超临界水流动传热特性影响因素数值模拟研究

以计算流体力学(CFD)商业软件FLUENT为计算平台,通过进行网格敏感性分析和湍流模型比较,选取最优化的网格和最佳湍流模型,对圆管和圆环通道内超临界水流动传热特性进行数值模拟,研究通道的几何结构、特征距离lT以及水物性对超临界水流动传热特性的影响。结果表明,热力学当量直径对流动传热特性影响不大,可以忽略;水力学当量直径、特征距离lT以及水的物性都对超临界水流动传热特性有很大的影响。     

偏心圆环通道内超临界水传热特性数值模拟

采用CFX软件,对偏心圆环通道内超临界水传热特性进行了数值模拟。选取与实验数据吻合较好的SST模型,分别研究流道偏心和壁厚偏心对圆环通道内超临界水传热特性的影响。计算结果表明：流道偏心和壁厚偏心均会引起圆环通道内温度和速度周向分布不均匀,且偏心程度越严重,周向不均匀性越强烈;超临界水独特的物性变化也会影响偏心圆环通道内周向不均匀性,从而影响传热特性。     

基于当量环方法的自定距棒束换热及水力学模型研究

稠密棒束采用了螺旋自定距定位方式.由于棒束排列紧凑,流道比较狭窄,并且引入了螺旋定距物,使得棒束内传热与流动现象相当复杂,尚无合适的模型及关系式来计算其热工水力性能.本文基于Rehme当量环方法,从圆管及圆环内相应模型出发,研究了螺旋定距物对当量环内流道几何及物理性能的影响,推导得到了自定距棒束单相对流换热及水力学模型...     

不同通道内超临界水流动换热特性

以具有不同当量直径的矩形、圆形、三角形、环形等管道为研究对象,利用ANSYS CFX分别计算在定质量流量和定流体速度条件下,超临界水在不同通道内的流动换热特性。发现在定质量流量条件下,圆形通道换热特性最优,且小当量直径促进流体换热;在定入口流速条件下,环形通道换热特性最优,小当量直径管道促进亚临界流体换热,大当量直径管道促进超临界流体换热。     

肋片对圆环通道内超临界水传热特性影响的数值分析

以计算流体力学(CFD)商业软件CFX为计算平台,对圆环通道内超临界水(SCW)的传热特性进行数值模拟。通过对几种湍流模型的对比,选取对超临界条件适用性相对较好的SST模型进行计算;比较光滑圆环通道与带肋片圆环通道内的壁温分布及传热系数的变化;研究肋片形状、高度、间距及宽度等因素对传热特性的影响。结果表明:圆环通道内肋片的存在会导致局部传热强化;在本文计算的尺寸范围内,肋片形状和宽度对传热的影响很小;一定范围内,增加肋片高度以及减小肋片间距都有利于传热强化。     

竖直圆管通道内超临界水传热实验及数值模拟研究

为了对超临界水冷堆概念设计参数范围内超临界水的传热特性有进一步的了解,通过实验和数值模拟的方法对竖直上升圆管通道内超临界水的传热特性开展了研究,用实验数据对现有传热关系式和CFD计算模型进行了评估。通过实验数据与现有经验关系式的对比,发现现有大多数超临界传热关系式能够对本实验的壁温进行预测。使用实验数据对CFD模型进行了评估,结果表明在本实验参数条件下SST模型和RNG k-ε 模型的计算壁温与实验数据趋势基本一致。     

圆管内超临界水传热恶化数值模拟及模型评价

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对圆管通道内超临界水的传热恶化特性进行数值模拟研究,将现有模型对超临界条件计算的适用性和可靠性进行了评估。计算结果表明,在低质量流速条件下,传热恶化发生时流道内将会出现M型的速度分布,最大速度处的湍动能明显减小;在高质量流速条件下,传热恶化时各物性参数中热导率对其传热特性有明显的影响。模型评估结果表明,本研究中SST模型能够用于高质量流速条件下传热恶化的计算。     

