面向未知物体自动测量和重建的视点规划方法

针对未知三维物体自动测量和重建问题,提出一种基于视觉系统极限可视区域的新颖视点规划方法.首先确定单目线激光视觉测量系统的最佳可视测量区域,结合初始视点下所获模型的边界区域信息构造未知空间的极限可视表面模型,并以此表面作为未知物体的预测曲面模型;然后确定下一视点预测曲线的可视性,将左右规划进程中能获取最大可视曲线长度的位置定义为下一最优视点的参考位置,通过比较左右参考位置下所获可视面积的大小,取大者所在位置作为下一视点的最终位置.最后通过对实体模型重建,验证了文中方法的可行性及有效性.     

基于对称物体的3维重构技术研究

3维重构理论与技术是计算机视觉领域最重要的热点问题之一,而基于单幅图像的3维重构由于缺乏足够的几何信息而难以达到预期效果,已成为世纪性难题。针对大部分物体具有对称性特征,或可分解为有限个对称物体元的客观事实,提出基于透视逆变换原理,首先建立包含摇角、倾角、摆角等三元的透视变换矩阵T;再由链码表示的物体轮廓提取特征直线,根据平行线束投影角相近性特点求解主灭点信息,进而确定视点位置、物体对称平面;根据对称性特征,利用物体假想对称平面,通过人工交互指定3对已知对称点的图像坐标及其对应点的空间坐标确定透视变换矩阵T,继而反求物体表面其他特征点的空间位置,最后利用OpenGL软件包实现物体3维模型的重建。     

结合视觉感知与信息量的视点评分方法

随着数字3D内容的不断丰富,对其进行有效展示和索引的需求变得十分迫切,而通过视点评分选择合适的观察视点对解决这一问题具有重要的作用.针对传统的视点评分方法计算时间冗长、结果很难符合人类观察习惯的问题,提出一种基于视觉感知信息量的快速视点评分方法.首先计算相对简单的平均曲率作为代表3D物体视觉特征的要素,随后结合信息熵理论对视点进行评分,使那些能看到尽可能多重要特征且所见特征分布较广的视点分数较高;之后,将这种评分策略应用于最优视点集计算中,利用信息理论对视点集获取信息进行量化,确保利用最少数目的视点有效地认知3D物体.实验结果表明,该方法得到的视点分数及最优视点集质量与目前最好的方法相当,但计算速度更快,无需人工交互.     

基于距离直方图的最优视点选择

基于物体内蕴几何量,提出一种观察三维物体的最优视点选择方法.首先在三维物体表面均匀采样获取采样点,并计算物体形心,然后利用采样点到物体形心的距离来构造距离直方图,最后计算距离直方图的Shannon熵并将其作为衡量视点优劣的标准.根据认知心理学理论,最优视点是存在的,也是恒定的,故文中视点在包围球上选取.实验结果表明,采用该方法获得的最优视点能观察到三维物体更多的功能结构和更显著特征,与其他方法相比更符合人类的感官选择.     

一种主动式全景立体视觉传感器设计

现有的三维激光扫描仪无法实时、全自动地计算空间三维信息,需要对获得的点云数据进行配准.为解决这些问题,研制了一种新型主动式全景立体视觉传感器( ASODVS),并且从影响ASODVS测距精度的各个因素进行了分析.实验结果表明:设计的ASODVS能自动、实时地进行空间物点深度测量,并得到相应的点云数据.     

基于单目视觉的电动公交车自动更换电池系统

目前电动公交车所用电池沉重而体积大,人工更换时存在挪动调整费力、精确定位困难等问题。针对这些问题,提出一种基于单目视觉的电动公交车自动更换电池系统。该系统使用单目摄像机获取图像,对蓄电池箱的空间位姿进行测量,再通过两级导轨和旋转机构将蓄电池调整到指定位置。位姿测量时采用基于点特征的单目视觉测量算法,提取蓄电池箱的四个角点作为特征点,根据特征点在物体坐标系下以及在CCD成像面上的坐标值,在空间投影模型的基础上求解出物体坐标系相对于摄像机坐标系的变换矩阵,从而求得蓄电池箱的空间位姿。实验证明该方法具有较高的可靠性,并且满足实际问题的精度要求。     

基于激光扫描的体积测量系统

本文基于激光扫描仪设计了一套体积测量系统,用于物流行业测量货物的体积.系统由二维激光雷达、伺服电机、电机控制单元、数据采集与处理单元及其他机械装置组成;数据采集与处理单元运用了离散积分运算处理三维点云信息,进行物体体积计算;多媒体定时器的应用使得数据采集、数据处理和命令响应能够协调运行.实验表明,该系统在距离物体摆放平面5至6 m的位置,以约0.5 m/s的速度完成对被测物体体积的扫描,整体误差可以控制在5%以下.该系统适用性强,可以测量扫描区域中所有物体的体积,具有广泛的应用前景.     

