GH4169合金高温力学行为本构建模及参数识别

针对涡轮盘用GH4169合金开展了高温下单调拉伸、对称循环及非对称循环的实验工作,结果表明,该材料具有比较明显的循环软化和平均应力松弛特性.采用带Ohno/Wang修正的Chaboche粘塑性理论本构方程,对其表现出的复杂力学现象进行本构建模,介绍了Levenberg-Marquadt非线性优化算法,结合材料实验数据并通过该算法识别了本构方程参数,将本构方程通过用户子程序嵌入到有限元软件ABAQUS中,对GH4169合金的上述实验现象进行了数值模拟,计算曲线与实验曲线取得了较好的一致性.     

基于不可逆热力学的Ni-Ti合金动态本构模型及其有限元实现

为了准确描述Ni-Ti形状记忆合金在高应变率下的动态压缩力学行为,基于不可逆热力学理论框架假定了两个内变量表征Ni-Ti合金应力诱发马氏体相变与塑性屈服的不可逆变形过程,分别推导了马氏体相变与塑性屈服演化规律的主控方程,构建了Ni-Ti合金的三维动态本构模型。根据材料单轴动态压缩实验的应力-应变曲线并采用最小二乘法对本构参数进行了优化识别,然后采用应力补偿更新算法,通过隐式用户子程序接口UMAT将动态本构模型嵌入ABAQUS有限元软件,实现了Ni-Ti合金在高应变率下动态压缩力学行为的数值模拟。通过比对发现,模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,验证了动态本构模型与UMAT子程序的准确性。本工作为Ni-Ti合金在高速冲击、切削等极端条件下的工程应用奠定了基础。     

Fe-36Ni高温高应变率动态力学性能及其本构关系

为研究Fe-36Ni因瓦合金的动态力学性能及其本构关系,在20～800℃和10-3～104 s-1的应变率内,采用电子万能试验机和高温分离式霍普金森压杆分别对Fe-36Ni因瓦合金进行准静态实验和动态压缩实验,得到其高温、高应变率下的应力-应变曲线.结果表明,Fe-36Ni因瓦合金的流动应力表现出较强的应变率和温度敏感性,随着应变率的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而减小.采用改进应变率项和温度项的Johnson-Cook本构方程拟合了Fe-36Ni因瓦合金在高温、高应变率下的动态塑性本构关系,拟合结果与试验数据吻合很好.     

Monel400合金热压缩变形流变应力本构方程

目的研究Moenl400合金的热变形流变行为,确定合金热压缩变形的流变应力本构方程。方法在Gleeble1500热模拟机上对Ni-Cu固溶体单相合金Monel400进行等温热压缩实验,研究Monel400合金在变形温度为1173~1423 K、应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)时的流变应力;Monel400合金的本构模型为含有ZenerHollomon参数的双曲正弦函数模型,通过回归分析获得了材料常数Q,ln A,n,α与真应变ε的关系;并对不同变形条件下的实测值与计算值进行对比。结果 Moenl400合金的流变应力随温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;Moenl400合金流变应力的计算值与实验值吻合较好。结论通过计算得到的本构模型能够较好地表征Monel400合金的高温流变特性。     

大块非晶合金过冷液相区的超塑性流变行为

大块非晶合金在过冷液相区内较低应变速率变形条件下呈现出牛顿型流变状态,并获得最佳塑性.其流变机制为一种与聚合物体系及无机玻璃相似的动力学行为.由于在超塑性流变过程中非晶相伴随有晶化现象的发生,因此,大块非晶合金的粘滞流变是一种非晶相-晶化相复相结构的变形行为.     

蔗渣-淀粉发泡缓冲材料的本构方程及有限元仿真

目的研究蔗渣-淀粉发泡缓冲材料的缓冲性能,建立此类缓冲材料的本构方程,方便此类材料的应用。方法对不同密度的蔗渣-淀粉复合材料,在不同湿度和应变率条件下对其进行静态压缩试验,并在Sherwood-Frost本构模型的基础上加以扩展,加入湿度对应变的影响项,建立该复合材料的静态压缩本构方程。根据实验数据,采用Origin拟合的数学方法确定相关系数。以该静态压缩本构方程拟合出的应力-应变曲线作为材料特性载入Abaqus软件中,模拟淀粉-蔗渣纤维发泡缓冲材料并进行静态压缩试验仿真,得到仿真曲线,并与实际试验曲线进行对比。结果仿真实验与实际实验的数据误差较小,整体误差在10%以内。结论建立的静态压缩本构方程可以很好地表征该复合材料的缓冲性能,避免了设计缓冲衬垫时需要大量试验才能得到材料曲线的问题。     