带螺旋肋的圆环通道内超临界水传热特性数值研究

强化单相流体管内强制对流换热的有效措施之一是使流体发生旋转运动。本文采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,参考已有实验研究,建立起带螺旋肋片圆环通道的流固耦合模型,对该通道内超临界水传热特性进行数值模拟。计算中选取与实验数据吻合较好的湍流模型,研究螺旋肋片对超临界水传热特性的影响。结果表明:螺旋肋片的存在会使通道内表现出传热增强,然而在正常传热工况下,这种强化传热的效果并不明显。螺旋肋片的个数和螺距对传热特性有很大的影响,实际中应予以考虑。此外,热工参数的变化会显著影响肋片两侧局部热点的温升和温度的周向不均匀性。     

简单通道内超临界水传热特性实验研究

针对各国超临界水冷堆燃料组件设计方案,选取圆管、圆环形通道、方环形通道3种具有热工水力代表性的简单通道,开展超临界条件下水工质的传热特性实验研究。实验结果表明,热流密度、质量流速和压力3种热工参数对不同简单通道传热特性的影响趋势基本一致;在相同质量流速和压力下,换热系数在靠近拟临界温度处存在峰值,且随热流密度的增大而减小;在相同热流密度和压力下,相同主流体焓处对应的换热系数随着质量流速增加而增加;压力对超临界水传热特性影响较弱,仅在拟临界区域内换热系数峰值稍有不同;实验中出现了拟临界区域的传热恶化现象,传热恶化发生时壁温出现局部峰值。     

带格架四棒束超临界水流动传热数值分析

棒束内超临界水流动传热是超临界水堆堆芯热工水力研究的重要内容,但对其认识还十分有限。本文针对四棒束内超临界水的流动传热现象开展数值模拟,特别分析了定位格架对棒束通道内流动和传热的影响。结果表明,采用SSG湍流模型计算所得到的棒束壁面温度和实验结果吻合良好,定位格架的存在影响下游流体的速度分布,显著提高格架下游的传热特性,交混系数有大幅上升,使得加热棒周向壁面温度分布更加平均,最高温度出现位置发生改变。     

Mixed convection heat transfer to carbon dioxide flowing upward and downward in a vertical tube and an annular channel

This paper addresses three main subjects in supercritical heat transfer: (1) difference in thermal characteristics between upward and downward flows; (2) effect of simulating flow channel shape; (3) evaluation of the existing supercritical heat transfer correlations. To achieve the objectives, a series of experiments was carried out with CO₂ flowing upward and downward in a circular tube with an inner diameter of 4.57 mm and an annular channel created between a tube with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a heater rod with an outer diameter of 8 mm. The working fluid, CO₂, has been regarded as an appropriate modeling fluid for water, primarily because of their similarity in property variations against reduced temperatures. The mass flux ranged from 400 to 1200 kg/m² s. The heat flux was varied between 30 and 140 kW/m² so that the pseudo-critical point was located in the middle of the heated section at a given mass flux. The measurements were made at a pressure of 8.12 MPa, which corresponds to 110% of the critical pressure of CO₂. The difference between the upward and downward flows was observed clearly. The heat transfer deterioration was observed in the downward flow through an annular subchannel over the region beyond the critical point. Several well-known correlations were evaluated against the experimental data, and new correlations were suggested for both a tube and an annular channel.     

两流程2×2棒束超临界水传热实验研究

为支持欧盟2×2燃料组件入堆考核实验,开展了2×2棒束内超临界水传热实验研究。设计了两流程实验段,两流程之间通过矩形金属框隔离。2×2加热棒束通过定位格架安装在金属框中,超临界水通过第1流程向下流动然后进入第2流程冷却加热棒,第1流程通过金属框吸收第2流程流体的热量而温度升高。在2×2棒束横截面上存在明显的周向温度分布不均匀性。系统分析了实验参数包括质量流速、热流密度和实验压力对棒束平均换热系数的影响。结果表明,系统参数对棒束传热的影响规律与对单管和环管的一致。     

水平光管内超临界水在大比热容区内的传热与交混特性数值模拟研究

对超临界压力水在管径为32 mm 3 mm、长度为8 m的水平光管内的流动和传热特性进行数值模拟研究。探讨不同压力、流量、热负荷下管内换热系数的变化特征;重点分析超临界水的交混特性,对比分析流动通道内二次流动的特性及演变规律,进而对二次流动的变化规律给出合理的解释;利用无量纲的Gr/Re2和Gr/Re2.7对交混特性中自然对流与强制对流的相对大小进行定量描述,以解释超临界水在水平管内的流动与换热特征。     

