落总数测试片法操作简单,节省空间,但成本较高,食品检测机构和相关企业可根据实际工作情况选择检测方法。     

低温肉制品中微生物检测及优势菌群的鉴定和分析

对市售某3个品牌的在架真空包装冷藏肉制品样品,进行嗜冷菌和中温菌微生物检测,利用16SrDNA序列分析鉴定其中优势菌群.结果表明:10-3稀释度检测的菌落总数总是高于10-1和10-2稀释度的菌落总数.说明肉制品中防腐剂的浓度在低稀释度下仍然能抑制微生物生长,干扰细菌总数的测定,造成误判.样品中优势菌属主要有3类:芽孢杆菌属Bacillus、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus.条件致病菌蜡样芽孢杆菌和葡萄球菌在3个品牌产品中均有较高检出率(13.3％～24.4％),而且均能在10℃和30℃生长,具有潜在致病性.     

真空包装盐水鹅贮藏期菌群多样性动态分析

为揭示真空包装盐水鹅在4,25℃和30℃贮藏温度下的微生物菌群变化及优势腐败菌,采用平板计数法和PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术对各温度下不同贮藏期样品菌落总数和菌相变化进行分析,并对主要条带进行割胶测序及同源性比对。结果表明:菌落总数在贮藏期逐渐上升,贮藏后期菌落总数呈下降趋势;产品贮藏期间的优势腐败菌主要为耐受极端环境的芽孢杆菌和类芽孢杆菌、组织菌属和假单胞菌属。30℃条件下主要优势腐败菌为提歇尔氏菌属、泛酸枝芽孢杆菌和幼虫芽孢杆菌,25℃条件下主要优势腐败菌为短芽孢杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、提歇尔氏菌属、类芽孢杆菌属和地衣芽孢杆菌,4℃条件下主要优势腐败菌为类芽孢杆菌属和铜绿假单胞菌,它们可导致产品肉质变软、发黏、变色并产生异味。     

免泡豆杆优势腐败菌腐败能力及产生物胺特性分析

为考察4株优势芽孢杆菌对真空包装免泡豆杆致腐败能力差异及其产生物胺特性,通过分析接种优势芽孢杆菌免泡豆杆贮藏过程中豆杆样品菌落数量变化、产品感官品质、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)及生物胺含量变化,比较不同优势腐败菌对免泡豆杆品质的影响,分析样品菌落总数、感官评分及TVB-N值与生物胺相关指标间的相关性。结果表明,接种4株优势芽孢杆菌明显缩短了免泡豆杆货架期,25℃贮藏条件下货架期缩短至4天。在贮藏第8天,接种样品菌落总数高达10.82~10.95 lgCFU/g,TVB-N值为40.82~77.13 mg/100g。接种2株解淀粉芽孢杆菌样品总生物胺含量显著高于2株枯草芽孢杆菌,各接种样品中腐胺、尸胺含量高于其他生物胺,是腐败过程中的2种主要生物胺;其中接种解淀粉芽孢杆菌DY1b样品TVB-N产量因子YTVB-N/CFU、贮藏第8天总生物胺含量分别为2.49×10~(-9)mg/CFU和1 087.54 mg/kg,均显著高于其他3株腐败菌。相关性分析表明,各生物胺指标与感官评分呈负相关关系(r=-0.884~-0.996),与菌落总数、TVB-N值均呈正相关(r=0.514~0.991)。综上所述,解淀粉芽孢杆菌DY1b是真空包装免泡豆杆致腐能力最强的菌株,总生物胺含量是免泡豆杆腐败进程的重要指标。     

食品安全国家标准中菌落总数测定方法影响因素分析

目的 对GB 4789.2-2016菌落总数测定方法的重要影响因素进行了系统分析。方法 使用大肠埃希氏菌ATCC25922、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538和枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC6633的新鲜菌株和冻干样品评价PCA培养基的倾注温度(45 ℃和50 ℃)、已处理样品放置时间(0~90 min)、培养基倾注体积(12~20 mL)、培养基品牌(7种, 编号A-G)的差异对菌落总数计数结果的影响。结果 已处理样品放置90 min后, 菌落总数的计数结果显著性低于放置0 min(P=0.023)和15 min(P=0.021)样品的计数结果; 使用品牌B培养基得到的菌落计数结果显著性低于使用品牌F培养基得到的结果(P=0.024)。PCA培养基倾注温度(45 ℃和50 ℃)和倾注体积(12~ 20 mL)对菌落总数计数结果的影响未见显著性(P>0.05)。结论 需细化国标菌落总数测定方法检验流程, 研发并引入可靠的参比培养基, 对检验过程予以高度规范化, 以保障检验数据稳定、可靠。     

