石墨/聚合物纳米复合材料研究新进展

综述了最近3年国内外石墨/聚合物纳米复合材料的研究进展,阐述了石墨纳米薄片的制备方法,石墨的表面改性以及各种石墨/聚合物复合材料在电学、热学和摩擦学等领域中的性能特点。指出了石墨在制备功能聚合物纳米复合材料中的重要应用价值。     

聚合物/石墨导电纳米复合材料研究进展

石墨是近几年国内外研究的热点无机层状材料之一,它与聚合物有效复合形成的纳米复合材料是一类具有广阔应用前景的新型材料。从石墨的应用形式、聚合物基体的种类、复合材料的制备方法几个方面概述了聚合物/石墨导电纳米复合材料的研究进展及其发展趋势。     

Characterization and electrical properties of conductive polymer/colloidal graphite oxide nanocomposites

Conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have been synthesized in the presence of colloidal graphite oxide (CGO) prepared via Hummers and Offerman’s method, thus obtaining PPy/CGO and PEDOT/CGO nanocomposites. The resulted nanocomposites provide high and adjustable electrical conductivity when doped with different dopants, and a much better thermal stability than pristine CGO. For the case of doped PPy/CGO nanocomposites, CGO is confirmed experimentally to be exfoliated and thus could offer more “active sites” for the polymerization of pyrrole. For the case of doped PEDOT/CGO nanocomposites, X-ray diffraction analyses indicate the formation of PEDOT with the aid of CGO in aqueous media in spite of its monomeric water insolubility and a possible part intercalation of PEDOT between the layers of CGO. The temperature dependence of conductivity supports the three-dimensional Mott’s variable range hopping mechanism for doped PPy/CGO and PEDOT/CGO nanocomposites. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra data, as evidence verifies that the charge carriers in doped PPy/CGO nanocomposites are polarons, while bipolarons serve as charge carriers in doped PEDOT/CGO nanocomposites.     

Performance of graphite nanoplatelet/silicone composites as thermal interface adhesives

Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP)/silicone composites are potential thermal interface materials due to their high thermal conductivity and compliance. In this study, performance as thermal interface materials is studied by measuring thermal contact resistance. The effect of surface roughness, particle size of GNPs, wt% GNPs, temperature and applied pressure on the thermal contact resistance of the composite coatings was determined. The GNP/silicone coating performed much better on rough surfaces than on smooth surfaces. The composite coating consisting of large GNPs is more effective than small GNPs probably due to the two times higher thermal conductivity of the former. The thermal contact resistance of the GNP/silicone composite increased by ~3–10% with an increase of temperature but remained unaffected by an increase of pressure. The comparison of GNP/silicone composite coatings with GNP-based thermal pastes showed that the former perform much better in thick bond lines.     

Movement-induced voltage properties of stable graphite nanoplatelet suspensions

Stable and uniform dispersion of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs, the diameter of 5–10 µm) in organic solvent had been prepared. The dispersion of GNPs is improved remarkably with the assistance of dispersant and resin. The voltage generation for the movement of graphite nanoplatelets is observed in organic liquid. An induced voltage of ~ 90 mV has been generated, which is roughly three times higher than the voltage generation reported with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The voltage generation increases linearly with increase of area and decrease of distance between two electrodes. Voltage generation mechanism may come from electrostatic interactions of the fluid species with the delocalized π electrons of the graphite from thermal excitation with the hot phonons produced by the friction of the moving liquid. Our work highlights the device potential for graphite nanoplatelets as sensitive flow sensors and for energy conversion.     

