Protocols for ATM access networks

The development and standardization of ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) and signaling protocols for BISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) are considered. A view of both ATM and signaling protocols in which the key design guideline is service flexibility is presented. The approaches suggested are intended to create a service-independent broadband facility that is also sensitive to both service performance and network efficiency. Key issues are raised that will require serious consideration by standards groups, manufacturers, and service providers as BISDN moves toward production     

Bandwidth allocation and connection admission control in ATMnetworks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the transmission format for almost all future communication networks, including broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN). The key feature of ATM is its high flexibility in bandwidth allocation. Instead of reserving capacity for each connection, the bandwidth is allocated on demand. As a consequence, packets (called cells in ATM terminology) might be lost. To guarantee a given quality of service (QoS), some kind of control is needed to decide whether to accept or to reject an incoming connection. A connection is accepted only if the network has sufficient resources to achieve the QoS required by the user without affecting the QoS of the existing connections. In ATM networks, connection admission control (CAC) is responsible for this decision. It is a very complex function because the traffic may vary greatly and have poorly known characteristics. This paper describes CAC procedures proposed in the literature and discusses issues related to bandwidth allocation in ATM networks. It shows that CAC and statistical multiplexing are only needed for certain connections     

The infrastructure for gigabit computer networks

The key features of the synchronous optical network (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) standards for the broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) public network, which is expected to provide a powerful and ubiquitous infrastructure to support the emerging gigabit-per-second data and multimedia applications, are reviewed. The advantages of ATM, the ATM cell format, the B-ISDN protocol reference model and the ATM layer, the ATM adaptation layer, and ATM traffic management and signaling are discussed. An experimental high-performance parallel interface (HIPPI)-ATM-SONET interface is presented as an example to illustrate how the SONET and ATM techniques can be used to provide end-to-end transport for applications requiring a bandwidth of 800 Mb/s and possibly 1600 Mb/s     

A survey on wireless ATM technologies and standardization

Growing emphasis on multimedia traffic has underlined the importance of broadband asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks which are capable of supporting demanding applications such as audio/video playback, image browsing, real-time voice/video transmission and interactive data exchange in a unified manner. However, the extension of ATM from wireline to wireless creates a new set of challenging issues. ATM standards are developed based on high data rates and reliable transmission links. This is in contrast to wireless channels where bandwidth is limited and error rates are high. Furthermore, existing ATM specifications are designed primarily to provide services to fixed end-terminals with little ability to adapt to mobile connections and the highly time-varying conditions associated with wireless networks. This paper surveys the major technical and service issues related to the deployment of ATM in third-generation wireless networks. It will also cover how international standards are progressing in this important area. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Video aggregation: adapting video traffic for transport overbroadband networks by integrating data compression and statisticalmultiplexing

Future broadband integrated services networks based on the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology are expected to carry information from a large variety of different services and applications. This paper investigates video aggregation, a concept that integrates compression and statistical multiplexing of video information for transport over a communication network. We focus on the transmission of a group of video sessions as a bundle, the practical examples of which include entertainment-video broadcast and video-on-demand (VoD). In this situation, the advantage of constant bit-rate (CBR) transport (which facilitates simple network management and operation) and the advantage of variable bit-rate (VBR) video compression (which yields smoother image quality) can be achieved simultaneously. We show that it is better to integrate compression and statistical multiplexing before the bundle of video traffic enters the network than performing them as independent processes. We present experimental results which indicate the advantages of video aggregation in terms of superior image quality and efficient bandwidth usage     

Alternative technologies and delivery systems for broadband ISDNaccess

Switched on-demand video is expected to become a major consumer of bandwidth. Two-way video offers televisting, tele-education, and telecommuting services, which together could represent a further substantial bandwidth demand. High-speed data services to provide the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) between locations, or even operate a computer-aided design (CAD) terminal remotely from its local area network (LAN), are likely new applications for broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN). The video quality evolution and digital modulation techniques that are making broadband digital delivery of TV signals possible are reviewed. Cable TV B-ISDN delivery, short twisted pair B-ISDN delivery, and TV broadcast digital delivery are discussed     