餐饮食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的实时荧光PCR检测方法研究

文章研究开发了一种可在18 h内完成餐饮食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌检验的方法。本研究采用胰酪胨大豆多黏菌素肉汤培养基培养蜡样芽孢杆菌,通过热裂解法提取菌液DNA,运用实时荧光PCR法检测样液中的蜡样芽孢杆菌基因成分,建立了完整系统的餐饮食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测方法,方法的检出限达0.01 ng/μL的蜡样芽孢杆菌DNA,整个检测过程在18 h内完成。文章将方法应用于市场售卖餐饮食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的筛查检测,结果表明,在抽样检验的315份餐饮食品中有25份样品(25/315,检出率为7.93%)中检测出蜡样芽孢杆菌特异性基因成分。该方法具有检测时间短、效率高,一次PCR反应可同时检测90份样本,方法适合于餐饮食品等食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的高通量筛查检测。     

Presence of Bacillus cereus in street foods in Gaborone, Botswana

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological safety and quality of street foods sold in Gaborone, Botswana. A total of 148 point-of-sale composite street food samples were bought and analyzed between June 2001 and May 2002. The analysis focused on the level of contamination of various street foods with Bacillus cereus. The B. cereus (vegetative and spores), total spore, and total viable counts were determined on all the samples. Also B. cereus isolates from 444 individual point-of-sale food samples were characterized with respect to their biochemical profiles and enterotoxigenic properties. The B. cereus contamination rate for point-of-sale foods was 65%. The B. cereus counts ranged from not detectable to levels as high as 9.1 log CFU/g. Despite the high rate of contamination of some samples, generally, most samples had B. cereus counts of less than 4 log CFU/g; hence, they were of acceptable microbiological quality. Bacillus diarrheal enterotoxin was detected from 52 isolates from individual portions of meals using the B. cereus enterotoxin reversed passive latex agglutination kit. Results of the assay revealed that 59.6% of the B. cereus isolates were enterotoxigenic. Most of the enterotoxigenic isolates were obtained from vegetable samples.     

湿粉类制品蜡样芽胞杆菌污染风险及控制研究

目的 以广州市为例分析湿粉类制品蜡样芽胞杆菌污染情况和生产加工过程的风险点,提出相应的控制措施.方法 选择广州市范围生产湿粉类制品的生产单位,采集生产环节和销售环节样品及同批次产品生产使用的原料,对蜡样芽胞杆菌进行定量检测.结果 共采集32份出厂的湿粉类制品、139份市售湿粉类制品、32份原料大米、5份小麦淀粉、3份玉...     

江苏省徐州市市售发酵与非发酵豆制品微生物污染调查

目的 调查江苏省徐州市市售豆制品微生物污染情况。方法 采集发酵、非发酵豆制品86份, 按照GB 4789进行大肠菌群、菌落总数(非发酵豆制品)、蜡样芽胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的定量和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、沙门氏菌的定性检测。结果 大肠菌群检出率为34.88%, 蜡样芽胞杆菌为12.79%, 金黄色葡萄球菌为1.16%, 其余致病菌均未检出。非发酵豆制品中大肠菌群检出率为65.91%, 计数>103 CFU/g占52.27%, 散装较预包装样品检出率高, 差异有显著意义(P<0.05); 菌落总数>105 CFU/g占75.00%; 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率为6.82%, 104 CFU/g(均<105 CFU/g)占4.55%; 金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.27%。发酵类豆制品中大肠菌群检出率为2.38%, 蜡样芽胞杆菌为19.05%, 104 CFU/g占7.14%(均<105 CFU/g); 预包装、散装样品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。发酵、非发酵豆制品中大肠菌群检出率差异均有显著意义(P<0.05); 发酵豆制品合格率为97.62%, 非发酵豆制品合格率为11.36%, 差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论 徐州市豆制品中非发酵类卫生指标菌污染较为严重, 应加强卫生监督。     

Microbiological hazard identification and exposure assessment of street food vending in Johannesburg, South Africa

One hundred and thirty-two samples of beef, chicken, salad and gravy were collected from two street vendors over eleven replicate surveys to assess microbiological safety and quality. For each food type samples were collected during preparation and holding. Dish water was also collected and food preparation surfaces swabbed during preparation and display. Standard methods were used to determine aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, coliform counts and spore counts. Six hundred and seventy-five predominant colonies were isolated from aerobic plate counts of all samples and characterised. The incidence of selected foodborne bacterial pathogens and non-pathogenic E. coli 1 was also determined. In most cases mean bacterial counts of the raw materials were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of corresponding cooked foods. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in all count types were observed between food samples collected during cooking and those collected during holding. In addition, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in all count types were observed between prepared salads and their raw materials. Mean bacterial counts of water and swab samples collected from vendor 1 were lower than those of water and swab samples collected from vendor 2.The predominant populations isolated from the aerobic plate counts were Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Alcaligenes spp. Bacillus cereus was detected in 17%, Clostridium perfringens in 1%, Staphylococcus aureus in 3% and Vibrio metchnikovii in 2% of the food samples. Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were not detected. Non-pathogenic E. coli 1 was detected in 13% of food samples, in 86 and 36% of dish water samples collected from vendors 1 and 2, respectively, and in 36% of surface swab samples from vendor 2.     

