程序化饥饿与光动力协同癌症治疗研究（英文）

协同治疗是指将多种治疗方法联合在一起使用,从而显著增强治疗效果.然而,如何设计出理想的组合以最大限度地发挥协同效应仍是肿瘤治疗的一大挑战.在此,我们构建了一种由葡萄糖氧化酶修饰的上转换纳米制剂,用于程序化的肿瘤饥饿-光动力协同治疗研究.葡萄糖氧化酶催化氧化肿瘤内的葡萄糖并产生过氧化氢,该过程消耗葡萄糖和氧气,使得肿瘤细胞缺乏营养物质处于"饥饿"状态,导致细胞死亡.并且在980 nm的近红外光激发下,上转换纳米颗粒激发产生紫外可见光,将双氧水裂解成毒性更强的羟基自由基,进一步杀死肿瘤细胞.体外和体内实验均证实这种饥饿-光动力协同治疗明显优于任何单一治疗.本研究为设计程序可控的饥饿-光动力协同治疗提供了理论支撑.     

Stimuli-responsive nitric oxide generator for light-triggered synergistic cancer photothermal/gas therapy

As a minimally invasive local cancer therapy, photothermal therapy (PTT) has aroused intensive interests in recent years. However, the therapeutic effect of PTT is still unsatisfying due to the production of heat shock proteins. Combination therapy has been regarded as a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic efficiency. In this study, a novel intelligent protoporphyrin (PpIX)-based polymer nanoplatform is developed for synergistic enhancement of cancer treatment through combined PTT and nitric oxide (NO) therapy. The core of the nanoparticle is composed of closely packed porphyrin-based NO donors and PpIX branches of the block copolymer. The prepared nanoparticles exhibit good photothermal conversion capability and high sensitivity to release NO under light illumination. And the produced high localized temperature and intracellular NO concentration could efficiently inhibit cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. More important, this therapeutic nanoplatform can fundamentally eliminate the emergence of multidrug resistance and overcome the hypoxia microenvironment in tumors because of the absence of chemotherapeutic drugs and the oxygen-independent process, thus opening up new ideas for multifunctional therapeutic agent design for treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer.

     

A minimally designed PD-L1-targeted nanocomposite for positive feedback-based multimodal cancer therapy

Combining immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT) with other treatment modalities through nanotechnology offers an opportunity to further boost immunity for effective cancer treatment. Herein three-in-one programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-targeted nanocomposite (NC) was minimally fabricated through self-assembling photothermal agent black phosphorus nanosheet (BPN), chemotherapeutic agent Polymetformin (PolyMet), and immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-L1 antibody (aPD-L1), avoiding the easy degradability of BPN through bridging the electrostatic interaction between PolyMet and BPN. The prepared aPD-L1-PolyMet/BPN NC could precisely target primary tumor through the interaction between aPD-L1 and PD-L1 based on ICBT, and the targeting efficacy was gradually reinforced due to the PD-L1 upregulation in tumor sites after photothermal therapy (PTT), ensuring positive feedback-mediated multimodal antitumor effect during continuous treatment loops. Moreover, the combinational therapy composed of photothermal immunotherapy (PIT), chemotherapy and ICBT strengthened the antitumor efficacy owing to their synergistic mechanism. Meanwhile, the generated positive feedback property during treatment displayed powerful antitumor effect, which not only inhibited primary and abscopal tumor progression, but also prevented tumor metastasis and promoted long-term tumor immune memory establishment. Therefore, this antitumor NC provided a prospective insight into the field of multimodal cancer therapy through rational and minimal design.     

Functionalized-quantum-dot-liposome hybrids as multimodal nanoparticles for cancer

Functionalized-quantum-dot-liposome (f-QD-L) hybrid nanoparticles are engineered by encapsulating poly(ethylene glycol)-coated QD in the internal aqueous phase of different lipid bilayer vesicles. f-QD-L maintain the QD fluorescence characteristics as confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cationic f-QD-L hybrids lead to dramatic improvements in cellular binding and internalization in tumor-cell monolayer cultures. Deeper penetration into three-dimensional multicellular spheroids is obtained for f-QD-L by modifying the lipid bilayer characteristics of the hybrid system. f-QD-L are injected intratumorally into solid tumor models leading to extensive fluorescent staining of tumor cells compared to injections of the f-QD alone. f-QD-L hybrid nanoparticles constitute a versatile tool for very efficient labeling of cells ex vivo and in vivo, particularly when long-term imaging and tracking of cells is sought. Moreover, f-QD-L offer many opportunities for the development of combinatory therapeutic and imaging (theranostic) modalities by incorporating both drug molecules and QD within the different compartments of a single vesicle.     