A vision for residential broadband services: ATM-to-the-home

The arrival of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks has enabled a wide range of new interactive multimedia applications for the residential market. The article presents a vision for supporting universal residential broadband services based on an ATM-to-the-home (ATTH) network architecture. This network architecture applies to the various residential access network (RAN) architectures being deployed today, such as hybrid fiber/coax (HFC), fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and asymmetric digital subscriber loop (ADSL) technologies. The article addresses today's residential networks and applications, to understand why a switched broadband residential network is required to support residential broadband services. After exploring residential broadband application requirements, a new class of service is proposed to support a very important class of residential broadband applications that has been not addressed. Then, the technical and strategic motivations for using the ATTH architecture are discussed in detail. A universal model for residential broadband network architecture based on ATTH is described, which is shown to apply to various RAN architectures. Finally, it discusses the signaling requirements of residential broadband services and explain why the ATM multiconnection per-call model is much more efficient than the digital stored media command and control (DSM-CC) session control protocol approach for the ATTH architecture     

Evolution and service requirements of CBR applications on ATM networks

Broadband integrated networks based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology are being proposed to provide a single integrated access to a variety of services and applications. Constant bit rate services will form an important part of this unified networking solution. In this paper, we identify and describe the relevant aspects related to the implementation of CBR services on ATM. First, we identify two broad categories of potential CBR services for broadband ATM networks. The ATM infrastructure for the identified services is then developed along with the required functionalities of different network elements. Finally, end-to-end performance objectives for the ATM network are determined and verified empirically based on results of laboratory experiments. These performance objectives help us determine the minimum QOS required by the highest class of service category offered by an ATM network.     

A signaling and control architecture for mobility support in wireless ATM networks

This paper presents a signaling and control architecture for mobility support in a wireless ATM network that provides integrated broadband services to mobile terminals. A system level protocol architecture for a wireless ATM network is outlined. The proposed protocol stack incorporates new wireless link MAC, DLC and wireless control sublayers, together with appropriate mobility extensions to the existing ATM network control layer. Wireless control and ATM signaling capabilities required for mobility support are discussed, and preliminary solutions are given for selected major functions. Potential extensions to standard Q.2931 ATM signaling are proposed to support handoff and service parameter/QoS renegotiation required for mobility. An associated wireless control protocol for supporting terminal migration, resource allocation, and handoff is discussed. Preliminary experimental results are given which validate the proposed handoff control protocol on an ATM network testbed.     

Design of Synchronization and T‐STD Model for 3DTV Service over Hybrid Networks

The objective of digital broadcasting has evolved from providing a plain video service to offering a realistic visual experience. Technologies such as 3DTV and UHDTV have been suggested to achieve this new objective by providing an immersive and stereoscopic visual experience. However, owing to the high bandwidth requirements of such services, the broadcasting industry has faced a challenge to find a new transport mechanism for overcoming the bandwidth limitation. The standardization organizations, the Advanced Television Systems Committee, Digital Video Broadcasting, and Telecommunications Technology Association, have been working on the integration of broadcasting and a broadband network (IP) to resolve the bandwidth issue of realistic video services. This paper introduces a frame‐level timeline synchronization and transport system target decoder model for providing a stable 3DTV service over a hybrid network. The experimental results indicate that the proposed technologies can be successfully adopted as a reference model in a broadcast‐broadband hybrid 3DTV service and other IP‐associated hybrid broadcasting services.     

Fiber-based local access network architectures

The attributes of the various architectural alternatives are discussed. Several systems proposed for the delivery of telephone service and/or distributive video services in the local access network are described. The status of the standardization of interfaces for the broadband integrated services digital network (BISDN) based on the synchronous optical network (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is examined     

IPRAN部署方案研究

随着移动通信2G向3G技术的演进,以话音为主的移动业务向着话音和数据业务并重的方向发展,移动互联网的新型业务以及电信运营商的全业务拓展需求推动着移动业务和承载网络的IP化进程。本文介绍了IPRAN的发展背景,对关键问题进行了分析。同时,对主流的IPRAN技术做了一定的介绍;特别针对PTN的技术原理以及组网策略进行了论证。在此基础上,讨论了全业务运营环境中,如何以IP RAN作为切入点来构建一个融合承载移动、视频及宽带等综合业务的承载网络架构。最后,通过某电信运营商的实际网络部署策略方案为案例,对IPRAN网络部署策略做一定阐述。     

Fast restoration of ATM networks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is now well recognized as the fundamental switching and multiplexing technique for future broadband ISDN. As these networks will be increasingly relied upon for providing a multitude of integrated voice, data, and video services, network reliability is a key concern. There are several intrinsic features of ATM networks that could potentially be exploited to provide improved restoration techniques, beyond those established for synchronous transfer mode (STM) networks, such as digital cross-connect restoration or self-healing rings. These features include ATM cell level error detection, inherent rate adaptation and nonhierarchical multiplexing. The authors explore the use of these features in developing fast restoration strategies for ATM networks. In particular, they address: (1) ATM error detection capabilities for enhanced failure detection, (2) network rerouting strategies, (3) spare capacity allocation, and (4) network control architecture and related implementation aspects. Their findings suggest that fast network span failure detection and bandwidth-efficient rerouting capabilities can be combined to develop restoration strategies for ATM networks with significantly greater performance-cost ratios when compared to existing STM network restoration strategies     

