Broadband linearly polarized beat-wave TEm1/TE11 mode converters

Broadband linearly polarized waveguide mode converters have been developed to transform the high-order cylindrical TE_m1 output wave from harmonic gyrotron amplifiers into the more useful TE₁₁ fundamental waveguide mode. The converter's corrugation period is equal to the beat between the two waves and the bandwidth is predicted to be inversely proportional to the number of periods. Four-period TE ₃₁/TE₁₁ and TE₄₁/TE₁₁ converters with an azimuthal perturbation of m_c=4 and m_c =5, respectively, have yielded a peak conversion efficiency of 98% with a bandwidth greater than 3% and a one-period beat-wave converter has been designed to yield 12% bandwidth. However, it has been observed in measurements that the strong coupling in a short converter can lead to a shift of the center-frequency with an accompanying reduction of the efficiency and bandwidth. A two-period TE₄₁/TE₁₁ converter with 5% bandwidth displayed a 5% frequency shift and a conversion efficiency of only 86%     

Experimental proof-of-principle results on a mode-selective inputcoupler for gyrotron applications

Proof-of-principle results for a mode selective input coupler are presented. Transmission and reflection measurements for the TE₀₂ cylindrical waveguide mode are given along with the output mode pattern. The results show good agreement for the cutoff frequency, mode pattern general behavior and variation with frequency for signals above cutoff. A maximum passband of 1.2 GHz (~7%) has been achieved. Comparisons with theory for overall frequency response (from 15 to 18 GHz) and mode pattern characteristics (at 17.5 GHz) are also presented. The design and concept are promising for harmonic gyrotron-traveling-wave-tube amplifier and phase-locked gyrotron oscillator applications     

W波段准光模式变换器的设计

准光模式变换器是大功率输出回旋管的关键部件.采用高转换效率的准光模式变换器可以横向输出电磁波,增大收集极的尺寸,提高回旋管的输出功率,提高整管效率.该文设计的回旋管内置准光模式变换器由Denisov辐射器天线和四个反射镜组成,输入频率为94GHz,模式为TE_6,2模.采用耦合波理论分析和优化了Denisov辐射器内的场分布,并根据矢量绕射理论编制数值模拟程序计算了各个反射镜上的场分布,其输出功率转换效率达97.2%.利用三维全波仿真软件feko6.0进行对比分析,最后加工所设计的结构并内置于回旋振荡管进行热测实验,结果表明其输出场分布与理论计算结果基本一致.     

The design of serpentine-mode converters for high-power microwaveapplications

In this paper, we report the design methodology and numerical results for two mode converters that are suitable for high-power microwave applications. Both converters are designed to operate at 11.424 GHz and utilize periodic serpentine structures to convert between modes with different azimuthal-mode indexes. The first converts about 98.5% of an incident linearly polarized TE₁₂ mode to the TE ₀₁ mode when oriented as an H-plane bend, but has just 1% mode conversion to all modes when oriented as an E-plane bend. The second device converts a linearly polarized TE₁₁ mode to a TM ₀₁ mode with over 99.99% effectiveness. The performance of both devices with respect to parametric variations is detailed. Experimental measurements of the radiation patterns from the TE₁₂ -to-TE₀₁-mode converter are consistent with the theoretical predictions     

Design of short high-power TE11-HE11 modeconverters in highly overmoded corrugated waveguides

A theoretical parametric study of TE₁₁ to HE₁₁ mode conversion in highly oversized, circumferentially corrugated circular waveguides with different inner diameters is presented for various frequencies in the range of 28 to 140 GHz. The depth of the annular slots is tapered gradually from one half to one quarter wavelength. Computer-aided optimization of converter length, shape of corrugations, and nonlinear slot depth variation has been achieved with a scattering matrix code employing the modal field matching techniques (modular analysis concept). Relatively short mode transducers with matched converter lengths are feasible. The optimum conversion lengths are L₁≈0.5λ_B (short converter) and L₂≈1.2λ_B (long converter), where λ_B is the beat wavelength of the TE₁₁ and TM₁₁ modes in the corresponding smooth-walled circular waveguide. The predicted performances of short and long mode transducers are practically identical. Experimental results taken at 70 GHz (i.d.=27.79 mm) are in excellent agreement with the theoretically predicted performance data. In all cases the HE₁₁ output mode purity is 99% to 99.5%. The maximum cross-polarization and input-reflection levels are below -29 dB and -50 dB, respectively     