Sustained co-delivery of gemcitabine and cis-platinum via biodegradable thermo-sensitive hydrogel for synergistic combination therapy of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most devastating cancers with poor prognosis and no significant change in the survival rate over the past decades. Localized targeted drug delivery through interventional endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle injection (EUS-FNI) is an attractive and minimally invasive strategy for inoperable pancreatic cancer. An injectable in-situ formed long-lasting drug delivery system is a promising alternative for the localized treatment of pancreatic cancer via EUS-FNI. Here, a biodegradable thermo-sensitive copolymer hydrogel for the co-delivery of anticancer agents gemcitabine (GEM) and cis-platinum (DDP) was developed. This hydrogel is a free flowable liquid at room temperature that changes into a semi-solid hydrogel following injection in response to the physiological temperature. Both in vitro and in vivo drug release behaviors indicate sustained drug release of this delivery system. Synergistic cellular proliferation inhibition and desirable apoptosis promotion have been found when pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cells were co-cultured with this GEM-DDP/hydrogel system. After a single intratumoral injection, the dual-drug loaded hydrogel formulation exhibited superior anti-tumor efficacy and minimized systemic side effect on pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse model in comparison to the intravenously injected free GEM and DDP combination. In addition, a strong synergistic therapeutic effect of the GEM-DDP/hydrogel system against pancreatic cancer has been found in vitro and in vivo compared to the single-drug loaded hydrogel composites. The obtained findings suggest this developed thermo-sensitive copolymer hydrogel system as a potential universal carrier for the localized targeted delivery of multi-drugs, for use in a variety of inoperable solid tumors.

     

Nanomaterials for Neural Interfaces

This review focuses on the application of nanomaterials for neural interfacing. The junction between nanotechnology and neural tissues can be particularly worthy of scientific attention for several reasons: (i) Neural cells are electroactive, and the electronic properties of nanostructures can be tailored to match the charge transport requirements of electrical cellular interfacing. (ii) The unique mechanical and chemical properties of nanomaterials are critical for integration with neural tissue as long‐term implants. (iii) Solutions to many critical problems in neural biology/medicine are limited by the availability of specialized materials. (iv) Neuronal stimulation is needed for a variety of common and severe health problems. This confluence of need, accumulated expertise, and potential impact on the well‐being of people suggests the potential of nanomaterials to revolutionize the field of neural interfacing. In this review, we begin with foundational topics, such as the current status of neural electrode (NE) technology, the key challenges facing the practical utilization of NEs, and the potential advantages of nanostructures as components of chronic implants. After that the detailed account of toxicology and biocompatibility of nanomaterials in respect to neural tissues is given. Next, we cover a variety of specific applications of nanoengineered devices, including drug delivery, imaging, topographic patterning, electrode design, nanoscale transistors for high‐resolution neural interfacing, and photoactivated interfaces. We also critically evaluate the specific properties of particular nanomaterials—including nanoparticles, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes—that can be taken advantage of in neuroprosthetic devices. The most promising future areas of research and practical device engineering are discussed as a conclusion to the review.     

Nanomaterials for photovoltaic conversion

A promising route for photovoltaic conversion has emerged from the combination of electroactive nanomaterials and small bandgap polymers. The formation of bulk heterojunctions resulting from the extended interfaces leads to efficient dissociation of the charge pairs generated under sunlight shown by the rapid extinction of the polymer photoluminescence for increasing contents of fullerenes or TiO₂ nanoparticles in MEH-PPV or PVK. Unconventional elaboration routes of the blends have been developed to increase the nanofiller dispersion and inhibit phase separation at high concentration. The size reduction of the acceptor domains led to a complete quenching of the radiative recombinations, obtained by specific solvent processing of MEH-PPV / C₆₀ nanocomposites or sol gel elaboration of TiO₂ nanoparticles in a PVK film. A simultaneous increase of the photocurrents could be achieved by the dispersion and size optimisation of the nanofillers. In situ generation of silver particles in MEH-PPV provides an example of enhanced charge separation induced by the plasmon resonance at the metal/polymer interface. The strong influence of the molecular morphology on the nanocomposite properties emphasizes the large improvements which can still be gained on the performances of organic solar cells.     

Chain-shattering Pt(IV)-backboned polymeric nanoplatform for efficient CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to enhance synergistic cancer therapy

CRISPR/Cas9 system has become a promising gene editing tool for cancer treatment.However,development of a simple and effective nanocarrier to incorporate CRISPR/Cas9 system and chemotherapeutic drugs to concurrently tackle the biological safety and packaging capacity of viral vectors and combine gene editing-chemo for cancer therapy still remains challenges.Herein,a chain-shattering Pt(IV)-backboned polymeric nanoplatform is developed for the delivery of EZH2-targeted CRISPR/Cas9 system(NPCSPt/pEZH2)and synergistic treatment of prostate cancer.The pEZH2/Pt(II)could be effectively triggered to unpack/release from NPCSPt/pEZH2 in a chain-shattering manner in cancer cells.The EZH2 gene disruption efficiency could be achieved up to 32.2%of PC-3 cells in vitro and 21.3%of tumor tissues in vivo,leading to effective suppression of EZH2 protein expression.Moreover,significant H3K27me3 downregulation could occur after EZH2 suppression,resulting in a more permissive chromatin structure that increases the accessibility of released Pt(II)to nuclear DNA for enhanced apoptosis.Taken together,substantial proliferation inhibition of prostate cancer cells and further 85.4%growth repression against subcutaneous xenograft tumor could be achieved.This chain-shattering Pt(IV)-backboned polymeric nanoplatform system not only provides a prospective nanocarrier for CRISPR/Cas9 system delivery,but also broadens the potential of combining gene editing-chemo synergistic cancer therapy.     