Carbon black/graphite nanoplatelet/rubbery epoxy hybrid composites for thermal interface applications

Hybrid composites were developed by dispersing carbon black (CB) nanoparticles and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) at 4–6 and 12–14 wt%, respectively, into rubbery epoxy resin. SEM analysis showed that CB particles improved the dispersion of GNPs in the hybrid composite. The thermal conductivity of 4 wt% CB/14 wt% GNP-15/rubbery epoxy hybrid composite, 0.81 W/m K, is ca. four times higher than that of rubbery epoxy. When silane-functionalised, the fillers reduced the viscosity of the hybrid dispersion and made the hybrid composite highly electrically insulating. Nevertheless, filler functionalisation decreased the composite’s thermal conductivity by only 16.6%. Compression testing showed that the hybrid fillers increased the compressive modulus and strength of rubbery epoxy by nearly two and three times, respectively. Overall, the hybrid composites with their thermal paste-type morphology, low viscosity, high compliance, improved thermal conductivity and, when fillers are functionalised, low electrical conductivity makes them promising materials as thermal interface adhesives.     

Straightforward synthesis of hyperbranched polymer/graphene nanocomposites from graphite oxide via in situ grafting from approach

The grafting of graphite oxide (GO) with cyclic ether monomers, directly affords grafting with hyperbranched polymers. The resulting nanocomposites show good solubility in the solvents of polymers, exfoliation of graphene in the polymer matrix and excellent mechanical properties and robustness under bending.     

聚合物/MMT纳米复合材料的结晶性能

综述了尼龙/MMT、PP/MMT、PET/MMT等代表性的结晶性聚合物/MMT纳米复合材料结晶行为,分析了MMT的加入对聚合物结晶的影响,提出建立聚合物/MMT纳米复合材料宏观性能和微观结构之间的关系,并展望了未来的发展方向.     

AS/石墨纳米薄片复合材料的制备

通过把膨胀石墨进行超声处理制备了石墨纳米薄片(FG).并对挤出成型制备AS/石墨纳米薄片导电复合体系的工艺过程进行了研究,测试了纳米复合材料的渗滤阈值,其渗滤阈值为9～10%(质量分数).     

Properties of tin/plasma polymer nanocomposites

Thin composite layers (tin in plasma polymer matrix) were prepared in a stainless steel vacuum chamber. An RF powered magnetron with tin target was used to excite the discharge and to activate the monomer species (n-hexane). The gas mixture introduced comprised Ar and n-hexane vapours. The properties of the films and chemical composition were characterized by AFM (surface morphology), TEM and Electron tomography (bulk structure characterization), XPS and FTIR spectroscopy (chemical composition analyses). Current-voltage characteristics were measured to examine the electrical properties of the layers and their dependence on the deposition parameters.     

聚合物/粘土纳米复合材料研究进展

聚合物/粘土纳米复合材料(PCN)是近几年纳米材料领域中的研究热点.综述了聚合物/粘土纳米复合材料的几种制备方法及研究进展,并将纳米复合材料与普通材料的物理性能相比较,得知纳米复合材料有优良的物理性能.总结了这一领域尚待解决的问题.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyamide-6/graphite oxide nanocomposites

Polyamide-6/graphite oxide (PA6/GO) nanocomposites were synthesized using delamination/absorption method. The morphologies of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both XRD and TEM showed that the GO sheets were completely exfoliated and distributed uniformly in PA6 matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the crystallization temperatures of the composites increased compared to that of pristine PA6, which was due to the heterogeneous nucleating effect of GO. However, the half-time of crystallization of the composites were evidently longer than that of pristine PA6, indicating an apparent decrease in the crystallization rate when GO was loaded into the polymer matrix. This was due to the constraining effect of layered GO on PA6 chains. The temperature of maximum decomposition rate was increased by 53 °C only by adding 5 wt% GO, and the maximum decomposition rate of the nanocomposites reduced greatly. The storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) curves shifted to higher modulus upon addition of 1–5 wt% of GO. With increasing GO loading, the shear viscosity of the nanocomposites gradually increased compared with pure PA6.     