Fan-Beam Millimeter-Wave Antenna Design Based on the Cylindrical Luneberg Lens

A new design of two-dimensional cylindrical Luneberg lens is introduced based on TE₁₀ mode propagation between parallel plates, with special focus on ease of manufacturing. The parallel plates are partially filled with low cost polymer material (Rexolite epsiv_r = 2.54) to match Luneberg's law. A planar linear tapered slot antenna (LTSA) is inserted into the air region between the parallel plates at the edge of the Luneberg lens as a feed antenna, with fine positioning to the focal point of the Luneberg lens to optimize the antenna system performance. A combined ray-optics/diffraction method is used to obtain the radiation pattern of the system and results are compared with predictions of a time domain numerical solver. Measurements done on a 10-cm Luneberg lens designed for operation at 30 GHz agree very well with predictions. For this prototype, 3-dB E- and if-plane beamwidths of 6.6deg and 54deg respectively were obtained, and the sidelobe level in the E-plane was -17.7-dB. Although the parallel plate configuration should lead to a narrow band design due to the dispersion characteristics of the TE₁₀ mode, the measurement results demonstrate broadband characteristics with radiation efficiencies varying between 43% and 72% over the tested frequency band of 26.5-37 GHz. The designed cylindrical Luneberg lens can be used to launch multiple beams by implementing an arc array of planar LTSA elements at the periphery of the lens, and can be easily extended to higher mm-wave frequencies.     

Design of triple mode TE01δ resonator transmissionfilters

The use of triple mode TE_01δ cubic resonators for the design of transmission mode filters is presented. Frequency tuning and coupling between modes are studied experimentally. The tunability of all inter-cavity couplings, necessary for the realization of a wide range of transfer functions, is demonstrated with a 6th degree, 5 MHz wide filter at 2 GHz. With an insertion loss of 0.7 dB in a volume of 260 cm³, the filter presents a 2:1 volume reduction over conventional TE_01δ filters     

On the Differentially Fed Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna

A differentially fed rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The fundamental TE₁₁₁ mode of the rectangular DRA is excited at 2.4 GHz, with a 10-dB differential impedance bandwidth (|S_dd11| < -10 dB) of ~10.4%. To verify the theory, measurements were carried out, and reasonable agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. The effects of the magnitude and phase imbalances on the DRA impedance and radiation pattern are investigated.     

Design of a Ka-band gyro-TWT for radar applications

The design of a Ka-band gyrotron traveling wave tube (TWT) amplifier capable of operating over a wide range of peak powers and bandwidths is presented. The amplifier operates in the TE₁₁ mode at the fundamental cyclotron harmonic. Instantaneous bandwidths in the range of 2.5 to 3.9 GHz (at 1 dB below saturation) with corresponding peak powers between 92.2 and 57.9 kW can be achieved by simply adjusting the mod-anode voltage of the electron gun. The corresponding gains range from 57.1 to 36.0 dB. The design performance is obtained with a high quality, 6 A, 70 kV electron beam generated with a double-anode magnetron injection gun. This wide range performance capability in the design is achieved via the use of the distributed loss approach in the interacting circuit, which also guarantees zero-drive stability. A diffractive loading scheme is employed in the lossy section of the circuit to ensure high average power operation of the amplifier     

一种适用于波束扫描的宽带低剖面介质谐振器天线

近年来,为解决传统介质谐振器天线（dielectric resonator antenna, DRA）体积庞大等问题,新颖的低剖面DRA如介质贴片天线和平面介质天线被提出并迅速成为研究热点.然而,现有的低剖面DRA设计要么平面尺寸较大（>0.5λ0×0.5λ0）,要么带宽较窄（<10%）,限制了它们的实际应用.文中提出了一种具有小型化平面尺寸的宽带低剖面DRA.本天线采用介质贴片设计,顶部为高介电常数的介质贴片,中间为低介电常数的介质基板,底部为缝隙馈电结构.缝隙馈电结构可激励起介质贴片谐振器的基模TE111和高次模TE131两种工作模式,这两种模式的场分布在贴片边缘部分存在基模场强较弱而高次模场强较强的显著区别.本设计巧妙地利用了该区域的模式场强区别,通过略微增加贴片边缘部分高度来显著影响高次模谐振频率而轻微影响基模谐振频率,从而将高次模TE131的谐振频率迅速下拉并与基模TE111的谐振频率靠近合并,在不增大介质贴片平面尺寸的前提条件下获得宽带工作效果.本天线的三维尺寸为0.35λ0×0.35λ0×0.08λ0 (λ0为中心频率处的空气中波长),线极化实物案例测试结果表...     