Bacterial populations associated with a sorghum-based fermented weaning cereal.

Microbiological surveys, to determine the quality and safety, were conducted on 45 sorghum samples comprising dry powders (n = 15) and corresponding fermented (n = 15) and cooked fermented porridge (n = 15) samples collected from households in an informal settlement of the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Mean aerobic plate counts, Gram-negative counts and bacterial spore counts of sorghum powder samples decreased in fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples. However, mean lactic acid bacteria counts increased in fermented porridge samples, but decreased slightly in cooked fermented porridge samples. The mean pH value of sorghum powder samples decreased in fermented and cooked fermented porridge, respectively. Bacillus (B.) cereus was detected in all 15 sorghum powder samples, while Escherichia (E.) coli was detected in 53%, Clostridium perfringens in 27%, Listeria monocytogenes in 13% and Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp. and Yersinia spp., each in 7% of sorghum powder samples. Of the fermented porridge samples, 40% contained B. cereus and 7% contained E. coli. None of the pathogens tested for were detected in cooked fermented porridge samples. B. cereus (53%), B. subtilis (21%), B. thuringiensis (13%), B. licheniformis (10%) and B. coagulans (3%) were identified from 120 isolates randomly selected from spore count plates of the highest dilution showing growth.     

The members of the Bacillus cereus group are commonly present contaminants of fresh and heat-treated milk

To determine the level of milk contamination by Bacillus cereus sensu lato, 44 samples were collected from a dairy farm and two independent dairies in northeastern Poland. A total of 680 B. cereus sensu lato isolates were recovered. Based on spore counts, their highest level in milk was found during the spring and summer months. Although significant variations in chromosomal DNA polymorphisms among B. cereus sensu lato isolates were noted based on repetitive element sequence polymorphism (rep-PCR) and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), indistinguishable B. cereus isolates were observed in all sampling points and locations. Both B. cereus sensu stricto/Bacillus weihenstephanensis and Bacillus thuringiensis cultured from milk harbored nheA, hblA, and cytK in, respectively, 80%, 55%, and 60% of the isolates. With respect to Bacillus mycoides/Bacillus pseudomycoides, 30% and 70% of theses isolates harbored, respectively, nheA and hblA. The presence of cytK was not detected in any isolate. Our data show the occurrence of potentially toxic B. cereus s.l. in both raw and heat-treated milk, thus emphasizing the requirement for precautions that prevent spore germination and vegetative proliferation by keeping the milk at low temperatures during all steps of production and dispensation to the consumers.     

THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON AND GUAR GUM ON BACILLUS CEREUS POPULATION IN MILK

Milk was inoculated with Bacillus cereus and the effect of cinnamon and guar gum on B. cereus counts in ultra high-temperature milk was examined by storing samples at 4 and 25C and determining microbial counts as total bacteria by plate count agar at 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Cinnamon with or without guar gum did not significantly affect B. cereus count at 4C, but it reduced B. cereus counts of milk compared with B. cereus counts of control milk at 25C. Increasing cinnamon concentration from 0.5 to 1% increased antimicrobial effect at the starting of storage but did not affect final B. cereus count. Cinnamon shows antimicrobial activity with their essential oils penetrating through food medium to the microbial cell so the viscosity of food medium caused by stabilizers is a factor that can affect the diffusion of antimicrobial agents through medium to microorganisms and was determined by rotational viscometer. The viscosity of milk with guar gum (0.5%) was found higher than the viscosity of milk that was not including guar gum, but at the end of 28 days the B. cereus counts of milk with guar gum and cinnamon were not higher than the B. cereus counts of milk with cinnamon alone at 25C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Naturally occurring food grade cinnamon with antimicrobial properties can reduce Bacillus cereus count of flavored milk like chocolate milk stored at room temperature and then allows flexibility against storage of flavored milk. As cinnamon acts as the antimicrobial agent alone, it can also be added into flavored milk with guar gum being the stabilizer that does not affect the antimicrobial effect of cinnamon.