纳米材料和技术的研究及展望

阐述了纳米材料和技术在科学与技术中的地位,叙述了纳米科学技术发展的五大领域,分析了纳米材料及科学研究目前存在的基础科学问题,并展望了纳米材料和技术的应用前景及其需要解决的问题。     

Nanomaterials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries

In lithium-ion batteries, nanocrystalline intermetallic alloys, nanosized composite materials, carbon nanotubes, and nanosized transition-metal oxides are all promising new anode materials, while nanosized LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, and LiMn2O4 show higher capacity and better cycle life as cathode materials than their usual larger-particle equivalents. The addition of nanosized metal-oxide powders to polymer electrolyte improves the performance of the polymer electrolyte for all solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries. To meet the challenge of global warming, a new generation of lithium rechargeable batteries with excellent safety, reliability, and cycling life is needed, i.e., not only for applications in consumer electronics, but especially for clean energy storage and for use in hybrid electric vehicles and aerospace. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies can lead to a new generation of lithium secondary batteries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent developments on nanomaterials and nanotechniques used for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials, the impact of nanomaterials on the performance of lithium batteries, and the modes of action of the nanomaterials in lithium rechargeable batteries.     

Synthetic Methodologies for Carbon Nanomaterials

Carbon nanomaterials have advanced rapidly over the last two decades and are among the most promising materials that have already changed and will keep on changing human life. Development of synthetic methodologies for these materials, therefore, has been one of the most important subjects of carbon nanoscience and nanotechnology, and forms the basis for investigating the physicochemical properties and applications of carbon nanomaterials. In this Research News article, several synthetic strategies, including solvothermal reduction, solvothermal pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and soft‐chemical exfoliation are specifically discussed and highlighted, which have been developed for the synthesis of novel carbon nanomaterials over the last decade.     

Black phosphorus quantum dots as multifunctional nanozymes for tumor photothermal/catalytic synergistic therapy

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties that have attracted significant interest owing to their high stability,easy preparation,and tunable catalytic properties,especially in the field of cancer therapy.However,the unfavorable catalytic effects of nanozymes in the acidic tumor microenvironment have limited their applications.Herein,we developed a biomimetic erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots(BPQDs)nanozymes that simultaneously exhibited an exceptional near-infrared(NIR)photothermal property and dramatically photothermal-enhanced glucose oxidase(GOx)-like activity in the acidic tumor microenvironment.We demonstrated the engineered BPQDs gave a photothermal conversion efficiency of 28.9%that could rapidly heat the tumor up to 50℃ while effectively localized into tumors via homing peptide iRGD leading after intravenously injection.Meanwhile,the significantly enhanced GOx-like activity of BPQDs under NIR irradiation was capable of catalytical generating massive toxic reactive oxygen species via using cellular glucose.By combining the intrinsic photothermal property and the unique photothermal-enhanced GOx-like catalytic activity,the developed BPQDs were demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic strategy for inhibiting tumor growth in vivo.We believe that this work will provide a novel perspective for the development of nanozymes in tumor catalytic therapy.     

Multi-functional nanoparticles for cancer therapy

Many immunotherapeutic strategies developed in recent years involve the targeting of immune cells to tumors. In this study, we synthesized and characterized modified fluorescent nanoparticles as a targeting and delivery system, by conjugating both tumor targeting agent and chemokines to the nanoparticles, to attract immune cells to tumor cells. Biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating quantum dots were prepared, with suitable surface modification to immobilize both tumor targeting agent and chemokine on their surfaces. The interactions between immune cells and tumor cells were visualized using optical microscope.     

纳米包装技术新发展

“纳米热”紧随网络热、基因热之后向我们袭来。纳米材料的微观结构和神奇特性,以及改善人类未来生活和传统包装的靓丽前景,将在本文中作一介绍。     

Nanomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Engineering Application

Nano-Micro Letters - In recent years, the emerging cardiac tissue engineering provides a new therapeutic method for heart diseases. And in the tissue engineering, the scaffold material which can...     

电化学法制备纳米材料的研究现状

分析了国内外制备纳米材料的现状,电沉积纳米晶体的优点、方法.重点介绍了利用模板法、电解电镀法、石墨电弧法、直流碳弧法、超声电化学法、直流电弧等离子蒸发-冷凝法、电沉积法制备纳米线、纳米管、纳米多层膜、纳米合金、纳米枝晶和纳米材料的基本方法、合成原理、技术要点以及一些表征等.比较了各种方法的异同点、优缺点及其在不同条件下得到的形态各异的产品.给出了相关技术参数,指出了纳米材料的未来发展方向.