An investigation on heat transfer characteristics of different pressure steam-water in vertical upward tube

Within the range of pressure from 9 to 30 MPa, mass velocity from 600 to 1200 kg/(m² s), and heat flux at inner wall from 200 to 600 kW/m², experiments have been performed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of steam-water two-phase flow in vertical upward tube. The outer diameter of the tube is 32 mm, and the wall thickness is 3 mm. Based on results, it was found that Dryout is the main mechanism of the heat transfer deterioration in the sub-critical pressure region. Near the critical pressure, when the heat transfer deterioration occurs, the steam quality of water is lower than that in the sub-critical pressure region, so that DNB is the main mechanism in this pressure region. At supercritical pressure, the heat transfer performance in circular channel is improved and enhanced. Heat transfer deterioration phenomenon is observed when the fluid bulk temperature approaches to the pseudo-critical value. Nusselt correlation of the forced-convection heat transfer in supercritical pressure region has been provided, which can be used to predict heat transfer coefficient of the vertical upward flow in tube.     

同心环形管内沸腾两相流动与传热实验研究

对窄缝为2．1mm的同心环形管,试验研究了外管加热条件下水的沸腾两相流动阻力与传热特性,得到了以下结果：窄缝环形管内两相流动的阻力较普通圆管内大,沸腾换热得到了较明显的强化,换热系数弓压力、热平衡干度、工质流量、加热负荷均有关系,且与缝隙宽度和加热方式有关;提出了环形管强化传热的微液膜蒸发机理与汽泡扰动机理的物理解释;得到了环形管内流动摩擦阻力系数与传热系数的实验关联式。     

带定位格架的类三角形堆芯通道超临界水传热试验研究

针对带定位格架的超临界水冷堆堆芯垂直上升类三角形子通道,开展超临界水的流动传热试验研究。反应堆堆芯类三角形子通道棒束直径为8 mm、栅距比为1.4,试验参数范围为:热流密度q=200~600 kW/m2、压力P=23~28 MPa、质量流速G=700~1300 kg/(m2·s)。分析了热流密度、压力和质量流速等热工参数对超临界水传热特性的影响。试验结果表明:定位格架处质量流速升高,流体扰动性增强,换热系数提升显著;在超临界压力下,提高压力会导致内壁温度上升,换热系数峰值降低;过高的热流密度会导致换热系数峰值降低,适当减小热流密度可提高换热性能;提高质量流速会导致内壁温度降低,换热系数峰值上升,能够显著提高换热性能。压力变化对定位格架区域传热特性影响较小,适当提升压力可提高系统安全性。      

Direct Measurement of Neutron Flux

An experimental study was carried out on steady-state boiling of sodium flowing in the annular channel formed around an electrically heated simulation of a fuel pin. In the present experiment, the inlet temperature and flow rate were held constant, and the heat flux was gradually increased up to the inception of boiling. Thereafter, the heat flux was further increased step by step until the surface temperature of the heater pin marked a sharp rise, indicating the occurrence of dry-out. Records were obtained of the changes brought by the increasing heat flux to boiling phenomena, with particular reference to the behavior of the two-phase flow pattern and to the characteristics of boiling noise, as well as of the frequency of bubble formation.

It was made clear that there exists a region in which steady-state boiling will be established, and under these conditions the two-phase flow pattern changes sequentially from bubbly flow to slug flow and then to annular flow. This behavior of sodium boiling in a narrow channel is quite similar to the case of water.

With rising heat flux, the level of noise intensity associated with boiling first increased sharply to attain a maximum point, then decreased somewhat and remained constant thereafter until dry-out.

The frequency of bubble formation depended on the size of the bubble. The product of bubble frequency and equivalent diameter was found to be constant.     

扁管传热与阻力特性的实验研究

以水为工质,对3种不同几何尺寸的扁管进行了传热与流阻的实验研究.相同换热条件下3根扁管的传热系数和管内传热系数均高于圆管,管内传热系数最大可提高到圆管的2.43倍.说明扁管具有很好的强化传热效果,但压降也高于圆管.同时对扁管在套管内水平和竖直2种放置方式的换热情况进行了对比,实验结果表明竖直放置的传热效果优于水平放置.