同向式双目立体全方位视觉传感器的设计

为了获取立体全景图像,利用双曲面折反射镜面构成的全方位视觉传感器(Omni-Directional Vision Sensor,ODVS)具有固定单视点、水平方向360°、垂直大范围视场等成像特点,将两个具有相同成像参数的ODVS以面对背方式进行组合构成一种新型的双目立体全方位视觉传感器;组合时将上下两个ODVS的单视点固定在同一轴线上,并将两个ODVS的成像平面垂直于该轴线;组合而成的双目立体全方位视觉传感器能简化成像单元的标定、极线的配准以及特征点匹配等繁琐的步骤.实验结果表明,设计的双目立体全方位视觉传感器能有效解决极线约束难题、快速实现全景立体图像的特征点匹配、降低物点深度测量的复杂度.     

基于物体逻辑状态推理的未知物体视觉分割

为提高机器人的视觉感知能力,提出了一种新颖的基于物体逻辑状态推理的未知物体视觉分割方法.在语义层定义物体逻辑状态空间,根据机器人抓取动作反馈对物体逻辑状态进行推理.在数据层利用RGB-D摄像头采集生成场景3维着色点云,基于物体放置于支撑平面的假设,对所有可能的物体点进行空间聚类和分割,得到初始未知物体集并生成物体初始逻辑状态表示.当物体逻辑状态发生变化时,根据设定规则结合点集运算对物体点云进行重新分割,物体点云集的变化又用于指导物体逻辑状态空间的更新.在7自由度移动机械手系统上,进行了真实积木模拟环境下未知物体的视觉分割与抓取实验,实验结果证实本文方法可以有效提升机器人的视觉感知能力.     

利用三目视觉获得复杂曲面的边界曲线

复杂零件表面几何模型的构造是逆向工程的研究重点，根据零件表面数据提取零件表面的边界是构造零件几何模型的关键步骤．提出了基于三目视觉方法提取和构造复杂曲面边界的技术．将一台摄像机固定在三坐标测量机(CMM)横梁上，通过沿X，Y方向移动CMM从而获得物体在空间三个不同位置的图像；从一幅图像中提取反映物体边界的特征点，通过与其他两幅图像匹配得到这些特征点的空间坐标，最后以这些特征点构造出物体边界的B样条曲线。     

The research of an automatic object reconstruction method based on limit visible region of the laser-scanning vision system

This paper presents an automatic multi-view selection approach for 3D reconstruction by means of a laser scanning vision system. It is realized based on the visual region of the laser scanning vision system. The candidate next best view (NBV) position is obtained by computing the unknown space area according to the limit visual region of the vision system. The final NBV position, which can acquire the maximal visual area, is obtained by comparing the above candidate’s view positions. Experimental results show successful implantation of the proposed view planning method for digitization and reconstruction of freeform objects.     

Chance-constrained target tracking using sensors with bounded fan-shaped sensing regions

We present a robust target tracking algorithm for a mobile robot. It is assumed that a mobile robot carries a sensor with a fan-shaped field of view and finite sensing range. The goal of the proposed tracking algorithm is to minimize the probability of losing a target. If the distribution of the next position of a moving target is available as a Gaussian distribution from a motion prediction algorithm, the proposed algorithm can guarantee the tracking success probability. In addition, the proposed method minimizes the moving distance of the mobile robot based on the chosen bound on the tracking success probability. While the considered problem is a non-convex optimization problem, we derive a closed-form solution when the heading is fixed and develop a real-time algorithm for solving the considered target tracking problem. We also present a robust target tracking algorithm for aerial robots in 3D. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated extensively in simulation. The proposed algorithm has been successful applied in field experiments using Pioneer mobile robot with a Microsoft Kinect sensor for following a pedestrian.     

Active Scene Understanding via Online Semantic Reconstruction

We propose a novel approach to robot‐operated active understanding of unknown indoor scenes, based on online RGBD reconstruction with semantic segmentation. In our method, the exploratory robot scanning is both driven by and targeting at the recognition and segmentation of semantic objects from the scene. Our algorithm is built on top of a volumetric depth fusion framework and performs real‐time voxel‐based semantic labeling over the online reconstructed volume. The robot is guided by an online estimated discrete viewing score field (VSF) parameterized over the 3D space of 2D location and azimuth rotation. VSF stores for each grid the score of the corresponding view, which measures how much it reduces the uncertainty (entropy) of both geometric reconstruction and semantic labeling. Based on VSF, we select the next best views (NBV) as the target for each time step. We then jointly optimize the traverse path and camera trajectory between two adjacent NBVs, through maximizing the integral viewing score (information gain) along path and trajectory. Through extensive evaluation, we show that our method achieves efficient and accurate online scene parsing during exploratory scanning.     