麦秆发泡包装衬垫非线性粘弹性模型及参数识别

由非线性粘弹性材料的一维Volterra-Frecher积分型本构方程推导得出了非线性粘弹性材料的一维微分型本构方程,建立了麦秆发泡包装衬垫的非线性粘弹性模型。根据在一种跌落高度、一种衬垫厚度和静态应力条件下的麦秆发泡包装衬垫的动态压缩试验数据,识别出了其缓冲性能模型参数。     

挤压态Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金本构方程及加工图

目的 通过热模拟实验研究挤压态Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.7Zn-0.4Zr合金的本构方程及加工图.方法 在Gleeble热模拟机上开展应变速率为0.001～1 s?1,变形温度为300～450℃条件下的单轴热压缩实验.根据动态材料模型,建立合金的热加工图,分析功率耗散因子随变形温度、应变速率和应变的变化规律.结果 合金的流变应力在不同的变形温度和应变速率下表现出不同的特征,流变应力与变形温度和应变速率的关系可用双曲正弦本构关系来描述,其平均激活能为209.223 kJ/mol,应力指数为3.442.合金的失稳区出现在变形温度为420～450℃,应变速率为0.1～1 s?1的范围内.结论 得到了挤压态合金的本构方程,合金最佳热加工工艺参数为变形温度为400℃,应变速率为1 s?1.     

FeCrNiMn高熵合金本构方程的建立

在变形温度为900～1050℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1下对FeCrNiMn高熵合金进行热压缩试验.通过真应力-真应变曲线,分析流变应力与变形参数之间的关系.在Arrhenius型双曲正弦方程的基础上建立了FeCrNiMn高熵合金本构方程.误差分析表明,所建立的本构方程与实验值基本吻合,可以作为热变形工艺参数选择的依据.     

一种弹芯用聚碳酸酯的动态力学性能研究及本构关系

为了研究一种弹芯用聚碳酸酯材料在冲击作用下的动态力学响应,利用材料试验机和SHPB装置对该材料在不同应变率条件下动静态压缩性能进行测试分析,获得了该聚碳酸酯材料不同应变率下的应力应变曲线,试验结果表明:聚碳酸酯材料的压缩过程呈现明显的黏弹性现象,其动静态屈服强度和模量随着应变率的增加而变大,塑性阶段表现为应变软化与应变硬化相互作用的结果,且不同应变率下塑性阶段的应力应变曲线切向模量近似相等;基于试验结果建立了描述聚碳酸酯材料大变形力学行为的黏弹塑性本构模型,并得到了该材料的本构方程。对比分析显示,该模型可以较准确地描述聚碳酸酯材料动静态压缩行为。     

5182-O铝合金塑性成形性能表征

目的 结合复杂加载状态试验、塑性和损伤断裂本构模型及有限元应用,实现AA5182-O铝合金在复杂加载状态下塑性变形和损伤断裂行为的精确表征。方法 通过拉伸、剪切等试验,研究5182-O在剪切、单向拉伸、平面应变拉伸等复杂应力状态下的力学性能,应用pDrucker方程来表征其复杂加载状态下的塑性变形和损伤断裂特性。采用逆向工程方法实现pDrucker屈服方程和pDrucker断裂准则的精确标定。将标定后的塑性本构模型和损伤断裂准则应用到ABAQUS/Explicit中,预测不同试件的塑性变形和损伤断裂情况。结果 通过有限元模拟与试验结果的对比,发现有限元仿真准确预测了5182-O在复杂加载状态下的力-位移曲线和损伤断裂情况。结论 有限元模拟与试验结果的对比表明,pDrucker方程可以实现5182-O铝合金在复杂加载状态下塑性成形性能的精确表征。标定的pDrucker方程可应用于5182-O冲压成形过程的有限元分析、模具设计和工艺优化中。     

