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一、问题的提出海上油气田所产原油的输送,可用船运或海底管道输送,而所产天然气的输送,几乎都用海底管道输送。海底管道输送天然气始于1947年的墨西哥湾,60~70年代盛行于英国北海,技术成熟,运行方便可靠,运行费低,具有管输技术所有的优点。但投资高昂,尤其是海底铺设,更使人望而生畏。因此,在 相似文献
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目前在节能工作中,各用能单位在对锅炉、设备进行节能改造的同时,开始注意了对蒸汽管道的合适保温。管道的保温,以往经常被忽视,但其散热的损失却极可观,如一支100米长四英寸的蒸汽管,在输送8公斤表压的蒸汽时,如不加保温,其散热量每年可达130吨标煤,损耗是大的。现在各工厂的蒸汽 相似文献
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原油改烧渣油取得成功东北输油管理局白淑媛1前言众所周知,石油是国民经济的命脉,是重要的能源之一。用原油作燃料无疑是极大的浪费。大庆原油通过长输管道在各输油站加压、加热。然后不停顿地输送给各原油用户。各输油站加热原油历来是以原油为燃料。一个输油站平均每... 相似文献
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炼油企业全局能量优化中的储运系统节能 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
中国炼油企业新一轮节能是以热出料为契机,从各个装置节能走向系统全局的能量优化。热出料、原油管输化、成品油在线调合等技术的发展,大大减少了中间物流、原油和成品油的储运需求。在此新的背景下,将储运子系统优化与全局能量优化结合起来,在以科学用能和炯经济学为基础的三环节理论的指导下,提出了储量最小化、储存工艺参数最优化和选择适宜的加热方式的储运节能三原则。在此基础上,用低温热替代维温蒸汽,可使能耗进一步降低。为储运系统深入节能提供了理论基础和技术途径。 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(74):31541-31550
Hydrogen transport over long distances is a critical cost component, and it can involve many complex pathways. We have developed a model and an associated framework that can be used to determine the cost of transport methods for both land and land-and-sea scenarios. The model assesses the transportation of liquid and gaseous hydrogen by truck, rail, and barge; as well as gaseous hydrogen pipelines. Our results show that for large scale and long-distance hydrogen transport, the only feasible gaseous hydrogen transport option are pipelines. For example, a well-planned pipeline can keep hydrogen transportation costs below $3 per kg for distances up to 7000 km so long as the demand is greater than 150 tonnes per day. Liquid hydrogen transport is feasible and efficient for long distance transport, especially when used alongside rail travel providing less than 50 tonnes per day. 相似文献
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Numerical simulations of temperature field of an oil pipeline when transportation is stopped
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对于高凝点原油,管线停输后很容易出现凝管现象,确定安全停输时间是保证安全启动的重要条件.原油的储热能力,管道系统向周围土壤传热能力及土壤的温度场分布决定着管线安全停输时间,研究热油管线停输期间温降规律显得尤为重要.利用CFD软件,在非稳态传热条件下,模拟出不同停输时刻管道温度场分布及温降曲线.结果表明:停输初期管内原油自然对流传热强烈,温度下降较快,后期下降缓慢,这种变化趋势和传热方式的变化相对应.当停输21 h时,原油温度降为38 ℃(高于凝点3 ℃),即安全停输时间为21 h. 相似文献
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《Biomass & bioenergy》2007,31(2-3):168-175
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure can be conducted at a wide range of capacities. As capacity increases, economies of scale in capital equipment are realized but transportation costs increase as manure must be carried longer distances to the plant site. In this study, we evaluate the cost of pipelining manure from beef cattle feedlots and digestate from an AD plant as an alternative to truck transport. Pipeline transportation cost for manure is minimized at a slurry concentration of about 12%; low concentrations require a larger pipeline, and high concentrations require higher pumping costs. Pipelining costs are highly scale dependent, while trucking costs are virtually independent of scale for a given carrier size. A stand-alone manure pipeline competes with trucking at 90,000 head of beef cattle. Digestate volume is about 2.4 times the volume of manure and a stand-alone digestate pipeline is more economic than trucking at 21,000 head, and a two-way pipeline at 29,000 head. Incremental net fixed costs for trans-shipment from truck to pipeline are low for manure and zero for digestate because equipment installed at the pipeline inlet eliminates the need for identical equipment within the digester plant. A manure pipeline must run for a minimum distance to recover the incremental fixed cost of trans-shipment; at 300,000 animals, the minimum economic pipeline distance is 9 km. Pipeline transport of beef cattle manure has the potential to reduce overall transportation cost to a large centralized digester in areas such as Dodge City, Kansas or Lethbridge, Alberta where very large numbers of beef cattle are in feedlots. A 50 km pipeline carrying manure from 300,000 beef cattle has an overall transport cost of 40% of ongoing truck transport. 相似文献
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茂名石化是中国首家炼油加工能力达千万吨级、乙烯生产能力达百万吨级的炼化一体化企业,其生产系统由炼油、化工、动力、港口、铁路运输五大板块构成,原油由湛江-茂名长输管线和300kt单点系泊通过北山岭-茂名长输管线输送到炼油厂,成品油通过10Mt/a西南成品油管线、12Mt/a珠三角成品油管线,或火车、汽车,输送到广西、贵州和云南及珠三角等地区,化工产品主要由汽车及火车外运到附近及珠三角等地区。2007年以来,利用大炼油、大化工的有利条件,深化炼化一体化生产运行优化与组织,2007~2009年,连续获得炼化企业效益排头兵称号,2009年成为中国首家利润突破60亿元的炼化企业。所谓实现效益最大化的一体化生产运行优化与组织,主要实施以下方案:优化原油结构和原油接卸转输与一次加工排产方案;优化一体化生产及产品方案;优化一体化资源配置方案;优化一体化库存及流程方案。提出未来一体化生产运行优化与组织的思路及对策:接近安全和效益的临界点,优化原油结构;深化原油混输混炼工作,提高原油性价比;提高装置原料多元化、性质复杂化的适应性;加强炼化一体化生产运行优化与组织;提高氢气、干气等一体化资源的利用水平;适应原油劣质化趋势,深化产业结构调整;加大决策软件、分析、调控等基础及信息工具的升级力度。 相似文献
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提高蒸汽注汽品质和优化保温层厚度是改善地面蒸汽管线热力输运、实现稠油高效开采的关键。建立了油田地面蒸汽管线热力参数计算模型和保温层厚度经济性分析模型,基于分段微元方法求解沿程蒸汽干度、热损等特性参数,分析了锅炉出口蒸汽参数和注汽流量的影响规律,并结合经济厚度法的计算原理优化了保温层厚度。结果表明:提高锅炉出口蒸汽温度和压力,沿程蒸汽干度降低速度变快,沿程热损增加变快,与锅炉出口蒸汽温度313 oC,压力10.2 MPa相比,其热损最大增加11.15%;增加注汽流量,蒸汽干度提升且随管线沿程降幅缩小,等梯度注汽流量差下,高注汽流量时蒸汽干度降幅较小,其降幅为3.58%;经济厚度为0.33m时,其热损费用同比原有厚度可降低68.22%。 相似文献