Reduced-order Generalized Proportional Integral Observer Based Continuous Dynamic Sliding Mode Control for Magnetic Levitation System with Time-varying Disturbances

In order to reduce the influence of time-varying disturbances for magnetic levitation system, we propose a reduced-order generalized proportional integral observer (RGPIO) based continuous dynamic sliding mode control scheme for magnetic levitation system in this paper. Unlike the popular extended state observer (ESO), it could deal with constant or slowing varying disturbances from theoretical point of view, the reduced-order generalized proportional integral observer (RGPIO) is designed to estimate the time-varying disturbances and system states, then the dynamic sliding mode surface is developed and deduce a continuous sliding mode controller (CSMC) for magnetic levitation system. Compared with ESO based continuous sliding mode controller, the proposed method not only ensures the position tracking accuracy, but also obtain better time-varying disturbance reject ability. Simulation and experimental results are also given to verify the effectiveness.

     

基于模型降阶的平面三连杆欠驱动机械系统位置控制

针对第一关节为被动的平面三连杆欠驱动机械系统,提出一种基于模型降阶的位置控制方法. 首先,建立平面三连杆欠驱动系统数学模型,并分析其积分特性;其次,将部分可积的三连杆系统分段降阶为两个完全可积的两连杆子系统,并基于两子系统获得系统驱动杆与欠驱动杆之间的状态约束关系;然后,利用粒子群优化算法,根据系统末端点目标位置计算驱动杆目标角度;最后,分别设计两连杆子系统控制器,实现系统从任意初始位置到任意目标位置的控制目标. 仿真结果验证所提控制策略的有效性.     

Core spreading vortex methods in two-dimensional viscous flows

The purpose of the present paper is: (1) to derive an integral equation of Fredholm type with respect to vorticity from the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, (2) to derive two vortex methods which are based on the core spreading model and (3) to analyze them, by using this integral equation. The convergence and stability properties of two methods, the Gaussian core spreading model and the alternative Gaussian core spreading model, for high Reynolds number flows are analyzed under the assumption of smooth initial condition with bounded support and a free-space boundary.     

Characterizing image quality of autostereoscopic displays by using the maximum luminance at each viewing position

A metric of the 3D image quality of autostereoscopic displays based on optical measurements is proposed. This metric uses each view's luminance contrast, which is defined as the ratio of maximum luminance at each viewing position to total luminance at that position. Conventional metrics of the autostereoscopic display based on crosstalk, which uses “wanted” and “unwanted” lights. However, in case of the multiple‐views‐type autostereoscopic displays, it is difficult to distinguish exactly which lights are wanted lights and which are unwanted lights. This paper assumes that the wanted light has a maximum luminance at the good stereoscopic viewing position, and the unwanted light also has a maximum luminance at the worst pseudo‐stereoscopic viewing position. By using the maximum luminance that is indexed by view number of the autostereoscopic display, the proposed method enables characterizing stereoscopic viewing conditions without using wanted/unwanted light. A 3D image quality metric called “stereo luminance contrast,” the average of both eyes' contrast, is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed metric is confirmed by the results of optical measurement analyses of different types of autostereoscopic displays, such as the two‐view, scan‐backlight, multi‐view, and integral.     

基于软交换的媒体服务器的研究与设计

指出了媒体服务器在下一代网络中的位置。论述了媒体服务器涉及的关键技术，包括各种控制协议、基于硬件和基于软件的DSP(Digital Signal Processing)技术Voicce Xtensible Markup Language(Voice XML)语言等。利用逻辑视图、运行视图和部署视图对媒体服务器进行了总体设计，对于同行具有借鉴意义。     

A vortex-lattice method in the linear theory on a two-dimensional supercavitating flat plate foil

The vortex-lattice method has been found very satisfactory in the case of steady subsonic wing theory, however, the discrete numerical methods, such as the vortex-lattice method, have not been studied in detail for supercavitating flows. One of the discrete numerical method, a vortex-lattice method, is developed in the present paper for cavitating flows around a two dimensional flat plate foil. The governing equations in the linear theory are represented as a set of coupled integral equations with Cauchy kernel, and there are unknown functions which are not under integral signs. For solving them, they are exchanged to an alternative set of coupled integral equations by a new variable, and the present vortex-lattice method is schemed for equal spacing of the vortices and sources in this new variable. The position of the collocation points is determined, and it is sufficient to treat unknown functions which are not integral signs as step functions. Moreover, the proof of the convergence of this method is shown and the accuracy is estimated.     

单向耦合FitzHugh-Nagumo神经元的滞后同步研究

本文提出一种新的研究思路,将两个单向耦合的FitzHugh-Nagumo神经元之间的滞后同步视为一种特殊的广义同步,通过辅助系统方法来获得滞后同步发生的条件.首先建立原响应系统的辅助系统,将原系统中驱动系统和响应系统的滞后同步问题转换为响应系统与辅助系统之间的误差系统原点稳定问题.通过拉普拉斯变换方法,将原本用微分方程表示的误差系统等效为Volterra积分方程表示,而后利用积分方程理论中的逐次逼近方法解析地得到原误差系统原点稳定性条件.本文给出的滞后同步判据与信号传送中的时间滞后量大小无关,数值模拟验证了本文提出判据的有效性.