光子晶体双波长电光调制和模分复用集成器件

为了实现光电子器件小型化和多功能化,进一步提高信息传输容量和速度,提出了一种基于光子晶体双波长电光调制和模分复用的片上集成器件。该集成器件的电光调制模块由硅基光子晶体波导和两个L3型复合腔组成,模分复用模块由硅基非对称平行纳米线波导组成,两个模块的连接处采用硅基光子晶体波导。采用L3型复合腔和PN掺杂结构实现两个波长TE₀模的调制,采用非对称定向耦合结构将两个波长的TE₀模转换为TE₁模。应用基于三维时域有限差分法（3D-Finite Difference Time Domain,3D-FDTD）的Lumerical软件进行仿真分析,结果表明,在调制电压为1.05 V时,该集成器件可以实现中心波长为1 552.1 nm和1 556.1 nm的 TE₀模、TE₁模通断调制及两模式模分复用功能。该器件的消光比高达24.67 dB,调制深度均为0.99,插入损耗小于0.57 dB,信道串扰小于?34.68 dB,调制速率最低为17.54 GHz。该集成器件结构紧凑,可望应用于高速大容量光通信系统。     

一种准光模式变换器的设计和实验

准光模式变换器是实现高功率回旋管高效输出的重要部件。该文针对140 GHz, TE_28,8模回旋振荡管研制,开展以Denisov型辐射器和3个准光镜面构成的准光模式变换器设计与实验研究。利用标量衍射法优化辐射器辐射口径处的场分布,其与理想高斯场之间的矢量相关性为96.2%;基于几何光学和高斯波束匹配方法设计了聚焦镜面与波束整形镜面,采用3维全波分析软件Surf3D获得各个镜面上及输出窗处的场分布,对所设计的镜面系统进行了仿真验证,在输出窗处获得了高斯模式含量为96.67%的输出波束,整个模式变换器的功率转换效率为93.98%。以自行研制的TE_28,8模激励器作为准光模式变换器的输入,通过对模式变换器转换性能仿真结果验证,在严格控制加工精度及装配和实验过程的基础上,完成了准光模式变换器转换性能的冷测实验。实验结果表明,设计和实验具有合理的一致性,可以作为准光模式变换器工程应用设计和验证手段。     

Experimental coupling efficiency of shaping mirrors matching a168-GHz gyrotron output wave to the HE11 mode

This paper presents an experiment in which the phase- and amplitude-flattened output of a 168 GHz gyrotron was converted into the HE₁₁ mode, the basic transmitting mode in corrugated waveguides, by means of an external matching box (MBOX) comprising two curved-surface mirrors. In estimating the coupling efficiency between the gyrotron output wave and the HE₁₁ mode, an improved method was proposed in which the reconstructed phase of the gyrotron output wave at four distances are averaged. From the phase reconstruction with averaging, it was found that 76% of the gyrotron output coupled into the HE₁₁ mode in a corrugated waveguide, while a coupling efficiency of 85% was calculated for an ideal gyrotron output. A detailed discussion on the MBOX performance as well as the accuracy of phase reconstruction shows that this low coupling efficiency is due to the nonideality of the actual gyrotron output and that designing the MBOX mirrors based on the actual measurement at the gyrotron window can improve the coupling efficiency     

A quasi-optical mode converter with a bifocal mirror

This paper presents the design procedure of a quasi-optical mode converter to transform any kind of TE_mn mode into a Gaussian wave beam and experimental results obtained in the particular case of the TE₆₄ mode at 110 GHz. The quasi-optical system consists of a helical-cut launcher and a bifocal mirror, which is designed, using the techniques of geometric optics, to focus the radiation of the launcher into a Gaussian focal spot. Such a system was fabricated and tested for the transformation of the TE₆₄ mode. The experimental results showed that about 80% of the power incident in the focal plane is focused into a small Gaussian-like spot of less than 20 mm diameter, while 97% of the power is contained into the main TE₆₄ lobe     

A composite optical waveguide-based polarimetric interferometer forchemical and biological sensing applications

A new polarimetric interferometer has been developed on the basis of the phase difference between transverse electric (TE)₀ and transverse magnetic (TM)₀ modes in a composite optical waveguide (OWG). The composite OWG consists of a single-mode potassium ion-exchanged planar waveguide overlaid with a high-index thin film that has two tapered ends and supports only the TE₀ mode. Applying tapered velocity coupling theory, we found that the TE₀ and TM₀ modes coexisting in the potassium ion-exchanged layer were separated in the thin film region of the composite OWG: the TE₀ mode was coupled into the thin film while the TM₀ mode was confined in the potassium ion-exchanged layer. Interference occurs between TE- and TM-polarized output components when a single output beam is passed through a 45°-polarized analyzer. The phase difference φ between both orthogonal output components is very sensitive to the superstrate index n_c in the thin film region. Our experimental results indicate that a slight change of Δn_c=3.71×10^-6 results in the phase-difference variation of Δφ=1° for a 5-mm-long TiO ₂/K⁺ composite OWG with a 34-nm-thick TiO₂ film. Such a simple polarimetric interferometer can be applied to chemical or biological sensors by modifying the upper film surface of the composite OWG with a chemically or biologically active substance     