A general inelastic internal state variable model for amorphous glassy polymers

This paper presents the formulation of a constitutive model for amorphous thermoplastics using a thermodynamic approach with physically motivated internal state variables. The formulation follows current internal state variable methodologies used for metals and departs from the spring-dashpot representation generally used to characterize the mechanical behavior of polymers like those used by Ames et al. in Int J Plast, 25, 1495–1539 (2009) and Anand and Gurtin in Int J Solids Struct, 40, 1465–1487 (2003), Anand and Ames in Int J Plast, 22, 1123–1170 (2006), Anand et al. in Int J Plast, 25, 1474–1494 (2009). The selection of internal state variables was guided by a hierarchical multiscale modeling approach that bridged deformation mechanisms from the molecular dynamics scale (coarse grain model) to the continuum level. The model equations were developed within a large deformation kinematics and thermodynamics framework where the hardening behavior at large strains was captured using a kinematic-type hardening variable with two possible evolution laws: a current method based on hyperelasticity theory and an alternate method whereby kinematic hardening depends on chain stretching and material plastic flow. The three-dimensional equations were then reduced to the one-dimensional case to quantify the material parameters from monotonic compression test data at different applied strain rates. To illustrate the generalized nature of the constitutive model, material parameters were determined for four different amorphous polymers: polycarbonate, poly(methylmethacrylate), polystyrene, and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). This model captures the complex character of the stress–strain behavior of these amorphous polymers for a range of strain rates.     

Homogeneous Plastic Flow of Fully Amorphous and Partially Crystallized Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Nil0Be22.5 Bulk Metallic Glass

The homogeneous plastic flow of fully amorphous and partially crystallized Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass (Vitl) has been investigated by compression tests at high temperatures in supercooled liquid region. Experimental results show that at sufficiently low strain rates, the supercooled liquid of the fully amorphous alloy reveals Newtonian flow with a linear relationship between the flow stress and strain rate. As the strain rate is increased, a transition from linear Newtonian to nonlinear flow is detected, which can be explained by the transition state theory.Over the entire strain rate interval investigated, however, only nonlinear flow is present in the partially crystallized alloy, and the flow stress for each strain rate is much higher. It is found that the strain rate-stress relationship for the partially crystallized alloy at the given temperature of 646 K also obeys the sinh law derived from the transition state theory, similar to that of the initial homogeneous amorphous alloy. Thus, it is proposed that the flow behavior of the nanocrystalline/amorphous composite at 646 K is mainly controlled by the viscous flow of the remaining supercooled liquid.     

Homogeneous Plastic Flow of Fully Amorphous and Partially Crystallized Zr_(41.2)Ti_(13.8)Cu_(12.5)Ni_(10)Be_(22.5) Bulk Metallic Glass

The homogeneous plastic flow of fully amorphous and partially crystallized Zr(41.2)Ti(13.8)Cu(12.5)Ni(10)Be(22.5) bulk metallic glass (Vitl) has been investigated by compression tests at high temperatures in supercooled liquid region. Experimental results show that at sufficiently low strain rates, the supercooled liquid of the fully amorphous alloy reveals Newtonian flow with a linear relationship between the flow stress and strain rate. As the strain rate is increased, a transition from linear Newtonian to nonlinear flow is detected, which can be explained by the transition state theory. Over the entire strain rate interval investigated, however, only nonlinear flow is present in the partially crystallized alloy, and the flow stress for each strain rate is much higher. It is found that the strain rate-stress relationship for the partially crystaltized alloy at the given temperature of 646 K also obeys the sinh law derived from the transition state theory, similar to that of the initial homogeneous amo     

Biaxial fatigue for proportional and non‐proportional loading paths

In order to study the use of a local approach to predict crack‐initiation life on notches in mechanical components under multiaxial fatigue conditions, the study of the local cyclic elasto‐plastic behaviour and the selection of an appropriate multiaxial fatigue model are essential steps in fatigue‐life prediction. The evolution of stress–strain fields from the initial state to the stabilized state depends on the material type, loading amplitude and loading paths. A series of biaxial tension–compression tests with static or cyclic torsion were carried out on a biaxial servo‐hydraulic testing machine. Specimens were made of an alloy steel 42CrMo4 quenched and tempered. The shear stress relaxations of the cyclic tension–compression with a steady torsion angle were observed for various loading levels. Finite element analyses were used to simulate the cyclic behaviour and good agreement was found. Based on the local stabilized cyclic elastic–plastic stress–strain responses, the strain‐based multiaxial fatigue damage parameters were applied and correlated with the experimentally obtained lives. As a comparison, a stress‐invariant‐based approach with the minimum circumscribed ellipse (MCE) approach for evaluating the effective shear stress amplitude was also applied for fatigue life prediction. The comparison showed that both the equivalent strain range and the stress‐invariant parameter with non‐proportional factors correlated well with the experimental results obtained in this study.     