Satellite ATM for broadband ISDN

This paper presents the development of satellite ATM for broadband ISDN based on the Research in Advanced Communications in Europe (RACE) CATALYST project. The purpose of the project is to develop an experimental ATM satellite link for the future B-ISDN services, particularly for the interconnections of the ATM testbeds which are in the form of broadband islands developed in Europe. Then initial ATM based B-ISDN can be introduced by interconnections of these broadband islands. An evolutionary approach has been adopted in the development of the ATM networks that the CATALYST project has developed the equipment to be able to interconnect the newly developed ATM testbeds as well as the existing networks such as DQDB, FDDI and Ethernet networks. In March 1994, the project carried out an experiment on the second demonstratoras the Laboratories of Alcatel Telespace in Nanteere near Paris to demonstrate the capability of the satellite ATM connections supporting data, voice, video and multimedia applications. This experiment provided a real system demonstration of satellite ATM for B-ISDN. In the light of the experiment, this paper presents the model and architecture of the ATM satellite equipment, studies the relevant issues and the impact of ATM-via-satellite on the applications and the protocols, and evaluates of satellite ATM based on some measured and simulated results.     

A hybrid architecture for analog video broadcast and B-ISDNservices in customer premises networks

The use of SCM (subcarrier multiplexing) transmission to deliver broadcast analog video signals within a CPN (customer premises network) as an overlay to an all-digital B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) is considered. The feasibility of a proposal where the analog and digital signals are carried on different wavelengths is shown. An architecture for an optical CPN, termed H-Bus and incorporating emerging broadband SONET and ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) standards, is taken as a baseline for the delivery of switched digital, two-way voice, data, and video services. An optical overlay for the distribution of analog, broadcast video services using subcarrier multiplexing is considered. Several key alternatives associated with the delivery of broadcast video services are assessed, including signal quality, number of simultaneous channels, number of user terminals to be served, and modulation format. These issues are considered in terms of their impact on the interface with the public local exchange network and on the complexity, topology, and cost of the CPN     

ATM in MPLS-based converged core data networks

Services supported by asynchronous transfer mode account for the majority of data and Internet service revenues generated by carrier networks today. This is based on ATM's ability to support high availability services with quality of service. However, the influences of the Internet and a highly dynamic telecommunications market have raised demands for increased flexibility while controlling costs. Therefore, future carrier networks are likely to continue to be based on established technologies, such as ATM, as well as IP. In many cases, this is achieved through maintaining separate ATM and IP core networks, with the IP network supporting Internet services, while the ATM network continues to support guaranteed services such as private lines, broadband access, and video. In some cases, however, it can be advantageous for a carrier to transport segments of their ATM network over their IP network core; for example, to transport ATM traffic currently carried on leased facilities onto an IP network where the service provider owns the facilities. Developments in IP and MPLS-based traffic engineering and QoS may increase the ability of IP-based networks to support ATM services using MPLS. This article provides an overview of approaches enabling a network based on MPLS that naturally supports IP services to also support ATM services. The drivers and requirements for convergence on an IP/MPLS core network are presented, followed by an overview of the different approaches and associated challenges currently being debated in the standards bodies.     

对同步卫星通信网提出新要求

阐述对同步卫星通信网发展方向提出的一些新要求：改进卫星ＡＴＭ 宽带网结构和星上装置ＡＴＭ 交换机,有效承担Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ 业务和采用按需提供带宽方式,提供数字电视广播和电视会议的应用     

Jitter accumulation for 2 Mbit/s CBR services transported on cascaded ATM islands adopting SRTS technique

The performance of the SRTS technique adopted for coding timing information of CBR services transported on ATM networks are evaluated using a computer simulation approach. In particular, the analysis of jitter accumulation phenomena on cascaded ATM islands is carried out and indications on desynchronizer bandwidth choice are provided. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A guide to data communications: B-ISDN and how it works

The capabilities of the emerging broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) are examined. Fundamental differences between broadband and narrowband ISDN are identified. The basics of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), the switching technique used by BISDN networks, are discussed. Channel identification, generic flow control, using ATM, and connectionless service are considered. The first services expected to make use of ATM are briefly described