High-Q LaAlO3 dielectric resonator shielded byYBCO-films

We have investigated a dielectric resonator consisting of a single crystalline LaAlO₃-cylinder shielded by a cylindrically shaped copper cavity with endplates made from epitaxial films of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ or niobium. For YBa₂ Cu₃O₇ films unloaded quality factors Q₀ of 4.5·10⁵ at 10 K and 1.3·10⁵ at 77 K were achieved at 11.6 GHz using a compact shielding cavity with a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 3.8 mm. The loss contributions of the dielectric resonator, the normal conducting cylinder wall, and the superconducting endplates, with one of them being separated by a small distance h from the dielectric cylinder, were calculated by modeling the electromagnetic fields of the TE_0νμ-modes. The dielectric loss tangent of the LaAlO ₃-cylinders was found to be 10^-6 at 4.3 K and f=11.6 GHz and to increase slightly with temperature. Moreover, the calculations indicate the tunability of the resonance frequency by changing h over a range of 1 GHz without significant degradation of Q ₀. These resonators are considered to be useful devices for stable oscillators and narrowband filters     

AlN微环谐振腔倍频程孤子光频梳（特邀）

基于光学微谐振腔的自参考耗散克尔孤子(Dissipative Kerr Solitons, DKSs)有广泛的应用，如频率合成器、相干通信、天文光谱仪校准、精密测量、光学时钟、双梳光谱学等。倍频程DKS已在氮化硅和铌酸锂微谐振腔中实现，笔者提出了一种在氮化铝(AlN)微环谐振腔中通过单一泵浦直接产生倍频程DKS的简单方案。通过将两个谐振频率相近的模式TE₀₀ 和TE₁₀分别作为泵浦谐振和辅助谐振模式，红失谐侧的辅助模式TE₁₀可以有效地平衡孤子形成过程中的热拖曳效应。慢速扫描泵浦光波长可获得稳定的倍频程展宽的孤子梳，带宽为1100~2300 nm，孤子存在范围最大为10.4 GHz(83 pm)。这是首次在AlN平台上获得倍频程展宽的克尔光孤子。该方案在单一泵浦源下就可以获得稳定的倍频程光孤子以及宽的孤子访问窗口，不同于其他方案需要额外引入复杂的控制手段和设备。     

Novel Microwave Network for the Leaky-Wave Analysis of Evanescent Fields in Stub-Loaded Structures

In this paper, a new transverse equivalent network for the modal analysis of stub-loaded leaky-wave antennas is developed. The derived network is useful for the study of the radiation of evanescent fields that occurs when they reach the top aperture of the parallel-plate stub. This transverse network is based, for the first time, on a nonhybrid formulation of the constituent parallel-plates modes of order 1 (TE₁ ^Z and TE₁ ^Z ). The obtained network is an alternative to the one based on hybrid TE₁ ^Vand TE₁ ^V modes, and leads to a simpler transverse resonance equation. The new equivalent network is validated by obtaining leaky-mode dispersion curves for a previously studied leaky-wave antenna in non- radiative dielectric guide technology.     

Wide Band Metallic Waveguide With In-Line Dielectric Rods

Conventional rectangular metallic waveguides are seldom used at frequencies higher than twice the cutoff frequency because of higher mode propagation. Single-mode propagation is available for a metallic waveguide with arrayed dielectric rods at the center of the waveguide in the frequency under twice the cutoff frequency region using the TE₂₀ mode, and in the frequency over twice the cutoff frequency region using the TE2o mode. If the metallic waveguide and dielectric loss tangent are assumed to be WR-90 (f_c ap6.55 GHz) and 3times10^-4, respectively, then the attenuation constants are smaller than 0.25 dB/m in the frequency range from 7 to 10 GHz, 15 to 16.5 GHz, and from 17.2 to 21 GHz.     

0.1 THz rectangular waveguide on GaAs semi-insulating substrate

The realisation of a millimetre-wave rectangular waveguide fabricated using traditional monolithic technology is presented. The rectangular waveguide has a cutoff frequency of 100 GHz and an operating frequency of 105 GHz. The measured performance clearly shows that the dominant TE₁₀ mode of propagation is supported