A new algorithm for estimating fatigue life under mean value of stress

This paper discusses two problems: allowing for mean value of torsional stress and the variability of material properties with out of‐parallel fatigue characteristics. The effect of normal mean stress and shear mean stress is modified by reduction coefficients, which, to a large extent, depend on the value of existing loads. These coefficients have been developed experimentally on the basis of an analysis of the findings from fatigue tests on 2017A‐T4 and 6082‐T6 aluminium alloys and S355 alloy steel. The methods of calculation, suggested in this paper, are applicable to the materials in elastic–plastic state. The suggested algorithm for estimating fatigue life for the combination of bending or tension and compression and torsion under shear stress is based on Kluger's stress criterion. The usability of the algorithm was verified by comparing the calculation results with the results of own experimental tests on 2017A‐T4 and 6082‐T6 aluminium alloys, which have been noted to indicate sensitivity to shear mean stress, and the tests found in the professional literature (tests on S355, 30CrNiMo8 and 30NCD16 steel and Ti‐6Al‐4 V titanium alloy). A comparative analysis of the calculation and experimental results proved that there is a satisfactory correlation between them.     

Development of viscoelastic/rate-sensitive-plastic constitutive law for fiber-reinforced composites and its applications. Part I: Theory and material characterization

The viscoelastic/rate-sensitive plastic constitutive law to describe the nonlinear, anisotropic/asymmetric and time/rate-dependent mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced (sheet) composites was developed under the plane stress condition. In addition to the theoretical aspect of the developed constitutive law, experiments to obtain the material parameters were also carried out for the woven fabric composite based on uni-axial tension and compression tests as well as stress relaxation tests, while the numerical formulation and verifications with experiments are discussed in Part II.     

Constitutive modelling for high temperature behavior of 1Cr12Ni3Mo2VNbN martensitic steel

The deformation behavior of 1Cr12Ni3Mo2VNbN martensitic steel in the temperature range of 1253 and 1453 K and the strain rate range of 0.01 and 10 s⁻¹ are investigated by isothermal compression tests on a Gleeble 1500 thermal-mechanics simulator. Most of the stress-strain curves exhibit a single peak stress, after which the stress gradually decreases until a steady state stress occurs, indicating a typical dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of the steel under the deformation conditions. The experimental data are employed to develop constitutive equations on the basis of the Arrhenius-type equation. In the constitutive equations, the effect of the strain on the deformation behavior is incorporated and the effects of the deformation temperature and strain rate are represented by the Zener-Holloman parameter. The flow stress predicted by the constitutive equations shows good agreement with the experimental stress, which validates the efficiency of the constitutive equations in describing the deformation behavior of the material.     

Analysis of size effects based on a symmetric lower-order gradient plasticity model

Size effects become significant as soon as strain gradients are high. For instance the stress state around the crack tip cannot be described using conventional plasticity theory due to the extreme strain gradients and micro-structural metallurgical changes. To give an accurate prediction of the structure integrity and to quantify the material failure process, it is necessary to combine the strain gradients into constitutive equations. The present paper deals with developing a symmetric lower-order gradient-dependent constitutive model, which contains only the first-order gradient of equivalent plastic strain as regulator and introduces an intrinsic material length scale to take into account the micro-structure characteristics of materials. The flow stress is assumed linearly depending on the square root of first gradient of the equivalent plastic strain. Our analytical solutions for bending, torsion, void growth and interface stress fields show that the present model is computationally efficient to implement and may catch size effects in different geometries, in comparing with the known experiments. Furthermore, we are briefly discussing the micro-indentation based on the gradient plasticity. The quadratic dependence of the hardness on the inverse of the indentation depth is confirmed. The introduced intrinsic material length can be identified from the micro-indentation test.