New advances in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites

This review discusses some recent advances in polymer silicate nanocomposites. In particular, we highlight the properties of specific nanocomposites while emphasizing the lack of properties trade-offs in these systems. We also present our work on the structure and dynamics of the polymer/nanofiller interface and attempt to relate them to macroscopic nanocomposite properties.     

Conducting polymer/clay nanocomposites and their applications

This review aims at reporting on interesting and potential aspects of conducting polymer/clay nanocomposites with regard to their preparation, characteristics and engineering applications. Various conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole and copolyaniline are introduced and three different preparation methods of synthesizing conducting polymer/clay nanocomposites are being emphasized. Morphological features, structure characteristics and thermal degradation behavior are explained based on SEM/TEM images, XRD pattern analyses and TGA/DSC graphs, respectively. Attentions are also being paid on conductive/magnetic performances as well as two potential applications in anti-corrosion coating and electrorheological (ER) fluids.     

Mechanical characterization of graphite/epoxy nanocomposites by multi-scale analysis

Mechanical properties of nanocomposites consisting of epoxy matrix reinforced with randomly oriented graphite platelets were studied by the Mori–Tanaka approach in conjunction with molecular mechanics. Elastic constants of graphite nanoplatelets, which are the inclusion phase in the micromechanical model, were calculated based on their molecular force field. The calculated elastic constants compared well with both experimental data and other published theoretical predictions. The results of the Mori–Tanaka micromechanical analysis, using the graphite platelet moduli calculated by molecular mechanics, were found to be insensitive to the variation of out-of-plane modulus E₃ and Poisson’s ratio ν₁₃. However, the nanocomposite modulus is sensitive to the in-plane modulus E₁ and out-of-plane shear modulus G₁₃ of the graphite platelets and less sensitive to the in-plane Poisson’s ratio ν₁₂ for its small range of variation under consideration. The calculations confirm that the modulus of the nanocomposites studied here is strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of the reinforcing particles, but not on their size. The predicted moduli compare favorably with experimental results of several nanocomposites with graphite particles of various aspect ratios and sizes.     

Synthesis and characterization of FeNi/polymer nanocomposites

Alloyed spherical FeNi-polymer nanocomposites were prepared via wet chemical method using hydrazine as a reducing agent and polymers (PVP and PEG) as reducing and stabilizing agent. Structural studies performed using XRD and TEM shows uniform dispersion of fine FeNi nanocrystallites in nanocomposite particles. The size and thermal stability of FeNi-polymer nanocomposite particles prepared under same reaction condition was found to be dependent on the type and the molecular weight of the polymer used. However, the magnetic properties of nanocomposite particles were not influenced by the polymers. The study highlights subtle differences in using polymers during the synthesis of alloyed nanocomposite particles.     

碳纳米管增强聚合物复合材料的研究进展

论述了碳纳米管/聚合物纳米复合材料的各种制备方法和最新进展。详细讨论了碳纳米管/聚合物纳米复合材料的结构和性能,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Time-resolved luminescence in conducting polymer/antidot nanocomposites

We report modification of the structure and properties of conjugated polymers through controlled embedding wide-gap nanocrystals (antidots) within the polymer matrix. Investigations were carried out by means of stationary and time-resolved photoluminescence. Antidots strongly modify the luminescence spectrum of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) but have almost no influence on the spectrum of poly(2-(6-cyano-6'-methylheptyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene. We explain this observation with respect to the different chain structure and electron density distribution in these two materials. The temporal evolution of luminescence spectra in polymer/antidot composites contains a series of characteristic times. The shortest of these (0.35-0.6 ns) are independent of antidot material and characterize processes in the polymer matrix. Larger times considerably exceeding 1 ns are composition-sensitive and attributable to carrier capture by nanocrystals. The qualitative character of the modification of luminescence spectra associated with the inclusion of antidots depends strongly on the characteristics of the polymer matrices and more weakly on the antidot material. This suggests that the predominant effect of the nanocrystals relates to the modification of the matrix near the polymer-inorganic interface.